具有运动补偿高精度海洋气象多参数模拟仪的研制

针对船舶气象仪的综合检查过程中检测周期长、人工排查效率低以及传统的自动气象站传感器信号模拟器的模拟精度低,没有相关运动补偿算法导致此类系统不适应海洋船舶应用环境的问题,对气象要素传感器的高精度信号采样电路、信号输出、软件滤波和运动补偿等方面进行了研究。通过分析传感器和船舶气象仪的原理,设计了各个气象参数的采样电路、信号模拟电路、触摸屏、GPS和电子罗盘采样与模拟电路,并在近海测试过程中进行了运动补偿模型测试,并基于STM32微控制器进行了该仪器的系统检测实验。研究测试结果表明：该系统具有低功耗、高可靠性、高精度的特点,能应用于海上环境,同时具有对船舶实时定位、气象要素实时模拟和采集、运动补偿多项功能。并且本系统精度在运动补偿后,系统测量方差为0.019 3 m/s,精度提高至接近真实值,均符合《海洋调查规范第3部分：海洋气象观测》的标准。     

A fast responding temperature measurement system for CTD applications

The temperature measurement system of the standard Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution/Neil Brown Instrument Systems conductivity-temperature-depth microprofiler consists of a platinum thermometer, which has stable calibration characteristics but response time of order 200 ms combined with a fast response thermistor designed to sample the higher frequency temperature fluctuations. The calibration characteristics and temporal response of the individual sensors relative to the conductivity cell were studied using a modified instrument which digitized these data channels separately. The relative responses of the individual sensors were found to be fairly well modeled by a single pole filter, but the response of the standard temperature signal, which is an analog combination of the two temperature sensor outputs, exhibited a complicated behavior. Several methods for obtaining a well-calibrated fast-responding temperature signal from the digitized platinum thermometer and thermistor records are discussed. Preliminary results suggest that thermohaline features on scales of less than a meter in the vertical are resolvable.     

Biological interference of optical backscatterance sensors in Tampa Bay, Florida

Optical backscatterance (OBS, D&A Instruments, Inc.¹) sensors for measuring suspended-solids concentrations have been deployed in Tampa Bay to monitor resuspension of bottom sediments. This paper describes biological factors that affected the OBS sensors deployed in Tampa Bay and discusses deployment strategies that minimize biological interference. Phytoplankton may interfere with the OBS sensors when the suspended-solids concentration is near or below the sensor response threshold. Fish swimming in front of the OBS sensors caused spikes in the OBS sensor output, so the median average was more appropriate than the mean average. An algal slime on the OBS sensors caused excessive backscatterance that dominated the backscatterance from suspended material. Because of the fouling problem, deployments were limited to less than a week, and OBS sensors were cleaned daily, if possible. Calibration of OBS sensors with water samples collected from Tampa Bay was satisfactory when biological interference was not significant. When properly deployed, the OBS sensors can successfully monitor sediment resuspension in Tampa Bay and similar subtropical estuaries.     

中国系列标准海水制备与质量评价

中国系列标准海水是国家二级标准物质 [GBW (E) 130 0 11],在盐度或电导率传感器的现场检定 ,实验室盐度计的检定和校准中应用广泛。主要介绍中国系列标准海水的制备和不确定度分析。     

脉冲激励式多路传感器接口电路

本文介绍的脉冲激励式多路传感器接口电路，在一个等幅脉冲源对多路传感器激励的同时，用一个由串行DAC和比较器组成的逐位逼近ADC。受控于87C51单片机，完成多路信道的数字化，作者已完成的12位ADC，由一个5V脉冲源激励C、T、D、pH、DO、Ref等传感器，每30s一次8路扫描。该电路简单、经济，特别适合于需要交流激励的水质传感器及水质检测。     

