基于保辛算法的声波叠前逆时偏移

叠前逆时偏移是目前成像精度最高的地震偏移方法之一,其实现过程中的一个重要步骤是数值求解全波方程,所以快速有效求解全波方程的数值算法对逆时偏移至关重要. 四阶近似解析辛可分Runge-Kutta (NSPRK) 方法是近年发展的一种具有高效率、高精度的数值求解波动方程的保辛差分方法, 能在粗网格条件下有效压制数值频散, 从而提高计算效率, 节省计算机内存需求量. 本文利用四阶NSPRK方法构造的基本思想,发展了具有六阶空间精度的NSPRK方法,并对新的六阶NSPRK方法进行了详细的稳定性和数值频散分析,以及计算效率比较和波场模拟. 同时将该方法用于声波叠前逆时偏移中, 得到一种时间上保辛、空间具有六阶精度、低数值频散、可应用大步长进行波场延拓并能长时计算的叠前逆时偏移方法,对Sigsbee2B模型进行了偏移成像, 并和四阶NSPRK方法、传统的六阶差分方法、四阶Lax-Wendroff correction (LWC) 方法进行了对比. 数值结果表明, 基于六阶NSPRK方法的叠前逆时偏移能得到更好的成像结果, 是一种优于四阶NSPRK方法、传统的六阶差分方法、四阶LWC叠前逆时偏移的方法, 尤其是在粗网格情况下具有更明显的优越性.     

Symplectic partitioned Runge-Kutta method based on the eighth-order nearly analytic discrete operator and its wavefield simulations

We propose a symplectic partitioned Runge-Kutta （SPRK） method with eighth-order spatial accuracy based on the extended Hamiltonian system of the acoustic waveequation. Known as the eighth-order NSPRK method, this technique uses an eighth-orderaccurate nearly analytic discrete （NAD） operator to discretize high-order spatial differentialoperators and employs a second-order SPRK method to discretize temporal derivatives.The stability criteria and numerical dispersion relations of the eighth-order NSPRK methodare given by a semi-analytical method and are tested by numerical experiments. We alsoshow the differences of the numerical dispersions between the eighth-order NSPRK methodand conventional numerical methods such as the fourth-order NSPRK method, the eighth-order Lax-Wendroff correction （LWC） method and the eighth-order staggered-grid （SG）method. The result shows that the ability of the eighth-order NSPRK method to suppress thenumerical dispersion is obviously superior to that of the conventional numerical methods. Inthe same computational environment, to eliminate visible numerical dispersions, the eighth-order NSPRK is approximately 2.5 times faster than the fourth-order NSPRK and 3.4 timesfaster than the fourth-order SPRK, and the memory requirement is only approximately47.17% of the fourth-order NSPRK method and 49.41% of the fourth-order SPRK method,which indicates the highest computational efficiency. Modeling examples for the two-layermodels such as the heterogeneous and Marmousi models show that the wavefields generatedby the eighth-order NSPRK method are very clear with no visible numerical dispersion.These numerical experiments illustrate that the eighth-order NSPRK method can effectivelysuppress numerical dispersion when coarse grids are adopted. Therefore, this methodcan greatly decrease computer memory requirement and accelerate the forward modelingproductivity. In general, the eighth-order NSPRK method has tremendous potential value forseismic exploration and seismology research.     

四阶龙格-库塔方法的一种改进算法及地震波场模拟

提出了求解波动方程的四阶龙格-库塔方法的一种改进算法.首先将原四阶龙格-库塔方法合并为两级格式, 然后在第一级中引入加权参数以获得加权算法. 针对这种改进方法,研究了它的稳定性条件; 对一维问题导出了频散关系, 给出了数值频散结果,并与四阶的 Lax-Wendroff (LWC) 方法和位移-应力交错网格方法进行了对比; 对二维问题, 使用我们的改进方法、四阶LWC和交错网格三种方法进行了声波波场模拟, 并进行了计算效率分析和不同方法计算结果的比较; 最后选取两个层状介质模型进行了声波和弹性波波场模拟. 数值结果表明,本文的改进方法具有非常弱的数值频散和高的计算效率, 是一种在地震勘探领域具有巨大应用潜力的数值方法.     

求解声波方程的辛可分Runge-Kutta方法

本文基于声波方程的哈密尔顿系统,构造了一种新的保辛数值格式,简称NSPRK方法.该方法在时间上采用二阶辛可分Runge-Kutta方法,空间上采用近似解析离散算子进行离散逼近.针对本文发展的新方法,我们给出了NSPRK方法在一维和二维情况下的稳定性条件、一维数值频散关系以及二维数值误差,并在计算效率方面与传统辛格式和四阶LWC方法进行了比较.最后,我们将本文方法应用于声波在三层各向同性介质和异常体模型中的波传播数值模拟.数值结果表明,本文发展的NSPRK方法能有效压制粗网格或具有强间断情况下数值方法所存在的数值频散,从而极大地提高了计算效率,节省了计算机内存.     

