浙江省珊溪水库地区土壤Rn和H2地球化学特征

在浙江省珊溪水库地区布设5条断层土壤气Rn和H₂测线,并选取15个溶解水氡采样测点。测量结果显示,其中有3条土壤气测线上的Rn浓度均值超过70 Bq/L,土壤H₂测值最高达1 377 ppm,水样中溶解氡浓度最高值为68.3 Bq/L。通过珊溪水库地区历史地震活动和地质构造情况分析,发现该地区土壤Rn、H₂和溶解水氡的高值分布区均与双溪—焦溪垟断裂F_11-3分支的空间位置密切相关,该断裂分支是珊溪水库地区小震活动的发震断裂。另外通过研究发现,历史震群活动距今时间以及震群活动的频度和强度是影响珊溪水库地区土壤气Rn和H₂地球化学特征的重要因素。     

新疆呼图壁地下储气库断层气体地球化学特征研究

Rn、CO₂、Hg、H₂等断层气体被广泛应用于断层活动性以及断层结构特征的研究。当前，研究介质中压力变化与断层气间的关系是断层气映震研究的主要技术方法之一。新疆呼图壁地下储气库自建成以来，每年以周期性循环“注入/采出”模式运行，该运行模式带来的储气库气压变化会影响周围地区的地震活动。同时，这一定期加压存储与减压释放气体的过程为研究应力变化引起的断层气变化提供了天然的实验场。通过对呼图壁储气库开展断层气定期流动测量以及定点连续观测，获取反复加载、卸载气体过程中储气库及周边区域断层气体Rn、CO₂、Hg、H₂浓度的变化特征，在储气库区域内观测到明显的Hg、H₂浓度高值现象，其最大值分别为190ng/m³和725.40ppm，且其空间分布特征表现为在储气库加压存储过程中，储气库区域内注采井附近的气体浓度高于储气库区域外；此外，长期连续观测结果表明，断层气H₂与储气库的压力变化存在一定的关系，H₂对储气库内压力变化的响应更为灵敏。对呼图壁储气库应力变化引起的断层气变化特征进行分析，可以认识不同应力状态下断层气变化特征，为地震台站勘选与建设、震情跟踪以及异常落实等提供地球化学科技支撑。     

西秦岭北缘断裂带土壤气定点监测与初步结果分析

根据前人对西秦岭北缘断裂带上历史地震及古地震复发周期和离逝时间等的综合研究,得出该断裂存在发生强震的较大潜在风险,因此加强对该断裂现今构造活动的定点监测和地震预测预报具有重要现实意义。据此,根据断裂逸出气体测项剖面浓度分布（变化）特征,在西秦岭北缘断裂带（天水段）上新建3个断层土壤气连续观测站,开展断层气（H₂、CO₂、R_n、CH₄）浓度观测,分析断裂带不同段深部气体特征的空间差异及其随时间的变化特征,监测甘东南地区应力调整与地震活动。初步观测资料分析表明：在正常情况下其背景值比较稳定,且同一测项在不同测点变化形态具有相似性、同步性,说明观测资料真实可靠,并具有可比性。各测点出现测项同步异常变化时,可能反映了区域应力调整及变化状态,对震情跟踪和地震预测提供参考判据。     

河南省汤阴地堑南部土壤H2浓度及其与构造关系

采用网格化布点野外流动观测的方法测量了汤阴地堑南部380个点的土壤 H₂ 浓度,分析其空间分布特征及其与构造的关系,并进一步揭示出气体地球化学特征与区域地质构造背景间的联系. 研究结果表明,汤阴地堑南部土壤 H₂ 浓度介于(0．26~175．50)×10^-6,背景均值为(17．25±11．19)×10^-6,异常阈值下限为57．30×10^-6.在空间上,土壤 H₂ 呈现出西低东高的分布特征,受覆盖层厚度和地表沉积特征的影响,低于背景值的测点主要分布于研究区西部.高值异常测点主要集中在研究区东部并沿汤中、汤东断裂带分布,H₂ 浓度等值线高值中心点连线与断裂带走向基本一致,汤西断裂带虽没出现高值异常,但 H₂ 浓度相对高值仍然在断裂带及邻近区域,反映出构造对 H₂ 释放的控制作用.同时,土壤 H₂ 等值线空间分布也显示,在研究区存在一条北东-南西向的 H₂ 浓度高值异常条带,推测存在一条规模较大的隐伏断裂.研究区主要断裂带 H₂ 浓度表现为汤西断裂带显著低于汤中、汤东断裂带,而异常衬度表现为汤西断裂带、汤中断裂带小于汤东断裂带.结合研究区地球物理探测资料分析认为 H₂ 浓度及异常衬度是构造活动背景的反映,部分深部来源的 H₂ 通过深大断裂及有利的深浅构造组合向地表扩散迁移,在地壳浅部与浅源 H₂ 混合,并在断裂带上覆土壤层形成浓度高值异常条带.需进一步开展 H₂ 在汤阴地堑南部构造活动监测中的应用探索.同时也需要对研究区由北东-南西向 H₂ 浓度异常条带而推测出的隐伏断裂开展进一步深入研究.     