海洋环境参数监测传感器的稳定性评价研究

海洋环境参数监测传感器的性能是海洋环境监测参数数据质量的保障。文章以常用的海水温度、电导率、浊度和叶绿素传感器为评估对象,利用同一台仪器连续多年的校准数据实现传感器的稳定性评价。当漂移系数在1附近时,表明传感器性能稳定,当漂移系数大于或小于1时,表明传感器测量值发生漂移;由历年校准数据计算的漂移系数可实现各传感器校准周期内数据的修正,修正前各传感器的测量误差大且呈单向增量变化,修正后的误差降至传感器最大允许误差且呈正态分布。利用历史计量数据建立的传感器性能评价模型可为用户提供长期的传感器稳定性评价,有利于提升海洋环境监测传感器的性能和数据的准确性,拓展计量数据的服务能力。     

Comments on `Theory and application of calibration techniques foran NDBC directional wave measurements buoy' by K.E. Steele, et al.:nonlinear effects

For original paper see ibid., vol. OE-10, no.4, p.382-96 (1985). The authors of the above mentioned paper present an extensive set of linear calibration techniques that are applied to National Data Buoy Center wave-buoy sensor spectral output before calculating and disseminating directional wave spectra. The commentators identify and estimate the nonlinear effects that produce biases still present in the output, due both to wave nonlinearities themselves and to constraints on the buoy and mooring system to the driving forces. Simple models show that these nonlinearities can produce spectral energy biases of 5-15% at and above the spectral peak frequency, and even greater errors below it. NDBC presently records wave data from vertically stabilized and fixed accelerometers and slope sensors. Calculations show that these sensors all incur bias due to wave nonlinearities: this is greater for vertically stabilized accelerometers and least for slope sensors. Effects of the resulting inconsistencies between the different sensors are most pronounced below the spectral peak where the nonlinear terms dominate; these effects are illustrated with measured data     

一种多功能水质测定仪

介绍一种SWQ-1型多功能水质测定仪,以数字显示温度,盐度,溶解氧,pH和氧化还原电势。仪器用干电池供电,其结构是以一个带有多路模数转换器和液晶显示器的低功耗单片微计算机为基础而构成。通过微计算机按照存贮器中的物理化学公式和定标常数进行数据处理,并把结果送给显示器。温度和pH传感器用的是定型的商品—热敏电阻和玻璃电极。盐度和溶解氧分别采用由作者自行设计的铂电极电导池和薄膜原电池型传感器进行现场测量。溶解氧的测量采用了自动定标程序,减少了电位漂移对测量的影响,提高了测量的可靠性,并且便于操作。这种水质测定仪是一种尺寸小,重量轻,效率高的便携式仪器。     

CTD sensor characteristics and their matching for salinitycalculations

The response characteristics of conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) sensors used for the derivation of ocean properties from profiling instruments are discussed. The influence of design and operating conditions on the impulse response is explored with examples drawn from commercially produced cells in common use. The speed dependence of both temperature and conductivity sensor response is discussed with reference to sensor matching to reduce salinity spiking. A brief discussion is included on data processing and filtering techniques     

Cross-shore distribution of longshore sediment transport: comparison between predictive formulas and field measurements