非均匀介质中地震波应力场的WNAD方法及其数值模拟

通过对近似解析离散化(NAD)方法的分析,给出了一种求解声波和弹性波方程的带权重的近似解析离散化(WNAD)方法,并用WNAD方法、Lax-Wendroff 修正格式(LWC)和二阶中心差分方法计算了二维波动方程初值问题的应力场数值误差.结果表明WNAD方法具有更高的数值精度.用WNAD方法、LWC和四阶交错网格法对二维非均匀介质中弹性波传播的应力场进行了数值模拟.应力场快照和地表地震记录表明,即使是在粗网格条件下WNAD方法的模拟结果仍无可见的数值频散和源噪声.另一方面,由于WNAD方法同时计算了地震位移和梯度场,使得应力的计算更为便捷和精确,而且WNAD方法中波位移梯度局部连接关系的使用使得应力在间断处能够自动近似地满足应力连续性.     

修正辛格式有限元法的地震波场模拟

三角网格有限元法具有网格剖分的灵活性,能有效模拟地震波在复杂介质中的传播.但传统有限元法用于地震波场模拟时计算效率较低,消耗较大计算资源.本文采用改进的核矩阵存储(IKMS)策略以提高有限元法的计算效率,该方法不用组合总体刚度矩阵,且相比于常规有限元法节省成倍的内存.对于时间离散,将有限元离散后的地震波运动方程变换至Hamilton体系,在显式二阶辛Runge-Kutta-Nystr9m(RKN)格式的基础之上加入额外空间离散算子构造修正辛差分格式,通过Taylor展开式得到具有四阶时间精度时间格式,且辛系数全为正数.本文从理论上分析了时空改进方法相比传统辛-有限元方法在频散压制、稳定性提升等方面的优势.数值算例进一步证实本方法具有内存消耗少、稳定性强和数值频散弱等优点.     

求解声波方程的辛RKN格式

将声波方程变换至Hamiltion体系,构造了适用于高效声波模拟的二阶显式辛Runge-Kutta-Nyström（RKN）格式,运用根数理论得到此格式的阶条件方程组. 针对两个自由度的辛条件方程组,根据三次项截断误差最小原理得到一种误差最小辛格式;通过分析声波的时间演进方程的稳定性,选择不同的辛系数使演进方程更稳定,并得到了另一种更为稳定辛格式;在频散关系分析中,选择使数值频散最小的辛系数,得到第三种最小频散辛格式. 在理论分析中,这组辛RKN格式相比常见格式在精度控制、数值频散压制以及稳定性提升等方面均具有明显优势;在数值实验中,通过具体算例验证了理论分析的正确性.     

A nearly analytic symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta method based on a locally one-dimensional technique for solving two-dimensional acoustic wave equations

In this paper, we develop a new nearly analytic symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta method based on locally one-dimensional technique for numerically solving two-dimensional acoustic wave equations. We first split two-dimensional acoustic wave equation into the local one-dimensional equations and transform each of the split equations into a Hamiltonian system. Then, we use both a nearly analytic discrete operator and a central difference operator to approximate the high-order spatial differential operators, which implies the symmetry of the discretized spatial differential operators, and we employ the partitioned second-order symplectic Runge–Kutta method to numerically solve the resulted semi-discrete Hamiltonian ordinary differential equations, which results in fully discretized scheme is symplectic unlike conventional nearly analytic symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta methods. Theoretical analyses show that the nearly analytic symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta method based on locally one-dimensional technique exhibits great higher stability limits and less numerical dispersion than the nearly analytic symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta method. Numerical experiments are conducted to verify advantages of the nearly analytic symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta method based on locally one-dimensional technique, such as their computational efficiency, stability, numerical dispersion and long-term calculation capability.     

求解弹性波方程的辛RKN格式

将弹性波方程变换至Hamilton体系,构造适用于弹性波模拟的高效显式二阶辛Runge-Kutta-Nystrm(RKN)格式,运用根数理论得到此格式的阶条件方程组.通过给定系数的限定条件,得到方程的对称解.为了使时间离散误差达到极小,提出数值频率与真实频率比较,通过Taylor展开,得到关于辛系数的限定方程,求解方程组得到最小频散辛RKN格式.对比分析时间演进方程的稳定性,得到使库朗数达到极大值的限定方程,求解方程组得到最稳定辛RKN格式.发现此两种格式为同一格式.新得到的辛RKN格式不依赖于空间离散方法,为了对比的需要,选取有限差分法进行空间离散.在频散、稳定性分析中,与常见辛格式对比,从理论上分析了本文提出的格式在数值频散压制、稳定性提升等方面的优势,数值实验进一步证实了理论分析的正确性.     

