基于开源平台的陕西省地震应急专题图自动生成技术的研究和实现

结合陕西省地震应急对专题图产出的要求,通过研究开源GIS平台,在QGIS和PostGIS中实现地震信息的自动获取、影响场生成和专题图的自动产出,并通过与Docker微服务构架结合构建多服务并行运行框架,最终实现基于开源平台的陕西省地震应急专题图自动产出。经测试显示,该系统提高了地震应急专题图出图效率和运行稳定性,并减少了系统开发和运维的成本。     

基于ArcGIS的地震应急救援专题图符号库的设计与实现

符号是地图的语言,直接关系到地图信息的表达。而作为符号集合的符号库是制图系统的重要模块。在我国由于行业的特殊性,仍然没有针对地震应急救援专题图的符号库。本文在对地震应急救援专题图符号分类研究的基础上,同时参照国内现有的关于符号库的相关标准以及其他专门行业的符号标准,提出了一套基于ArcGIS 9.2的地震应急救援符号设计方案。讨论了点状、线状、面状等三大符号的实现方法。最后对一些特别难以实现的复杂符号提出了自己的解决途径。     

基于ArcGIS的地震灾害应急决策支持系统的设计与实现

在新型GIS平台软件ArcGIS（包括ArcObjects和AwIMS）的基础上,利用COM／DCOM、ActiveX、ASP等网络开发技术及OO4O、ArcSDE等空间数据库开发技术,论述了地震灾害损失评估模型的空间集成方案和可视化表达技术。同时。以软件工程为指导,提出了一种建立基于ArcGIS技术的地震灾害应急指挥系统的技术思路和解决方案,该方案阐述了城市地震应急决策支持系统的体系结构、技术路线以及功能构建等。最后给出了试验系统的界面。     

基于ArcGIS点抽稀的河南省灾情速报骨干网建设

河南省地震局灾情速报员队伍经过多年建设,目前在册灾情速报员多达3万余人,数量位居全国前列,但也存在灾情速报员数量过多、管理不易等问题,为确保河南省地震灾情速报员队伍发挥作用,以河南省现有行政村点为基础,根据空间均匀分布的原则,以5×6 km为格网单元,对ArcGIS的三种不同的点抽稀方法进行对比分析,最终选择SubsetFeatures和SubPoints相结合的方法,提取出6000多个行政村点,依此为依据报送人员名单,以保证每个乡(镇、街道办事处)有3～5名灾情速报人员组成河南省骨干灾情速报员队伍,从而强化灾情速报工作管理。     

海南地球物理站网运维辅助平台系统的设计与实现

为了使海南地球物理管理系统运维高效便捷,项目基于B/S架构,应用Django、Uwsgi、Virtualenv和Python等技术手段设计与实现了一套海南地球物理站网运维辅助平台系统。该平台系统具有高效、便捷、易于操作的特点,可实现一键将已备份好的数据从服务器端并行传输至移动硬盘或者电脑端,也可实现一键快速查阅服务软硬件情况和数据库的状态。此外,可通过页面可视化操作一键备份重要的数据库数据,避免重复操作,实现一键产出服务器与数据库等参数Excel表格的月报告。利用此平台系统的辅助,有助于提升海南地球物理站网运维的工作效率,减轻运维负担,为海南地球物理站网的数据完整性、连续性和安全性做好保障。     

基于ArcGIS的地震搜救信息系统可行性研究

研究了地震搜救信息系统的可行性总体构架、设计流程、模型和算法的建立以及几大模块的功能划分,预想系统主要功能的实现和应用价值.该系统设想以ESRI公司的ArcGIS为开发平台,以人机交互的方式实现对地震压埋人员和重点保护设施搜索救援服务的GIS应用系统.     

基于QGIS的四川地震应急专题图精细化设计与实现

地震应急专题图可以直观地将震情、灾情和应急工作进展等信息表达出来,在地震应急指挥决策中发挥着重要作用.通过对四川应急服务对象需求的分析和专题图产出分区的划分,形成专题图产出精细化规则,研发出QGIS自动制图程序,实现震后应急期各类专题图的快速产出和精准化,使四川地震应急专题图的时效性和精准化服务能力得到提升.     