阳原盆地北缘断裂带中段土壤气体地球化学特征与断裂活动性

有研究认为1989年和1991年阳原盆地西侧冀晋交界附近发生的2次中强地震震群导致盆地东侧应力随之调整,意味着阳原盆地开启了新的地震活跃周期。盆地东侧地震活动主要集中在盆地北缘断裂附近,其中段大蟒沟至台家庄为该北缘断裂最活动段,该断裂带的最新活动情况对于震情形势分析具有重要意义。本研究在河北阳原盆地北缘断裂带中段的大蟒沟、姚家庄、南口村、台家庄布设了4条测线开展2期Rn、CO₂及Hg浓度测量,在南口村、台家庄剖面开展一期土壤化学成分分析,以研究该盆地北缘断裂带中段土壤气体地球化学特征空间差异及其与断裂活动的关系。结果表明:气体浓度高值点分布在断层陡坎、破碎带上,利用断层气在该区域探测隐伏断裂的浅层位置具有可行性;南口村剖面土壤气体释放强度相对高于其他剖面,这种浓度空间分布差异性可能是由于地质构造结构与断裂活动性引起的断裂破碎程度不同所致;土壤中总汞(THg)含量与气体浓度空间分布上具有一定吻合性,基于土壤中总有机碳(TOC)能够吸附Hg元素的特征,THg浓度分布特征能反映一段时间内断层活动状态;结合断裂带周边定点前兆连续观测数据及地震活动性分析认为,该断裂目前活动水平相对较弱。     

首都圈地区土壤气Rn， Hg， CO2地球化学特征及其成因

对首都圈地区跨18条活动断裂的35条剖面进行了土壤气浓度和通量测量, 结果显示: 各测量剖面土壤气Rn, Hg和CO₂的浓度平均值分别为3.2—45.0 kBq/m3, 3.9—24.9 ng/m3和0.154%—2.175%; 其通量平均值分别为3.8—152.1 mBq/(m2·s), 0.1-42.6 ng/(m2·h)和8.5—89.4 g/(m2·d)． 研究区土壤气Rn, Hg和CO₂的浓度和通量均呈东高西低的变化趋势, 与首都圈地区由西至东应力水平增高、 地壳厚度逐渐减薄、 沉积层厚度增大、 地震活动逐渐增强等趋势相对应, 这表明首都圈地区土壤气的区域地球化学特征主要受控于上地壳物质结构、 深部气体补给和地震活动, 同时也受到自然环境及土壤类型的影响．      

甘肃景泰6.2级地震的断层气体前兆研究

本文用大量资料对景泰6.2级地震前的断层气体异常现象作了分析和研究。结果表明,位于发震断裂的固原点的气Rn、Co₂及距震中最近的古浪点气Hg、H₂的中长期异常和短临异常都十分突出。本次地震的异常范围达五百公里以上,共有13个项次的气体出现异常,其中Hg、H₂的信息量最大。研究迹表明,由于He、Ne都是地球深部核裂变的产物,因此He、Ne突跳的出现是断层现今活动加剧的表现,也是本次6.2级强震的中期前兆。     