The skill of six well-known formulas developed for calculating the longshore sediment transport rate was evaluated in the present study. Formulas proposed by Bijker [Bijker, E.W., 1967. Some considerations about scales for coastal models with movable bed. Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, Publication 50, Delft, The Netherlands; Journal of the Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division, 97 (4) (1971) 687.], Engelund–Hansen [Engelund, F., Hansen, E., 1967. A Monograph On Sediment Transport in Alluvial Streams. Teknisk Forlag, Copenhagen, Denmark], Ackers–White [Journal of Hydraulics Division, 99 (1) (1973) 2041], Bailard–Inman [Journal of Geophysical Research, 86 (C3) (1981) 2035], Van Rijn [Journal of Hydraulic Division, 110 (10) (1984) 1431; 110(11) (1984) 1613; 110(12) (1984) 1733], and Watanabe [Watanabe, A., 1992. Total rate and distribution of longshore sand transport. Proceedings of the 23rd Coastal Engineering Conference, ASCE, 2528–2541] were investigated because they are commonly employed in engineering studies to calculate the time-averaged net sediment transport rate in the surf zone. The predictive capability of these six formulas was examined by comparison to detailed, high-quality data on hydrodynamics and sediment transport from Duck, NC, collected during the DUCK85, SUPERDUCK, and SANDYDUCK field data collection projects. Measured hydrodynamics were employed as much as possible to reduce uncertainties in the calculations, and all formulas were applied with standard coefficient values without calibration to the data sets. Overall, the Van Rijn formula was found to yield the most reliable predictions over the range of swell and storm conditions covered by the field data set. The Engelund–Hansen formula worked reasonably well, although with large scatter for the storm cases, whereas the Bailard–Inman formula systematically overestimated the swell cases and underestimated the storm cases. The formulas by Watanabe and Ackers–White produced satisfactory results for most cases, although the former overestimated the transport rates for swell cases and the latter yielded considerable scatter for storm cases. Finally, the Bijker formula systematically overestimated the transport rates for all cases. It should be pointed out that the coefficient values in most of the employed formulas were based primarily on data from the laboratory or from the river environment. Thus, re-calibration of the coefficient values by reference to field data from the surf zone is expected to improve their predictive capability, although the limited amount of high-quality field data available at present makes it difficult to obtain values that would be applicable to a wide range of wave and beach conditions.     

New generation CTD system [conductivity-temperature-depth sensor]

A microprocessor-based CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) sensor unit is described in which the microprocessor is used to vary the analog-to-digital conversion process to achieve 16-bit resolution at a measurement rate of 500 measurements per second, or 18-bit resolution at 30 measurements per second. Software control of resolution, sampling rate, and sampling sequence permit the sensor unit to be software-configured for a wide variety of missions. Pressure and conductivity sensors are expected to substantially improve the system accuracy. The conductivity cell design has six electrodes which are all relatively remote from the external measurement volume (approximated by a 2-cm diameter sphere). This so called recessed-electrode concept is expected to eliminate calibration drift due to contamination of the electrodes and the insulating surfaces of the cell, thus ensuring excellent long-term stability     

深水风浪的风区指数律

对已有根据观测提出的幂函数形式风浪成长关系进行了分析。发现这些风浪成长关系在消去无因次风区后一致地与3／2指数律相协调，尽管它们原来存在较大的不协调性。发现Jeffreys，Sverdrup和Munk以及Platit的风能输入源函数在谱积分意义下具有相似性，而Tsikunov，Hasselmann和Phillips的破波耗散源函数在谱积分意义下也具有相似性，尽管这些源函数的原始形式和物理背景显著地不同。利用有效波能量平衡方程，将3／2指数律和发现的风能输入及破波耗散源函数相似性相结合，提出了深水风浪随风区成长的分式指数律，以得到的分式指数律拟合已有基于观测提出的风浪成长关系提出了半经验的风浪成长关系，与已有观测数据符合。     

Methods of array element localization for a towed underwateracoustic array

The location of the hydrophones on a towed underwater acoustic array as a function of time (array element localization) is needed for signal processing. Methods to perform this localization using least squares polynomial fitting to data from depth sensors, heading sensors, and sensors detecting a ping from a single source are discussed. Arc distance along the array is used as the independent parameter so that all solutions are constrained to be space curves. Examples of application to real data are presented, and techniques to discriminate against bad sensor data are discussed     

Contamination of conductivity measurements by waterborne particles

Electrical conductivity sensors used in CTD profilers and microstructure instruments are sensitive to contamination by particulates in the water. These particles impact the sensor or pass through the cell volume and produce spurious and usually negative going “spikes” in the data. In addition, they occasionally get caught, fouling the sensor and causing significant high frequency noise and calibration offsets. Examples of both the discrete contamination and fouling problems are exhibited, evidence is presented which identifies the source, and methods of minimizing their effects are examined.     