圣安德烈斯断层门多西诺三联点迁移的构造热效应

由于圣安德烈斯断层门多西诺三联点向北迁移,或北美板块的相对向南运动,驱动角落流使地幔热物质向板片窗上涌,造成地幔温度升高和部分熔融．本文通过二维暂态有限单元法计算表明,当北美盖层厚度为20km时,计算预测的地热分布、部分熔融百分比、岩浆岩活动的时空分布特征等都与实际地热、地震和地质观测很好地吻合,确认了角落流机制和它引起的暂态热过程的重要性．     

圣安德烈斯断层门多西诺三联点迁移的构造热效应

由于圣安德烈斯断层门多西诺三联点向北迁移，或北美板块的相对向南运动，驱动角落流使地幔热物质向板片窗上涌，造成地幔温度升高和部分熔融．本文通过二维暂态有限单元法计算表明，当北美盖层厚度为20km时，计算预测的地热分布、部分熔融百分比、岩浆岩活动的时空分布特征等都与实际地热、地震和地质观测很好地吻合，确认了角落流机制和它引起的暂态热过程的重要性．     

基于ArcGIS的多准则地震应急避难所选址规划研究

地震是极其严重的自然灾害,有可能造成重大伤亡和经济损失。由于城市中人口高度聚集,地震发生时,需将受灾居民快速疏散至应急避难所,因此,应急避难所选址的合理性至关重要。本文提出1种可用于解决选址问题的多准则选址模型,并提出了求解模型的方法。该方法分为3个步骤,首先选择候选应急避难所,其次分析候选避难所的服务范围,最后确定应急避难所的位置。通过案例研究,论证了多准则选址模型在地震应急避难所规划中的有效性。     

基于开源GIS的地震灾情速报信息收集与处置研究

针对河南省灾情获取效率低的现实问题,设计基于QGIS的微信小程序,实现灾情速报员属性数据空间化,并自动分配拨打电话任务,灾情调查人员及时将通过拨打电话获取的灾情信息快速上报,实时动态展布,并快速统计灾情速报信息,生成地震有感范围图和地震灾情信息汇总报告,为地震抗震救灾指挥部决策提供支持,满足河南及邻区小震、弱震较多地区地震应急、应急演练工作需求,也为其他应急系统建设提供参考。     

Source Parameters of Weak Crustal Earthquakes of the Vrancea Region from Short-period Waveform Inversion

High-frequency records of nine low magnitude shallow earthquakes of the Vrancea (Romania) seismic region are inverted for the seismic moment tensor (MT). An approach is suggested regarding how to obtain at least a rough estimate of the MT when the information on the structure of the crust is poor. Here simple 1-D layered models are used in the Greens function synthesis despite the fact that the structure of the region is undoubtedly very complex. Different 1-D models were used for different source-station paths to approximate lateral variations. Record of a station located on a ray path which crosses a structure differing substantially from a 1-D model may however bias the retrieved MT essentially. Therefore, we did not collectively process all records, but subsets of stations separately. We check the consistency of the MTs resulting from these individual bootstrap solutions, and reject those which differ substantially, assuming that this is due to the oversimplification of the forward modeling. Thereafter, the averaged moment tensor yielded by the consistent subsets is accepted. Moreover, the distribution of the T, N and P axes from the moment tensors used for averaging provides a rough estimate of their reliability.Following this simplistic procedure, we found seven acceptably constrained solutions among nine events processed. Their P axes are compared with the general trend of the stress in the area: three comply with it, the others should be attributed to the complex stress field active in the region.Acknowledgment This research has been made possible by MURST (40% and 60%), by UNESCO-IGCP project 414 Realistic Modelling of Seismic Input for Megacities and Large Urban Areas and NATO SfP 972266. Partial support issued from the Grant Agency of Czech Rep. (Grant 205/02/0383) and from the National Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation of Romania (Grant 6185 GR/2000).     

Ecosystem response to regulatory and management actions: The southern California experience in long-term monitoring

Billions of dollars have been invested over the past 35 years in reducing pollutant emissions to coastal environments. Evaluation of the effectiveness of this investment is hampered by the lack of long-term consistent data. A rare opportunity exists in southern California to evaluate the effectiveness of management actions by analyzing long-term monitoring of effluent, sediment, benthos, and fish and comparing this trend data to periodic regional surveys of environmental condition. In this paper, we ask the question “have improvements in effluent quality in response to environmental regulation translated into improvements in the receiving environment?” Results indicate that management actions directed at reducing mass emissions from wastewater treatment plants (POTWs) have resulted in substantial improvement in aquatic communities. However, the magnitude and timing of response varies by indicator suggesting that use of multiple assessment endpoints is necessary to adequately interpret trends. Reductions in the effect of POTW effluent have allowed managers to shift resources to address other contaminant sources such as stormwater and resuspension of legacy pollutants.     

Transport and delivery of suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus from various sources to freshwaters in the UK

Sources of nutrients and suspended solids (SS) are diverse in origin and dynamic with respect to their transport pathways and delivery to surface and groundwaters. Three broad source groups can be identified based on their hydrological and compositional characteristics. Consented discharges from point sources are generally continuous and highly concentrated relative to receiving waters while non-point (diffuse) sources are generally more dilute with SS and phosphorus in particular tending to have a high transport dependence upon hydrological (storm) events. A third group with properties that are intermediate include overflows from septic systems, seepages from farmyards or road/track runoff. This grouping automatically introduces a strong temporal and spatial variability in the relative contribution individual group sources make to the total quantity of nutrients and SS delivered to freshwaters. This spatial or temporal variability in either effluent volumes or composition is generally not considered when predicting impacts, which can be highly significant in headwater streams. Complete compositional data for individual sources (especially the intermediary group) are also often lacking when apportioning source contributions in catchments, being simply lumped into average export coefficients. Better definition of intermediary sources would help to more accurately define the relative contribution of different sources and enable cost-effective river basin management planning as required under the Water Framework Directive.     