怀涿盆地北缘断裂带土壤气体地球化学特征

在河北怀涿盆地的郝家坡和小水峪布设两条测线开展了四期土壤气Rn,CO₂和Hg的浓度测量,并基于此研究该盆地北缘断裂带南西段和北东段土壤气地球化学特征的空间分布差异及其与断裂活动的关系。结果显示：郝家坡剖面土壤气Rn, CO₂和Hg的浓度平均值分别为8 371.16 Bq/m³,0.85%和14.82 ng/m³;小水峪剖面土壤气Rn,CO₂和Hg的浓度平均值分别为2 813.18 Bq/m³,0.42%和13.08 ng/m³,可见郝家坡地区土壤气Rn,CO₂和Hg的浓度平均值均高于小水峪地区,这种浓度空间分布的差异性可能是断裂活动性和断裂破碎程度不同所致。对区域土壤Hg浓度(total mercury,简称为THg)与土壤气测量浓度的对比分析可知,深层THg浓度与土壤气Rn,CO₂和Hg浓度在空间分布上具有一定的一致性,且高值异常点分布于断裂带附近。结合区域定点前兆观测数据及地震活动性分析...     

郯庐断裂带山东段土壤气体地球化学特征

断裂带土壤气浓度测量是活动断裂地震危险性评价的重要手段之一。根据郯庐断裂带山东段安丘—莒县断裂和黄线弧形断裂断层土壤气中Rn、CO2和Hg的浓度,探讨断层气体地球化学特征。测量结果表明:安丘—莒县断裂Rn、CO2和Hg的浓度异常明显,且Rn和CO2的浓度异常具有较好的相关性。郯庐断裂带山东段沂沭断裂土壤气中,Rn和CO2浓度异常沿断裂由南向北变小,二者浓度异常与断裂活动性有一定关系。     

北京黄庄—高丽营断裂土壤气体地球化学特征及其对地震活动的指示

通过对2017年5月土壤气CO₂,Rn和Hg的野外流动测量以及2020年9月1日至2021年6月30日期间土壤气监测站Rn的连续监测,利用残差法和地震指数K_S方法对黄庄—高丽营断裂南北段的活动差异和区域地震活动进行了分析。结果表明,与首都圈地区其它断裂相比,黄庄—高丽营断裂是首都圈地区活动性相对较强的活动断裂,断裂北段的土壤气体浓度和通量较南段更高,且北段上盘的CO₂和Rn浓度明显高于下盘,指示断裂北段具有更强的活动性。对土壤气连续监测站数据进行分析,结果显示监测站的Rn浓度与气温、土壤温度和气压之间无明显相关性。2021年3月25日北京顺义M_L3.0地震前6天,监测站记录到Rn浓度出现异常升高,增加了一倍,且震后异常持续了一个月。顺义M_L3.0地震前后Rn浓度的异常变化表明监测站的土壤气Rn浓度对K_S>0.1的地震有很好的响应。     

Gas hazard assessment in a densely inhabited area of Colli Albani Volcano (Cava dei Selci, Roma)

The northwestern flank of the Colli Albani, a Quaternary volcanic complex near Rome, is characterised by high pCO₂ values and Rn activities in the groundwater and by the presence of zones with strong emission of gas from the soil. The most significant of these zones is Cava dei Selci where many houses are located very near to the gas emission site. The emitted gas consists mainly of CO₂ (up to 98 vol%) with an appreciable content of H₂S (0.8–2%). The He and C isotopic composition indicates, as for all fluids associated with the Quaternary Roman and Tuscany volcanic provinces, the presence of an upper mantle component contaminated by crustal fluids associated with subducted sediments and carbonates. An advective CO₂ flux of 37 tons/day has been estimated from the gas bubbles rising to the surface in a small drainage ditch and through a stagnant water pool, present in the rainy season in a topographically low central part of the area. A CO₂ soil flux survey with an accumulation chamber, carried out in February–March 2000 over a 12 000 m² surface with 242 measurement points, gave a total (mostly conductive) flux of 61 tons/day. CO₂ soil flux values vary by four orders of magnitude over a 160-m distance and by one order of magnitude over several metres. A fixed network of 114 points over 6350 m² has been installed in order to investigate temporal flux variations. Six surveys carried out from May 2000 to June 2001 have shown large variations of the total CO₂ soil flux (8–25 tons/day). The strong emission of CO₂ and H₂S, which are gases denser than air, produces dangerous accumulations in low areas which have caused a series of lethal accidents to animals and one to a man. The gas hazard near the houses has been assessed by continuously monitoring the CO₂ and H₂S concentration in the air at 75 cm from the ground by means of two automatic stations. Certain environmental parameters (wind direction and speed; atm P, T, humidity and rainfall) were also continuously recorded. At both stations, H₂S and CO₂ exceeded by several times the recommended concentration thresholds. The highest CO₂ and H₂S values were recorded always with wind speeds less than 1.5 m/s, mostly in the night hours. Our results indicate that there is a severe gas hazard for people living near the gas emission site of Cava dei Selci, and appropriate precautionary and prevention measures have been recommended both to residents and local authorities.     

