2016年吉林省“7•26”暴雨天气综合分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、FY-2G卫星云图、多普勒C波段天气雷达以及吉林省区域自动站和加密自动站资料,运用统计分析和天气动力学诊断方法,综合分析2016年7月25—26日吉林省暴雨天气过程,此次暴雨和大暴雨落区位于吉林省四平东部、辽源、吉林和通化北部,此次暴雨过程出现东北冷涡天气背景下,25日14—22时的短时强降水由东北冷涡前部局地对流活动的加强触发中尺度对流系统(MCS)生成。500 hPa为两脊一槽形势,受西太平洋副热带高压阻挡,东北冷涡较为稳定,吉林省位于东北冷涡前沿的西南气流中,850 hPa西太平洋副热带高压西侧的西南急流直达吉林省中南部,在其北端产生西南—东南向暖锋式切变,并与地面黄河气旋暖锋区相对应。在地面中尺度辐合线、地形抬升触发下,造成中尺度对流,形成短时强降水。通过FY-2G卫星相当黑体温度(TBB)产品分析,发现吉林省上空TBB低于-52℃时,就会产生短时强降水,而TBB高于-48℃则MCS趋于消失;此次强降水的新一代C波段天气雷达回波具有较明显的强回波低质心结构特征,降水效率较高,持续时间短,但达到短时强降水标准。卫星TBB产品和雷达监测可为以后吉林省东北冷涡暴雨定时、定点暴雨预警提供依据。     

巢湖地区一次梅雨期强对流暴雨中尺度特征分析

利用地面气象观测资料、ERA5再分析资料、FY-2E卫星和多普勒雷达资料,对2011年7月17日发生在巢湖地区的一次强对流暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果显示:500hPa深槽、850hPa切变线及地面低压是此次暴雨过程的天气尺度影响系统,强降水发生在湿层和暖云层深厚、较低的抬升凝结高度、中等强度对流不稳定及弱垂直风切变条件下;FY-2E卫星云图分析表明,此次强降水过程主要是多个中尺度对流系统在巢湖合并所致,短时强降水落区主要落在中尺度对流系统TBB等值线密集区附近,TBB中心强度越强,TBB等值线梯度越大,对应的1h降水量越强;多普勒雷达分析揭示,短时强降水发生在两个对流回波合并期间,对流风暴移动缓慢,大于45dBz强回波均在6km以下,呈低层强烈气旋式辐合、高层辐散特征;地面中尺度辐合线是此次风暴的触发因子;湿位涡诊断结果表明,600hPa以下对流不稳定,600hPa以上对称不稳定,有利于暴雨和中尺度系统的发生发展。     

台风残涡北上引发东北地区北部大暴雨的中尺度特征分析

使用常规观测资料、卫星云图、雷达回波资料、自动气象站降水量以及0. 25°×0. 25°的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对1710号台风"海棠"残余环流北上引发的东北地区北部的大暴雨过程进行中尺度特征分析。结果表明,台风残余环流移入东北地区后再度加强。地面上负变压中心位于气旋北侧倒槽切变处,气旋的快速发展和加强的变压风辐合,造成低层辐合加强,导致大暴雨的出现。暴雨区呈带状分布,出现向北增强的趋势,在时空分布上都有明显的中尺度特征。探空分析显示暴雨区大气处于不稳定状态,有利于以短时强降水为主的对流发展。暴雨是由MCS活动造成的,每次短时强降水均与TBB低值中心相对应,并滞后1 h左右。对流云团自南向北传播,暴雨主要出现在冷云区内或是云团后部边缘TBB大梯度区处。雷达回波的后向传播造成暴雨区一直有强回波活动,降水持续时间长;强降水是暖云降水,降水效率高,雨强大。引发暴雨的中尺度对流系统具有深厚的垂直运动,加强了低层热量和水汽的向上输送。中低层正涡柱迅速增强,水汽辐合增强,加强了中尺度对流系统的发展和持续时间。中高层有干冷空气活动,不仅触发对流,而且大大降低了大气稳定度,为对流的发生、发展提供了有利条件。     

吉林省中部一次局地大暴雨的中尺度成因分析

利用探空资料、常规气象资料、中尺度气象加密观测资料及多普勒雷达回波产品等资料,对2010年7月25日吉林省双阳站局地大暴雨的中尺度系统演变特征、动力、不稳定条件及雷达回波特征进行了分析。分析结果表明：低空中尺度切变、地面中尺度辐合线是本次局地暴雨的主要中尺度系统,850hPa露点锋提供本次局地暴雨的触发机制;局地暴雨发生在较强的对流不稳定及冷空气侵入导致迅速增强的垂直风切变的条件下;暴雨发生前中低空有明显较强的上升运动,冷空气开始下沉入侵形成垂直环流,为暴雨的发生提供了动力条件;雷达回波图上“人”字型回波带合并,其上多个对流单体新生持续经过暴雨区造成强降水,回波带上的逆风区与局地暴雨有较好的对应关系,强回波及逆风区对局地暴雨有较好的指示意义。     

鹤岗地区一次局地短时暴雨的中尺度分析

利用自动站、多普勒雷达、卫星黑体亮温等气象资料,对2012年7月10日发生在鹤岗地区的短时暴雨天气进行了分析.结果表明:此次局地暴雨是在“两槽一脊”环流背景下,受海上低涡后部和中低层切变及低空急流系统影响,由几个相对较强的对流单体合并维持造成的.强降水是出现在云顶亮温减弱阶段,在TBB值梯度较大的区域移动方向的后侧,最大1h降水量的雨强落后于云团TBB最低值时1～3 h;径向速度出现了逆风区结构,逆风区出现时间较强降水出现提前了20～30 min.回波的合并、增强和减弱与强降水有较好的对应关系.地面辐合线是造成短时暴雨中尺度对流系统的主要触发机制.     