基于PSInSAR技术的海原断裂带地壳形变初步研究

常规差分干涉测量(DInSAR)受时间、空间失相干的严重制约和和大气延迟等相位误差的影响,难以实现对长期累积微小地壳形变场的有效探测.PSInSAR技术克服了常规DInSAR的局限性,能够高精度监测微小地壳形变.本文首先介绍了PSInSAR技术的算法模型和处理方法.该方法通过二维线性相位模型,对时序干涉图象上相干点目标的差分干涉相位进行回归分析,逐次消除大气延迟、轨道残余和地形残余等相位误差,提取出准确可靠的形变相位,进而得到相干点目标上的累积形变量和形变速率.在此基础上,以祁连山海原断裂带为实验研究区,利用2003~2009年的21景ENVISAT ASAR数据,采用上述相干点目标处理方法进行了海原断裂带地壳微小形变的探索性研究,得到海原断裂东段绝大多数高相干点的形变速率在6~7 mm/a,2003~2009年共6.3年累积位移平均值约为4.2 cm,运动性质为左旋走滑.这一结果与GPS,库仑应力反演和地质学方法得到的结果基本一致,说明PSInSAR技术在长期累积微小地壳形变探测中具有广阔的应用前景和巨大发展潜力,有望成为探测震间微小形变,获取地震形变异常的有效途径之一.     

速度控制点法在川东高陡构造时深转换中的应用

时深转换是将地震数据从时间域信号转变为深度域信号的一个必要处理步骤,是利用地震资料进行油气构造解释的一个非常关键的环节.而时深转换处理的效果,主要取决于所建立的时深转换速度模型的正确及合理性.在研究分析了川东高陡构造的地质与地球物理特征的基础上,提出了使用速度控制点法进行建模,即利用地震反射层作为速度模型控制层,用大断层两端的断点做控制点的方法进行层速度模型的建立,有效地克服了以往时深转换带来的地震成像的畸变影响.     

空间决策支持技术在城市地震应急指挥软件系统中的应用

将空间决策支持技术SDSS引入城市地震应急指挥技术领域,利用决策支持技术DSS的多模型组合建模方法和地理信息系统的空间分析技术,建构了城市地震应急指挥空间辅助决策支持软件系统。详细讨论了该系统的整体规划与功能实现,并对系统数据库、模型库、方法库和知识库及其管理子系统的设计与开发作了详细阐述,以期为城市灾害与突发事件的防御与应急提供技术支持。     

控制海底电磁激发脉冲发射的时间同步技术

为达到海洋可控源电磁探测和远参考测量的目的,研究控制海底电磁激发脉冲发射的时间同步技术,包括发射前与GPS的对钟技术和发射中的同步技术,保证仪器工作的时间和公共的时间基准GPS信号保持精确一致,为后期的数据处理解释提供统一的时间坐标.对钟技术是指,在海洋调查船上完成仪器内部RTC芯片分频所得的秒脉冲信号RTC_PPS与GPS秒脉冲信号PPS时钟沿的同步;同步技术是指,海底工作过程中,仪器在预定的时钟沿将可控源信号精确发射出去.本论文采用CPLD芯片、RTC芯片、GPS模块和AVR单片机来完成对钟和同步模块的设计.     

The contribution of old and new water to a storm hydrograph determined by tracer addition to a whole catchment

Two tracer experiments have been carried out at an enclosed catchment in southern Norway. The catchment was brought to steady state with respect to rainfall and runoff prior to the tracer addition. A known concentration of lithium bromide was then added to the rainfall for the duration of each event. The tight control on tracer concentration and rainfall amount enabled assessment of the contribution of old and new water to runoff, the dominant flow pathways and soil water residence times during a storm event. A significant volume of ‘old’ water contributes to runoff despite the hydrologically responsive nature of the catchment and several hours of tracer injected rainfall are required before ‘new’ water becomes the dominant runoff source. After 34 h of tracer injection, ‘new’ water apparently contributes c. 83% to instantaneous flow and c. 55% of the total tracer input to the catchment has been lost in runoff. Recovery of the tracer from soil water indicates that the organic soil surface layer is the dominant flow pathway for rainwater through the catchment and that a significant pathway also exists at the soil–bedrock interface. New water is retained in deep pockets of soil for several days. Assessment of the conservative behaviour of the tracer suggests that 10–14% of the input Br⁻ is retained in the soil and the tracer is not conservative. Laboratory experiments indicate that sorption of Br⁻ to organic soil is the likely mechanism of retention. This process is probably concentration dependent and will have occurred predominantly during the initial period of tracer application. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.