唐山断裂带土壤气地球化学特征分析

由于唐山断裂带土壤气地球化学研究成果相对较少，因此于2017—2018年分3期对唐山断裂带5条分支断裂土壤气浓度（包括Rn、Hg、CO₂）和通量（包括Rn、Hg）进行测量，利用土壤气浓度平均值+2倍均方差的方法确定每条断裂异常限。分析结果表明，唐山-古冶断裂和唐山断裂土壤气浓度及通量出现高值异常；2017—2018年M_L1.0以上地震多集中在唐山断裂和唐山-古冶断裂，与土壤气异常分布有较好的相关性；土壤气地球化学空间变化特征能反映断裂带的分段活动性。     

Natural 222Rn as a tracer of mixing and volatilization in a shallow aquifer during a CO2 injection experiment

This study aims to evaluate the application of ²²²Rn in groundwater as a tracer for monitoring CO₂ plume migration in a shallow groundwater system, which is important to detect potential CO₂ leakage in the carbon capture and storage (CCS) project. For this research, an artificial CO₂-infused water injection experiment was performed in a shallow aquifer by monitoring hydrogeochemical parameters, including ²²²Rn. Radon in groundwater can be a useful tracer because of its sensitivity to sudden changes in subsurface environment. To monitor the CO₂ plume migration, the data were analysed based on (a) the influence of mixing processes on the distribution of ²²²Rn induced by the artificial injection experiment and (b) the influence of a carrier gas role by CO₂ on the variation of ²²²Rn. The spatio-temporal distributions of radon concentrations were successfully explained in association with horizontal and vertical mixing processes by the CO₂-infused water injection. Additionally, the mixing ratios of each monitoring well were calculated, quantitatively confirming the influence of these mixing processes on the distribution of radon concentrations. Moreover, one monitoring well showed a high positive relationship between ²²²Rn and Total dissolved inorganic carbon (TIC) by the carrier gas effect of CO₂ through volatilization from the CO₂ plume. It indicated the applicability of ²²²Rn as a sensitive tracer to directly monitor CO₂ leakage. When with a little effect of carrier gas, natural ²²²Rn in groundwater can be used to compute mixing ratio of CO₂-infused water indicative of CO₂ migration pathways. CO₂ carrier gas effect can possibly increase ²²²Rn concentration in groundwater and, if fully verified with more field tests, will pose a great potential to be used as a natural tracer for CO₂.     

The effect of CO2 on the measurement of 220Rn and 222Rn with instruments utilising electrostatic precipitation

In some volcanic systems, thoron and radon activity and CO₂ flux, in soil and fumaroles, show a relationship between (²²⁰Rn/²²²Rn) and CO₂ efflux. It is theorized that deep, magmatic sources of gas are characterized by high ²²²Rn activity and high CO₂ efflux, whereas shallow sources are indicated by high ²²⁰Rn activity and relatively low CO₂ efflux. In this paper we evaluate whether the observed inverse relationship is a true geochemical signal, or potentially an analytical artifact of high CO₂ concentrations. We report results from a laboratory experiment using the RAD7 radon detector, known ²²²Rn (radon) and ²²⁰Rn (thoron), and a controllable percentage of CO₂ in the carrier gas. Our results show that for every percentage of CO₂, the ²²⁰Rn reading should be multiplied by 1.019, the ²²²Rn radon should be multiplied by 1.003 and the ²²⁰Rn/²²²Rn ratio should be multiplied by 1.016 to correct for the presence of the CO₂.     

