海上溢油凝油剂的化学组成、结构与凝油性能

按凝油剂的组成结构及其与油的作用特点,本文将海上溢油凝油剂划分为５类：（１）氢键键合类凝油剂;（２）化学键键合类凝油剂;（３）吸油高聚物类凝油剂;（４）长链酯或蜡类凝油剂;（５）无机盐类凝油剂。文中进一步讨论了凝油剂的化学组成结构与凝油性能的关系,并定性地讨论了凝油剂的界面性质。１　海上溢油凝油剂的化学组成结构与一凝油性能１．１　氢键键合类凝油剂氢键键合类凝油剂是一类主要通过分子间形成氢键而将溢油包胶起来的凝油剂,通常是多羟基或多氨基的大分子化合物,如蛋白质、多糖及其衍生物和一些含羟基或氨基的聚…     

羧甲基壳聚糖季铵盐的制备及混凝性能研究

采用氯乙酸为羧甲基化试剂、3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为季铵阳离子化试剂,制备了羧甲基取代度为64.4%,季铵化取代度为98.4%的羧甲基壳聚糖季铵盐。采用zeta电位和烧杯混凝实验研究了羧甲基壳聚糖季铵盐对高岭土模拟水样的混凝特性,考察了pH值、混凝剂投加量和原水浊度对混凝效果的影响。结果表明,羧甲基壳聚糖季铵盐可以明显改善高岭土悬浊液的混凝效果;达到最佳混凝效果时所需羧甲基壳聚糖季铵盐的投加量随高岭土悬浊液pH值和原水浊度的增加而增加。浊度去除率随pH值的增加而减小,随原水浊度的增加而增加;原水浊度为50NTU时,浊度去除率均小于80%;羧甲基壳聚糖季铵盐具有两性混凝剂的典型特性,吸附架桥和电性中和是羧甲基壳聚糖季铵盐的主要混凝作用机理,混凝过程是多种机制共同作用的过程。     

溢油乳化过程C波段微波散射特性实验研究

本文基于水槽溢油观测实验,研究溢油乳化过程中表面散射特性的变化。利用全极化C波段微波散射计和矢量网络分析仪等测量设备对易发生乳化反应沥青含量小于3%的原油（A型油）、油田中开采出的新鲜原油（B型油）和经过脱水去杂质处理的工业原油（C型油）进行观测。文中详细分析了在C波段微波下乳化油膜与平静水面的后向散射差异,以及油膜乳化过程对后向散射的影响,结果显示在低风速、无浪的条件下（最大波高低于3mm）,原油的乳化反应可通过表面粗糙度和自身介电常数的变化来调制雷达后向散射,并且这两种方式中表面粗糙度的影响占主导地位。对比B型和C型原油在乳化状态和未乳化状态下的表面后向散射,结果显示在各状态下B型油膜表面后向散射均大于C型油,且在VV、HH、HV/VH极化方式下两者后向散射平均差异分别为2.19 dB、2.63 dB、2.21 dB,在20%油膜含水率的乳化状态下差异较未乳化状态时小,平均差异分别为0.98 dB、1.49 dB、1.5 dB,结果表明不同类型油种间由于成分和油膜属性的不同会在一定程度上导致油膜表面粗糙度存在差异,影响油膜表面后向散射。     

气相色谱用于渤海采油平台原油的鉴别

采用气相色谱法对渤海海上6个不同区块、7个平台的8口油井原油中正构烷烃组分及姥鲛烷植烷进行了定性定量分析,通过原始指纹谱图、正构烷烃组分及姥鲛炕植烷浓度分布比较和特征比值比较对原油进行了鉴别.结果表明,不同区块的原油指纹信息不尽相同,即使同一平台不同油井所产的原油指纹也存在一定差异,采用气相色谱法进行分析可对其进行鉴别.原油的风化对特征比值影响较小,可利用其进行风化油样的鉴别.为确保鉴别的准确性,分析过程中必须实施严格质量控制措施.     

滨海砂土对可溶性油的吸附作用和影响因素研究

在现场自然地理、水文地质条件调查的基础上,对青岛海水浴场采集砂和海水样品进行主要物理化学性质分析,探讨吸附机理的影响因素,通过吸附试验建立砂样对可溶性油吸附的动力学方程和吸附等温线,经过批量试验确定温度、盐度和pH值对吸附量的影响。研究结果表明,砂土对可溶性油吸附的平衡吸附量为90~110 mg/kg,吸附平衡时间为14~16 h,符合Henry型直线等温物理吸附。对等温式进一步分析发现,当水相中可溶性油浓度低于一定数值时,不但不产生吸附,反而会使污染沙滩上的残留油分释放出来,造成二次污染。     

Cod egg osmoregulation seems unaffected by oil exposure

The developing embryo of the cod (Gadus morhua) is hyposmotic to seawater and depends strictly on the integrity and low permeability of the surface membrane in order to maintain its water and solute balance.¹ This dependency on a low permeability surface membrane should make the cod embryo vulnerable against oil pollution since the oil hydrocarbons are quickly taken up by the cod eggs,² accumulate in lipid tissues and structures of the body,³ and, at least in mammals, results in dysfunction of transport tissues like the central nervous system and the kidneys.³ Our studies on the osmotic regulation of the developing cod embryo, however, show that exposure to the water-soluble fraction of Ekofisk and Statfjord B crude oils at concentrations of 50–150 ppb does not significantly affect the surface membrane permeability or body fluid solute concentrations during the egg stage. The tested concentration range covers even heavily industrialised estuaries.⁴     