Long-term Sensor Drift Found in Recovered Argo Profiling Floats

We recovered three Argo profiling floats after 2 to 2.5 years of operation, and recalibrated their temperature, conductivity, and pressure sensors. The results demonstrate that these floats exhibited a significant drift in salinity of −0.0074 to −0.0125, primarily due to the conductivity sensor drift. Combined with the recalibration result for another previously recovered float, the indication is that the negative salinity drift increases nearly in proportion to the operating period of floats. The increasing rate is −0.0041 (±0.0015) year⁻¹, which yields a salinity drift of −0.016 (±0.006) for the expected float lifetime of four years. The present result suggests that reducing the float surfacing time would improve the accuracy of the salinity measurements.     

A sea floor magnetometer for the continental shelf

Measurement of temporal magnetic variations on the sea floor is desirable in order to extend the technique of geomagnetic depth sounding into the oceans. This paper describes a recording three-component sea floor magnetometer and its use in continental shelf depths. The orientation and tilt of the instrument on the sea floor are recorded using gelatine solutions to freeze a compass card and a ball-bearing, respectively. A backing-off procedure initially nulls the magnetic field components along each of the three mutually orthogonal fluxgate sensors. Magnetic variations along each sensor axis are then recorded within a range of ± 300 nT of these nulled positions. The resolution is ± 1 nT, and with a power drain of 800 mW the magnetometer can record continuously for 30 days. The instrument capsule is moored to surface buoys for recovery in continental shelf applications. The buoys may have marker flags, radar reflectors or radio beacons attached to them to aid in relocation.     

适用于水下滑翔器的CTD传感器设计

为满足水下滑翔器连续获取海洋剖面水文动力高质量数据的应用需求,利用自主研制的电磁感应式电导率传感器,集成快速响应的热敏电阻与压力传感器,以PIC18F2520单片机为电路系统的核心控制器,设计出一种适用于水下滑翔器搭载的微型化、低功耗、重量轻的SZQ1-1新型CTD传感器。该CTD测量仪经实验室多次标定,数据质量达到海试要求。2016年10月,该CTD传感器与海鸟SBE19 Plus在青岛胶州湾进行了海试比测。海试结果证明,该CTD传感器与SBE19 Plus测量结果相近,实时获取的温、盐、深剖面数据精度满足水下滑翔器的搭载要求。     

海底生物燃料电池作为电源驱动小型电子器件的应用研究

海底沉积物生物燃料电池(简称海底生物燃料电池)是一种新型的海洋能源材料电池,它的发电机理主要是利用海底沉积层内细菌代谢产生电子,通过人工放置的改性阳极收集电子,产生电能,可用于驱动水下监测仪器的长期连续运行.本研究首先设计海底生物燃料电池实验室装置,利用电池串联升压的方式,实现其驱动小型电子装置和监测仪器的连续运行.在此基础上,设计并安装了实际海况电池实验装置,利用并联设计和特殊升压装置,在胶州湾浅海成功驱动小型电子装置的运行.本研究初步验证了海底生物燃料电池作为电源驱动仪器的可行性.     

Stability of Temperature and Conductivity Sensors of Argo Profiling Floats

After recalibration of the temperature and conductivity sensors of three Argo profiling floats recovered after operations for four to nine months, the results indicate that the floats basically showed no significant drift, either in temperature or salinity, and adequately fulfilled the accuracy requirement of the Argo project (0.005°C for temperature and 0.01 psu for salinity). Only the third float showed a significant offset in salinity of about −0.02 psu, as expected from comparison between the float data and the shipboard conductivity-temperature-depth data. This offset was caused by the operational error of the PROVOR-type float, in which the surface water was pumped immediately after the launch, fouling the conductivity sensor cell. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.