Structure and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> budget of Merapi volcano during inter-eruptive periods

Soil temperature and gas (CO₂ concentration and flux) have been investigated at Merapi volcano (Indonesia) during two inter-eruptive periods (2002 and 2007). Precise imaging of the summit crater and the spatial pattern of diffuse degassing along a gas traverse on the southern slope are interpreted in terms of summit structure and major caldera organization. The summit area is characterized by decreasing CO₂ concentrations with distance from the 1932 crater rim, down to atmospheric levels at the base of the terminal cone. Similar patterns are measured on any transect down the slopes of the cone. The spatial distribution of soil gas anomalies suggests that soil degassing is controlled by structures identified as concentric historical caldera rims (1932, 1872, and 1768), which have undergone severe hydrothermal self-sealing processes that dramatically lower the permeability and porosity of soils. Temperature and CO₂ flux measurements in soils near the dome display heterogeneous distributions which are consistent with a fracture network identified by previous geophysical studies. These data support the idea that the summit is made of isolated and mobile blocks, whose boundaries are either sealed by depositional processes or used as pathways for significant soil degassing. Within this context, self-sealing both prevents long-distance soil degassing and controls heat and volatile transfers near the dome. A rough estimate of the CO₂ output through soils near the dome is 200–230 t day⁻¹, i.e. 50% of the estimated total gas output from the volcano summit during these quiescent periods. On Merapi’s southern slope, a 2,500 m long CO₂ traverse shows low-amplitude anomalies that fit well with a recently observed electromagnetic anomaly, consistent with a faulted structure related to an ancient avalanche caldera rim. Sub-surface soil permeability is the key parameter that controls the transfer of heat and volatiles within the volcano, allowing its major tectonic architecture to be revealed by soil gas and soil temperature surveys.     

阿尔金断裂东北段断层气体的初步研究

本文通过对西起安南坝,东至昌马车路口的阿尔金断裂东北段断层气体的分析,讨论了微量气体H_2、Hg、Rn、CO_2在断层上的分布特征。指出,在同一剖面上,四种气体浓度不仅对断层有同步显示规律,而且与断层的活动强度有一定的关系。另外,分析结果还显示了H_2、Hg、Rn、CO_2的浓度有西高东低的趋势。这一特征还与地质资料所表明的阿尔金山断裂东北段西部的现今活动比东部的现今活动较强的事实相吻合。文章还讨论了用对断层气体进行定点、定期观测的结果来判断断层的活动动态及进行地震短临预报的可能性。最后指出,利用断层气体来研究活动断层是一种切实可行的方法。     

Carbon dioxide and radon gas hazard in the Alban Hills area (central Italy)

The sudden and catastrophic, or slow and continuous, release at surface of naturally occurring toxic gases like CO₂, H₂S and Rn poses a serious health risk to people living in geologically active regions. In general this problem receives little attention from local governments, although public concern is raised periodically when anomalous toxic-gas concentrations suddenly kill humans or livestock. For example, elevated CO₂ concentrations have been linked to the death of at least 10 people in the central Italian region of Lazio over the last 20 years, while it was the CO₂ asphyxiation of 30 cows in a heavily populated area near Rome in 1999 which prompted the present soil-gas study into the distribution of the local health risk. A detailed geochemical survey was carried out in an area of about 4 km² in the Ciampino and Marino districts, whereby a total of 274 soil-gas samples were collected and analysed for more than 10 major and trace gas species. Data were then processed using both statistical and geostatistical methods, and the resulting maps were examined in order to highlight areas of elevated risk. General trends of elevated CO₂ and Rn concentrations imply the presence of preferential pathways (i.e. faults and fractures) along which deep gases are able to migrate towards the surface. The CO₂ and Rn anomalous trends often correspond to and are usually elongated parallel to the Apennine mountain range, the controlling structural feature in central Italy. Because of this fundamental anisotropy in the factors controlling the soil-gas distribution, it was found that a geostatistical approach using variogram analysis allowed for a better interpretation of the data. With regard to the health risk to local inhabitants, it was found that although some high risk areas had been zoned as parkland, others had been heavily developed for residential purposes. For example, many new houses were found to have been built on ground which has soil-gas CO₂ concentrations of more than 70% and radon values of more than 250 kBq m⁻³. It is recommended that land-use planners incorporate soil-gas and/or gas flux measurements in environmental assessments in areas of possible risk (i.e. volcanic or structurally active areas).