基于辛-谱元-FK混合方法的保结构远震波场模拟

远震全波形层析成像能获得研究区域下方岩石圈乃至地幔过渡带高分辨率速度结构,是研究地球深部构造与动力学过程的有效工具.该类方法需以高精度及长时程远震波场正演模拟为基础,这为设计高精度长时程稳定的正演算法带来了挑战.在此背景之下,本文提出了一种适用于远震波场模拟的保结构算法.该方法采用谱元法（SEM）对研究区域进行空间离散,在不考虑耗散项情况下,将空间离散后的常微分方程变换为哈密顿系统形式,采用保辛分部龙格-库塔方法数值求解.在三级保辛分部龙格-库塔算法基础上添加额外空间离散项,得到修正辛算法.本文将该时间-空间全离散形式称为修正辛-谱元法（SSEM）,并将SSEM算法与频率波数域（FK）方法结合,发展了可模拟高频远震波场在局域模型内传播的SSEM-FK混合方法.该方法结合了FK方法模拟层状介质中平面波传播的高效性和SSEM计算复杂介质中弹性波传播的精确性.数值实验表明,SSEM-FK能够准确模拟高频远震波场在研究区域内的传播,结合该方法在计算效率上的优势,可为高效、高精度的远震全波形层析成像打下基础.     

二维SH波方程的半解析解及其数值模拟

本文以波动理论为基础, 半解析化求解地震勘探中常用的SH波方程. 获得的主要结果包括: 给出了二维均匀介质中SH波方程的解析解; 利用Cagniard-de Hoop方法详细推导了二维双层介质中SH波方程的解析解, 获得了透射波的解析解表达式. 同时, 基于SH波方程的解析表达式, 给出了包含各种波(如直达波、反射波、首波以及透射波)的解析解和波形图. 对于比较复杂的积分型解析解, 利用数值积分方法给出了数值结果, 并与优化的近似解析离散化方法(ONADM)和4阶Lax-Wendroff修正方法(LWC)的数值结果进行了比较, 以验证解析解的正确性. 本文的研究成果有望在检验波动方程数值新方法的有效性、波传播理论分析等方面得到应用.     

Seismic wavefield modeling based on time-domain symplectic and Fourier finite-difference method

Seismic wavefield modeling is important for improving seismic data processing and interpretation. Calculations of wavefield propagation are sometimes not stable when forward modeling of seismic wave uses large time steps for long times. Based on the Hamiltonian expression of the acoustic wave equation, we propose a structure-preserving method for seismic wavefield modeling by applying the symplectic finite-difference method on time grids and the Fourier finite-difference method on space grids to solve the acoustic wave equation. The proposed method is called the symplectic Fourier finite-difference (symplectic FFD) method, and offers high computational accuracy and improves the computational stability. Using acoustic approximation, we extend the method to anisotropic media. We discuss the calculations in the symplectic FFD method for seismic wavefield modeling of isotropic and anisotropic media, and use the BP salt model and BP TTI model to test the proposed method. The numerical examples suggest that the proposed method can be used in seismic modeling of strongly variable velocities, offering high computational accuracy and low numerical dispersion. The symplectic FFD method overcomes the residual qSV wave of seismic modeling in anisotropic media and maintains the stability of the wavefield propagation for large time steps.     

基于辛格式离散奇异褶积微分算子的弹性波场模拟

本文发展了基于辛格式离散奇异褶积微分算子(SDSCD)的保结构方法模拟弹性波场,求解弹性波动方程时,引入辛差分格式进行时间离散,采用离散奇异褶积微分算子进行空间离散.相比于传统的伪谱方法,该方法提高了计算精度和稳定性.数值结果表明SDSCD方法可以有效地抑制数值频散,为解决大尺度、长时程地震波场模拟问题提供了合适的数值方法.     

