湖北地基GPS大气可降水量变化特征分析及应用

利用探空资料、地基GPS/MET水汽监测资料,对恩施、宜昌、武汉三站地基GPS反演大气可降水量(GPS Precipitable Water Vapor,GPS/PWV)与探空进行了对比,表明GPS/PWV与探空RS/PWV具有良好的一致性。湖北省17站3 a GPS/PWV资料分析表明,GPS/PWV具有明显的月变化及日变化特征,分布具有从南往北逐渐递减,从西至东逐渐增加的特点。强降水个例分析表明GPS/PWV峰值略早于降水以及雷达回波峰值出现时间,高时空分辨率的GPS/PWV配合雷达对天气形势的分析以及降水的判断有一定的指导作用。     

云南地基GPS水汽解算方案及精度检验

在分析GAMIT水汽解算方案特点的基础上,利用云南6站地基GPS水汽探测资料,进行了不同解算方案计算结果的分析,并与GPS探空资料的PWV值进行比较,结果显示:不同解算方案对云南地基GPS水汽反演结果有显著的影响;在进行本地化后,GAMIT软件包对云南GPS水汽反演的精度有显著提高;不同季节的云南地基GPS反演水汽值与高精度探空水汽值的数值和变化趋势极为一致,二者的均方根差小于2 mm,说明该解算方案的地基GPS水汽反演结果可用.     

云南地基GPS观测大气可降水量变化特征

利用2007年云南地基GPS站点观测资料,分析GPS反演的大气可降水量(PWV)变化特征,并用探空、实际降水量资料和GPS反演结果进行比较。结果表明:GPS/PWV能反映云南降水的季节变化特征,海拔较低的测站普遍比同期海拔较高的测站测得的GPS/PWV值高;GPS/PWV值与探空得到的大气水汽总量随时间演变趋势基本一致,其相关系数均达0.89;GPS/PWV变化周期和实际降水发生的周期基本相同,降水大多为GPS/PWV值连续增加达到峰值(或从峰值开始下降)后开始;GPS/PWV上升幅度较大或位于高位可作为连续性强降水过程出现的预报指标,但使用GPS/PWV峰值作预报指标时,还应考虑季节因素。     

基于地基GPS的祁连山大气可降水量特征

利用2016-2018年祁连山区中东部11个站的地基GPS反演的大气可降水量(以下简称GPS/PWV),分析了大气可降水量的时空分布、地带性和垂直变化特征.结果 表明:与张掖和民勤探空实测资料计算的PWV(以下简称RS/PWV)相比,GPS/PWV均方根误差和偏差平均值分别为2.1 mm和1.07 mm,GPS/PWV...     

利用GAMIT对江西省GPS可降水量的反演应用

GAMIT是由麻省理工学院(MIT)和斯克里普斯海洋学院(SIO)开发的拥有高精度的GPS专业处理软件。针对GAMIT软件在Linux操作系统上的安装、GPS观测站的参数表文件和配置文件的编辑、天顶对流层总延迟的解算,以及可降水量的反演的方法和流程进行了探讨,总结了GAMIT软件的一些使用经验和注意事项。同时,利用南昌站每日2次的探空资料所计算的大气可降水量对同时刻运用GAMIT反演的南昌站GPS大气可降水量进行了对比分析,发现运用GAMIT反演的GPS大气可降水量具有较高的精度。     

青藏高原东缘GPS水汽资料对暴雨模拟的影响分析

选取2009年6月30日发生在云南南部和湖南北部的强降水过程,利用WRF模式和建立在青藏高原东缘地区18个地基GPS站点观测的可降水量资料（GPS/PWV）进行同化试验.试验表明：选取全部18个站和云南省8个站GPS/PWV资料进行同化,发现下游地区的强降水区湖南北部降水强度发生较大变化.选取100.E附近的6个站GPS/PWV资料进行同化,发现下游地区的强降水区湖南北部降水强度变化不大.利用全部站点GPS/PWV资料,模式初始场大部分地区湿度增加,对应下游降水中心强度增加,少部分地区湿度减少,对应降水区域南移.GPS/PWV资料同化对模式初始场湿度场和高度场影响较大,而对温度和风场影响较小.     