Bohai crude oil identification by gas chromatogram fingerprinting quantitative analysis coupled with cluster analysis

1 IntroductionWith the development of industry, more andmore petroleum energy sources are needed. The ex-ploitation of, especially benthal, develops quickly.The spilled oil accidents occur inevitably during oilexploitation and transportation. For example, in theBohai Sea, there are more than 1 000 oil wells andthe spilled oil accidents occur almost every year. Allkinds of dissension arose since the accidents couldnot be dealt with effectively in time. The key stepwhich affects the accidents …     

柴油的中重度风化鉴别指标研究

以柴油为研究对象,采用溢油风化模拟实验,从分子级水平揭示中长期风化作用对溢油组成的影响。利用相对偏差和重复性限法进行评价和筛选,研究表明,柴油在较短时间(10 d)内,phytane/n-C18和pristine/phytane特征比率可较好地作为油品鉴别的依据;在10~30 d的风化期间,pristine/phytane仍可作为油品鉴别的依据;较长期的风化过程后,上述三个正构烷烃特征比率对于油品鉴别已不再具备意义。所选多环芳烃诊断比值指标中,除MNR、MP/P外,其他参数(MPI-1,MPI-2,Rc,MPDF1,MPDF2,MNR)相对标准偏差在1.10%~5.40%,可较好地用于重度风化溢油源鉴定。     

基于BRDF可见光偏振成像技术的海面溢油油种识别研究

海上溢油事件发生后需要及时判断溢油种类,为溢油事故处置提供及时有效的应对措施。本文利用BRDF多角度测量装置和可见光偏振相机对不同油种和清洁海水进行观测,基于可见光偏振特征筛选出最佳观测Stokes参量和对应观测几何,构建了清洁海水和不同油种数据集,并建立了基于BRDF偏振特征的DBN溢油油种识别模型。研究发现,在实验室可控条件下,相对方位角–60°、0°、–30°组合时油种识别效果较好,光源天顶角和相机观测角二者在接近±50°时识别效果较好;多次重复实验显示,海水、原油、重油、汽油、柴油、棕榈油的最优识别率分别为90%、86.27%、84%、80.44%、82.08%和82%;基于可见光偏振特征所建立的油种识别模型,对于海面溢油种类区分具有较好的效果。     

Degradation of crude oils byPseudomonas sp. in enriched seawater medium

Microbial degradation of five crude oils such as Arabian light, Berri, Murban, Khafji and Minas crude oil by a pure bacterial strain,Pseudomonas sp. isolated from the sea water sampled at Kawasaki Harbor in Tokyo Bay, was studied experimentally in the enriched seawater medium.The degradation of crude oils was determined in total residual oil and in four fractions of saturated, aromatics, asphaltene and column residue by use of the column chromatography with activated alumina.The saturated fraction was shown to be most biodegradable. The aromatics followed for all five crude oils examined and the asphaltene was biodegradable to some extent. The column residue was not apparently degraded byPseudomonas sp. within 30 days. Each of Arabian light, Berri or Murban crude oil was degraded from 59 to 63.5 %, Khafji crude oil 49 % and Minas crude oil, solid at room temperature, only 33 %. Degradation rate of the five crude oils was determined to be in a range from 2.88 to 17.3 mg-oil 1^–1 hr^–1 or from 6.0×10^–12 to 1.56×10^–10 mg-oil cell^–1 hr^–1. Relative degradation ofn-paraffins of different carbon numbers in the saturated fraction was found to be similar regardless of carbon number for the five crude oils.     

辽河兴隆台构造带原油类型及分布特征

对原油地球化学特征进行对比分析,将辽河西部凹陷兴隆台构造带原油划分成4种类型。各类原油的正构烷烃碳数分布曲线、甾萜类成熟度参数、Pr/Ph等指标有较大差异,并在该区呈规律分布。总体表现为第三系原油由南至北成熟度参数和Pr/Ph值呈降低的趋势,正构烷烃碳数从单峰变化为双峰分布;太古宇潜山内幕及潜山表层原油性质相似,其成熟度明显高于第三系原油。原油分布主要受控于南北洼陷生油层成烃演化差异及与断裂发育时期的相互配置关系。     

原油中的正构烷烃类在海沙和海水中风化的模拟实验

通过自然条件下沙表层和水面溢油的模拟风化实验,采用GC-MS作为检测器,研究原油中的正构烷烃在厦门地区的风化规律.结果表明,在一个月的风化模拟实验中,两种不同介质溢油风化均明显体现轻组分的正构烷烃丢失现象,且正构烷烃组分在水面溢油的风化速率低于沙表层溢油速率1～2个碳数.沙上模拟实验后期APr/APh比值明显受到风化影响,诊断比值不适用于油源鉴别.诊断比值An-C17/APr、An-C18/APh在短期风化过程中受风化影响小.水面溢油模拟实验结束后发现水体中n-C13-n-C29的正构烷烃组分含量升高2.9%～327.4%.