全球气候变化条件下云南生态环境变化趋势研究

全球气候变化对全球的生态环境、社会和经济等产生了巨大的影响,也是影响区域变化的重要因素。在全球气候变化的大背景下,特殊的地理环境以及地形使得云南气候与生态环境的演变存在特殊性。近50来,云南气候与生态环境发生了明显的变化,极端气候事件频繁,生物多样性丧失,生态环境恶化。通过收集调查相关部门多年资料数据,咨询相关专家意见,对全球气候变化条件下,云南气候变化趋势,以及云南生态环境变化趋势进行了研究和分析,提出了促进云南生态环境建设与社会经济协调发展的对策与建议,以便有效应对和减缓气候变化对云南生态环境、经济社会发展和人民生活造成的影响。     

洪泽湖湿地生态旅游初探

分析洪泽湖湿地旅游资源,指出洪泽湖湿地有着人湖河口滩地、滨湖河漫滩、湖面、围垦混合带各具特色的湿地景观、丰富的植物资源、动物资源以及众多的风景名胜,探讨了在生态开发湿地旅游资源时应遵循：开发和湿地保护同步进行,协调发展;做好超前规划,体现生态性、最小干预性、文化性、人本性;在经营管理上坚持政府主导、市场运作3项原则以及加强管理、合理规划、综合整治、加强旅游合作等具体举措。     

中国湿地生态旅游开发研究--以东洞庭湖湿地为例

湿地是地球上一种很重要的生态系统，有丰富的生物多样性和很高的生产力。中国湿地类型多样齐全，东洞庭湖湿地是洞庭湖区湿地的主要组成部分，拥有典型的湿地生态旅游景观和湿地动植物资源，东洞庭湖所在地岳阳是湖南两大旅游增涨极之一，湿地旅游资源的开发具备了良好的客源基础和前景，但目前湿地范围不断缩小，湿地动植物资源遭到严重破坏，科学地开发东洞庭湖丰富的湿地旅游资源显得尤其紧迫。在调查评价东洞庭湖湿地生态旅游资源与环境的基础上，进行该区湿地生态旅游开发的SWOT分析，提出开发的对策和建议，着重保持生态平衡，改变当地社会经济增长方式，形成人与自然和谐共处的局面，既是防止东洞庭湖现有湿地资源进一步破坏，实现湿地生态旅游资源可持续利用的有效方法，又是打造湖南旅游强省的必要措施。     

温室气体诱导的渐变气候效应

本文设计了一个能量平衡模式和改进的箱室扩散海洋模式的耦合模式，模拟了大气中ＣＯ２浓度突然加倍和近百年来由于大气中温室气体浓度增加引起的全球地表气温变化，说细地讨论了海洋对全球气温变化的延缓作用，并对下一世纪大气中ＣＯ２浓度变化春诱导的全球地表温变化进行了数值公式。     

区域可持续发展的理论探讨*

文章界定了区域可持续发展的定义,同时结合区域发展的时空演化特点,从系统的角度分析了区域可持续发展的内在机制、动力、发展模式及演化过程,提出了“广义熵”(Extensive Entropy)的概念和区域可持续发展的信息动力学假说.理论上分析表明,组合logistic曲线可能是区域可持续发展的最佳模式.     

论湿地脆弱性与生态恢复重建--以洞庭湖区为案例

洞庭湖区是长江中游流域最重要的以河湖系统为主的湿地分布区之一。由于人类长期垦殖活动，已成为中国重要的农业商品基地。洞庭湖区湿地生态系统受到自然因素和人为因素的影响，湖区湿地生态系统表现出脆弱性特征。在此基础上分析其主要脆弱性影响因子包括：地貌脆弱因子、气候脆弱因子、水文脆弱因子以及过度围湖造田、过度利用湖泊资源、超标污染物排放等。然后对湖区湿地生态系统的脆弱生态环境特征进行了分析，最后提出科学有效的生态恢复重建的措施。     

论西北地区持续发展研究的基本问题

本文根据区域持续发展研究的内容和西北地区发展面临的形势。分析了该我持续发展研究的基本问题。     

区域可持续发展DSS的几个关键技术问题探讨

决策支持系统（DSS）是多项计算机技术的综合运用。文章探讨了分布式网络技术、定性定量相结合的模型管理技术、定性推理与模糊决策技术、信息融合技术、综合集成技术、研讨技术等在区域可持续发展决策支持系统中的应用,提出虚拟化区域可持续发展决策支持系统（V-DSS）的工作模式,并探讨了V-DSS在中国沿海地区的应用。     