基于PPP和双差网解法的GNSS水汽反演效果分析

基于2021年5—7月GPS卫星资料,采用精密单点定位(Precise Point Positioning,PPP)和双差网解两种算法进行了大气可降水量（Precipitable Water Vapor,PWV）反演,利用同址探空水汽资料,对比分析了PPP算法与双差网解法计算的PWV反演精度。结果表明,PPP算法和双差网解法反演出的PWV随时间变化的趋势基本一致。两种算法反演出的PWV结果合理,与探空PWV相比,采用PPP和双差网解两种算法反演的PWV相对偏差均小于2.4 mm、绝对偏差在4 mm以下,均方差约4 mm,与探空PWV相关系数均在0.87以上,均能较好地反映大气中水汽含量的变化情况,两种算法均具备较强的水汽反演能力,双差网解法反演的PWV在相关性、精度上略优于PPP算法。PPP算法可实现单站水汽高时间分辨率反演,对于获取台站高时效、高精度的大气水汽探测产品具备优势。     

四川地基GPS水汽资料特征

利用2010年1月～2011年12月四川JICA项目获得的地基GPS观测资料和地面自动站资料,分析四川省内GPS/PWV变化特征,结果表明:GPS/PWV能较好反映各站降水的季节变化,海拔高度对GPS/PWV值有显著影响作用;全年夜间GPS/PWV值大于日间,秋季高原上夜间GPS/PWV值小于日间;在主汛期,GPS/PWV能作为降水出现概率较高的判据,降水多出现在PWV值大于基准值时段;PWV变化周期与降水发生周期有很好的对应关系,大多数为PWV值连续增加达到峰值阶段或由峰值开始下降阶段开始降水。     

GPS可降水量在湖北暴雨预报中的指示性

通过对2012年5—9月湖北省59个GPS/MET站可降水量资料、全省自动站雨量资料以及实况高空资料的分析发现：①同址观测的GPS PWV与探空-PWV相关性高,误差小,有降水时相关性下降。②有降水时山地比平原地区的GPS PWV普遍偏低10 mm左右。③69%暴雨出现前GPS PWV会上升,不上升的则已达到较高值。GPS PWV单站6 h和12 h变量为正,对暴雨开始的指示性较好。④不同类型暴雨的GPS PWV特征不同：西风系统型和副热带高压影响型局地暴雨中心均对应GPS PWV高值区,其GPS PWV阈值在湖北西部分别为大于等于40 mm和大于等于55 mm,在湖北中东部分别为大于等于52 mm和大于等于60 mm;台风影响型局地暴雨大多位于GPS PWV高值区附近的密集带,GPS PWV阈值为大于等于45 mm;区域性暴雨需在有利降水的天气形势下考虑PWV,暴雨中心对应GPS PWV高值区,且GPS PWV高值中心较暴雨中心提前1 h出现。⑤暴雨中心位于GPS PWV水平分布密集带的情况有3种：个别影响系统移动较快的暴雨、台风影响型局地暴雨、个别山区暴雨。⑥利用GPS PWV高值区叠加地面辐合区判断未来1 h暴雨区,对湖北中东部暴雨的指示性较好,但对湖北西部山区暴雨的指示性较弱。     

2002年台风Ramasun影响华东沿海期间可降水量的GPS观测和分析

介绍了2002年建成的长江三角洲地区GPS(全球定位系统)网对台风Ramasun影响华东沿海地区时可降水量的探测,指出GPS探测的可降水量(PWV)与加密探空资料所计算的可降水量具有高度的一致性.通过对多站GPS资料时间序列的分析,揭示了在台风影响过程中PWV 的三个阶段的变化特征: 在台风降水产生前PWV 都有一个急升的过程,PWV的急升时间长短、升幅、量值大小反映了水汽累积情况,它与台风过程降水总量、每小时降水量大小有较好的对应关系;PWV 急升达到峰值后进入高值波动阶段,一般在达到峰值后7～10小时开始出现明显的降水, 在这一阶段中PWV 时间序列的波动和空间分布特征与台风降水的短时变化和螺旋雨带演变有较好的对应关系;PWV 的急降则反映台风降水即将结束.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.