一次云南强对流暴雨的中尺度特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及常规观测资料与雷达、卫星等非常规观测资料,综合分析了2014年6月6日云南暴雨过程的天气成因及中尺度对流系统特征。结果表明:500hPa前倾槽、700hPa切变线及地面冷锋是此次暴雨过程的天气尺度影响系统;高能高湿的对流不稳定层结、明显的垂直风向切变是强对流天气形成的有利条件;在Q矢量散度辐合区内多个β中尺度对流系统(MCS)发生发展,短时强降水主要出现在MCS移动方前沿对流活跃的云顶亮温(TBB)等值线密集区,雨强变化与TBB等值线梯度变化密切相关;多普勒雷达及地闪资料显示多个γ中尺度对流系统是强对流暴雨产生的直接影响系统,雷暴易发生于回波强度在35~45dBz、回波顶高超过10km的区域,中尺度辐合线、第二类γ中尺度辐合区附近负地闪密集区与短时强降水、雷暴天气有很好的对应关系。     

江淮地区两类低涡型暖式切变暴雨的中尺度特征分析

为探究江淮地区低涡型暖切变暴雨的中尺度特征,利用常规观测资料、自动站加密观测资料以及FY-2E卫星云图和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,针对江淮地区两次不同类型的典型暴雨过程进行对比分析。其中,"稳定型"过程降水持续时间长、范围广,而"东移型"过程降水相对集中,持续时间短、雨强大。结果表明:(1)两次降水均发生在高空槽和低层暖切变影响下,"稳定型"系统少动,而"东移型"的500 hPa低压槽和低空低涡向东移动发展,与地面中尺度低压相对应,且中低层辐合较强。(2)"稳定型"对流组织形式为"前向次第发展",对流系统结构相对松散,而"东移型"对流组织形式为"后向次第发展",对流系统组织化程度较高。(3)两次暴雨过程均发生在整层高湿环境中,低空急流对水汽输送起关键作用,降水主要位于西南急流轴前部的风速辐合区。其中,"稳定型"水汽主要输送能力体现在850 hPa上,稳定形势下的持续性水汽输送有利于形成较大范围的强降雨;"东移型"西南低空急流风速相对较强,降水后期有活跃的超低空东南急流,两支急流共同作用有利于局地出现更集中的降水。(4)两次过程中,低空西南与东南风的风速辐合形成明显的中尺度抬升条件,且"东移型"比"稳定型"的外力抬升条件更好。强降水多位于地面辐合线附近,对应的中尺度风场辐合线是触发对流的有利条件,对短临降水落区预报有一定指示意义。     

“海棠”影响河南降水雷达回波和中尺度雨团对比分析

使用郑州714CD雷达观测资料，以及2005年刚建立起的河南省乡镇雨量站网资料，配合河南省自动站资料，对0505号台风海棠造成的河南省大范围暴雨、局部特大暴雨过程进行了分析，总结出强降水回波区早于中尺度雨团1个小时左右生成，中尺度雨团早于降水回波减弱消失，稳定少动的强降水回波有利于中尺度雨团的产生和发展；多普勒速度场上，中尺度系统存在的地方有利于强降水回波发展和维持，也有利于中尺度雨团产生和发展；受持续不断45dBz左右强降水回波影响，构成“列车效应”，可造成暴雨甚至是大暴雨过程；对于大范围降水回波，依据乡镇雨量图上中尺度雨团活动规律，分析速度场上中尺度系统如逆风区、辐合区、大风区（低空急流），可以准确预报暴雨落区，发布暴雨预警信号。     

四川盆地西部两次暖区暴雨过程分析

利用地面、高空观测资料、卫星和多普勒雷达资料、ERA-Interim再分析资料,对2012年8月17日(12·08)和2017年7月16日(17·07)四川盆地西部两次暖区暴雨过程的环境条件、中尺度对流系统、雷达回波特征和动力抬升条件等预报着眼点进行了对比分析。结果表明:两次过程均出现在低层偏南暖湿气流和地面热低压之中,12·08暴雨发生在副高边缘,水汽输送条件更好,对流持续时间更长,17·07暴雨发生在高空低涡切变后部,高层冷平流使得位势不稳定更强,对流强度更剧烈;12·08暴雨中尺度对流系统沿副高外围自南向北缓慢移动,具有明显列车效应,其强回波质心高度较低,属于积状云为主的混合性降水,17·07暴雨中尺度对流系统在高空低涡后部偏北气流引导下自北向南快速移动,其强回波质心高度较高,属于积状云降水;地面辐合线为对流的发生发展提供了较好的动力触发条件,两次过程强降水均随着地面辐合线的生成而发生,且强降水中心出现在中尺度辐合线附近,并随着辐合线而移动。     

宁夏北部一次短时暴雨中尺度对流系统的特征分析

利用自动站、闪电定位信息、多普勒雷达、卫星黑体亮温等气象资料,对2008年7月18日夜间宁夏石炭井的短时暴雨天气进行了分析。结果表明：此次单站短时暴雨是在“西高东低”的环流背景下,受东北冷涡后部横槽和低值系统影响,由两个相对较强的对流单体先后影响而后合并维持造成的。中尺度对流系统在宁夏北部持续时间近6h,云项亮温梯度最大值维持在石炭并一带;对应3次强降水时段,雷达回波强度、回波顶高、VIL出现了3次峰值,径向速度出现了气旋式辐合和逆风区结构,逆风区出现时间较强降水出现提前了20～30min,与强降水的发生、发展和减弱有较好的对应关系;闪电发生高密度区位于降水中心前缘,闪电频率突然增大时间较强降水出现超前1h。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.