县(市)经济可持续发展决策支撑系统设计研究

随着区域发展日益成为人们关注的焦点,区域经济的管理水平和决策水平的高低成为制约经济可持续发展的因素之一,尽快建立符合区域经济需要的管理决策支撑系统有其必要性和可能性。本文以县（市）经济管理作为基本的研究对象,从数据库的构造、决策支撑系统的建立、系统的总体框架以及系统模块的组成等方面对区域经济管理决策支撑系统进行了较为全面的设计研究,为进一步的实验工作打下理论基础。     

气候变化对植被和土壤的影响效应

全球气候变化已是当今世界研究的热点。近年来,气候变化对陆地植被以及土壤的影响研究已经广泛开展。通过系统收集和整理气候变化对植被和土壤影响国内外相关研究结果,有利于进一步认识气候变化给生存环境带来的影响。大量野外定量分析以及经验模型预测等方法研究表明:气候变化对陆地植被产生了重要影响,主要表现在植被分布范围、生产力以及多样性的改变。气候变化也会使土壤基本性质发生变化,同时土壤作为全球碳循环过程中重要的中间碳库,土壤有机碳库与气候变化有着密切的关系,气候变暖与土壤有机碳库的分解互为反馈。     

博斯腾湖流域气候及湖陆风

通过流域多个气象站的资料，分析了流域气候条件，并通过对湖区测点的气象观测资料与陆区测点－ 焉耆站的同步资料对比分析，讨论了博斯腾湖区域小气候其湖陆风特征。     

大山包黑颈鹤国家自然保护区湿地资源现状调查及保护对策

湿地调查是对湿地资源实施有效保护的重要前提。以地理信息技术为技术平台,开展大山包黑颈鹤国家自然保护区湿地调查,结果表明：保护区现存高山草甸等8种湿地类型,湿地总面积为3227．11hm^2;目前湿地保护主要面临水资源过度开发、过度放牧和复垦开荒等威胁,需要通过完善补偿机制、加强湿地资源管理与合理开发利用、探索人口与农业发展新模式及提升民众湿地保护意识等途径来加以保护。     

区域持续发展的指标研究

本文在总结、概括已有指标的基础上,提出了区域人地相互作用潜力三维指标体系,通过这一潜力空间来综合测度区域持续发展水平,能力和前景。本文在总结,     

乐业县种植猕猴桃的气候适宜性分析及其区划

根据猕猴桃气候生态特性,在分析猕猴桃生长发育对气候条件要求的基础上,利用广西乐业县气候资料及地形数据,采用GIS技术及小网格气候资源分析方法,对乐业县猕猴桃种植区进行气候区划。按照区划结果将乐业县猕猴桃种植区划分为最适宜、适宜、次适宜和不适宜气候区,给出了细网格区划专题图,为乐业县万亩猕猴桃出口生产基地的合理布局和发展提供科学依据。     

鄱阳湖滨砂山地区景观结构及土地荒漠化机制初探

在鄱阳湖周围分布着一系列砂山,由于历史时期人为不合理的经营活动,加之该地区特定的自然环境,荒漠化发展迅速,其标志是流沙面积的扩大,对当地群众生产生活构成新的威胁。本文以江西星子县和都昌县砂山为例,运用卫星像片初步分析出星子县流沙面积占其砂山面积的12．08％,都昌县流沙面积比重为20．3％,处于中度荒漠化发展阶段,最后进一步分析了荒漠化发生与发展机制。     

基于RS与GIS技术的南中国海湿地保护区选址研究

作者选取植被指数和温度作为湿地保护区划定的基本依据,采用感测范围广、获取信息方便的NOAA／AVHRR影像作为主要数据源,反演南中国海区域的归一化植被指数NDVI、海面温度和陆地表面温度。对反演结果进行分析,确定湿地保护区的NDVI阈值和温度阈值,再对各个参数的阈值进行空间分析,最终确定南中国海湿地保护区地址和范围。最后把确定的保护区域与联合国环境署／全球环境基金确定的湿地示范区作对比研究,发现根据NDVI与温度确定的湿地保护区包括了6个重要湿地示范区中的5个。     

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE AND CLIMATE ANOMALIES ON NORWAY SPRUCE TREE-RING GROWTH AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES AND ON GLACIER RESPONSES: EXAMPLES FROM THE CENTRAL ITALIAN ALPS

Climate change and climate anomalies are inducing strong variations in the high‐mountain environment, driving the responses of physical and biological systems differently. This paper assesses tree‐ring growth responses to climate for two Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) sites at different altitudes from an Ortles‐Cevedale Group (OCG; internal zones of the Central Italian Alps) valley site and reports some examples of climate impact on glacier dynamics in the OCG in recent decades. Growth–climate relationships between tree‐ring chronologies and meteorological data were established by means of Pearson's correlation and response functions. In the high‐altitude chronology we found a strong signal of July temperatures, whereas the low‐altitude chronology also contained a signal of summer precipitation. Climate anomalies occurring in these months proved to influence tree growth at the two sites differently. In summer 2003 extreme climatic conditions established over Europe and the Alps, strongly affecting physical and biological systems. Spruce responses to the climate anomaly of 2003 were more evident with a one‐year lag. The high‐altitude site profited from the warmer growing season, whereas trees at the low‐altitude site experienced water stress conditions and their growth was strongly inhibited also in the following year. Glacier mass loss in the OCG in 2003 was the highest since yearly measurement started. The examples reported confirm the strong and even divergent variations affecting the Alpine environment, induced by recent climate change.     

ASSESSING THE SUITABILITY OF THE EPIC CROP MODEL FOR USE IN THE STUDY OF IMPACTS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN WEST AFRICA

The EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) crop model, developed by scientists of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), has been successfully applied to the study of erosion, water pollution, crop growth and production in the US but is yet to be introduced for serious research purposes in other countries or regions. This paper reports on the applicability of the EPIC 8120 crop model for the assessment of the potential impacts of climate variability and climate change on crop productivity in sub‐Saharan West Africa, using Nigeria as the case study. Among the crops whose productivity has been successfully simulated with this model are five of West Africa's staple food crops: maize, millet, sorghum (guinea corn), rice and cassava. Thus, using the model, the sensitivities of maize, sorghum and millet to seasonal rainfall were demonstrated with coefficients of correlation significant at over 98 per cent confidence limits. The validation tests were based on a comparison of the observed and the model‐generated yields of rice and maize. The main problems of validation relate to the multiplicity of crop varieties with contrasting performances under similar field conditions. There are also the difficulties in representing micro‐environments in the model. Thus, some gaps appear between the observed and the simulated yields, arising from data or model deficiencies, or both. Based on the results of the sensitivity and validation tests, the EPIC crop model could be satisfactorily employed in assessing the impacts of and adaptations to climate variability and climate change. Its use for the estimation of production and the assessment of vulnerabilities need to be pursued with further field surveys and field experimentation.     

青海湖流域沼泽化草甸形成发育的主要气候因子

青海湖是一个较特殊的巨大微咸水湖。溥 海湖流域沼泽化草甸具有明显的湿地生境特征，其形成发育和时空分布的主要气候因子是大于等于１０℃的积温和５月至９月的降水及年湿润系数。根据主要气候因子作出了湿地率与该环境形成发育的主要气候因子的数学模型。     

EFFICIENCY OF NITROGEN REMOVAL IN CONSTRUCTED WETLAND：A SIMULATION STUDY IN THE WEST JINLIN, CHINA

Plenty of inorganic nitrogen in wastewater can cause the eutrophication in water bodies, so it is an important task to remove nitrogen. Purification role was realized by absorption, filtration, depositon, evaporation, nitrification and denitrification of microbes. Although the studies of Phragmites austrilis bed in the constructed wetland are popular, the purification performances of constructed wetland filled by saline-alkali soil substrate are less reported. In the paper, the purification efficiency of nitrogen with Phragmites austrilis bed in the constructed wetland filled by saline-alkali soil substrate was discussed through a simulation study. Results to date indicated that the first order plug flow model was adequate to describe the nitrogen removal. The experiment showed that the diminishing concentration of TN, NO2-N, NO3-N, NH4-N were closely related to hydrological retention time (HRT), the correlation coefficient was R^2 = 0.98499, R^2 = 0.9911, R^2 = 0.89407 and R^2 = 0.95459, respectively. According to the data, the most suitable hydrological retention time (HRT) for this kind of constructed wetland should be determined to 4 days. In addition, the experiment showed the purification efficiency of nitrogen has very broad range and drastic vibration, TN( 17 % - 79 % ), NO2-N (33%-98% ), NO3-N (13%-93% ), NH4-N (28%-64% ). The study will promote wetland‘s design and operation procedures in large saline-alkallne soil areas.