用于弹性波方程数值模拟的有限差分系数确定方法

有限差分方法是波场数值模拟的一个重要方法,交错网格差分格式比规则网格差分格式稳定性更好,但方法本身都存在因网格化而形成的数值频散效应,这会降低波场模拟的精度与分辨率.为了缓解有限差分算子的数值频散效应,精确求解空间偏导数,本文把求解波动方程的线性化方法推广到用于求解弹性波方程交错网格有限差分系数;同时应用最大最小准则作为模拟退火(SA)优化算法求解差分系数的数值频散误差判定标准来求解有限差分系数.通过上述两种方法,分别利用均匀各向同性介质和复杂构造模型进行了数值正演模拟和数值频散分析,并与传统泰勒展开算法、最小二乘算法进行比较,验证了线性化方法和模拟退火方法都能有效压制数值频散,并比较了各个算法的特点.     

用遗传算法实现地震信号反褶积

遗传算法作为寻优手段具有全局优化和很好的稳定性．本文将遗传算法用于地震信号反褶积处理，与已往方法相比它具有更好的分辨率和稳定性我们采用Bernoulli－Gaussian模型和ARMA模型分别描述地震反射系数序列和地震子波，用最大似然和最小预测误差准则分别构造用于估计反射系数序列和地震子波的目标函数，用遗传算法优化目标函数，以实现地震信号反褶积．     

An On Line Atmospheric Dispersion Model (OLADMO) for the World Wide Web

This paper presents an overview of earlier and current methods of modelling atmospheric dispersion, and proposes and evaluates a screening model for operation over the World Wide Web. The On Line Atmospheric Dispersion Model (OLADMO) is a quasi boundary layer parameterised Gaussian plume model with additional algorithms to account for plume rise, building wake effects and deposition processes. The Monin–Obukhov length boundary layer parameter is utilised to define six stability classes in order to determine atmospheric turbulence and stability, whilst new equations, derived from an intercomparison study of old and next generation dispersion models, are used to calculate the horizontal and vertical dispersion coefficients σ _y and σ _z . Using data from two field experiments in Copenhagen, Denmark and Lillestrøm, Norway, the model results from OLADMO are found to compare favourably with the results from several old and next generation dispersion models. As a consequence of the unique nature of the meteorological and location factors of the Lillestrøm experiment, all models struggled to represent the concentrations observed during the field study adequately. However, OLADMO was the best performing model in this case, with a mean normalised crosswind integrated concentration 13% closer to the mean observed concentration than its nearest competitor. Because the evaluation of the model was conducted with a limited dataset, several limitations and improvements to both the model and experimental procedure are suggested.     

Addressing non-uniqueness in linearized multichannel surface wave inversion

The multichannel analysis of the surface waves method is based on the inversion of observed Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity dispersion curves to estimate the shear-wave velocity profile of the site under investigation. This inverse problem is nonlinear and it is often solved using 'local' or linearized inversion strategies. Among linearized inversion algorithms, least-squares methods are widely used in research and prevailing in commercial software; the main drawback of this class of methods is their limited capability to explore the model parameter space. The possibility for the estimated solution to be trapped in local minima of the objective function strongly depends on the degree of nonuniqueness of the problem, which can be reduced by an adequate model parameterization and/or imposing constraints on the solution.
In this article, a linearized algorithm based on inequality constraints is introduced for the inversion of observed dispersion curves; this provides a flexible way to insert a priori information as well as physical constraints into the inversion process. As linearized inversion methods are strongly dependent on the choice of the initial model and on the accuracy of partial derivative calculations, these factors are carefully reviewed. Attention is also focused on the appraisal of the inverted solution, using resolution analysis and uncertainty estimation together with a posteriori effective-velocity modelling. Efficiency and stability of the proposed approach are demonstrated using both synthetic and real data; in the latter case, cross-hole S-wave velocity measurements are blind-compared with the results of the inversion process.     

二维地震波场的组合型紧致有限差分数值模拟

地震波场数值模拟在地球物理勘探和地震学中具有重要的支撑作用.本文将组合型紧致差分格式用于声波和弹性波方程的数值模拟中.根据泰勒级数展开和声波方程,建立了位移场时间四阶离散格式,并将组合型紧致差分格式用于位移场空间导数的求取,然后对该差分格式进行了精度分析、误差分析、频散分析和稳定性分析.理论研究结果表明：①该差分格式为时间四阶、空间六阶精度,与常规七点六阶中心差分和五点六阶紧致差分相比,具有更小的截断误差和更高的模拟精度;②每个波长仅需要5.6个采样点,且满足稳定性条件的库郎数为0.792,可以使用粗网格和较大时间步长进行计算.所以该方法具有占用内存少、计算效率高和低数值频散等优势.最后,本文进行了二维各向同性完全弹性介质的声波和弹性波方程的数值模拟,实验结果表明本文提出的方法具有更高的计算精度,能够大幅度的节约计算量和内存需求,对于三维大尺度模型问题具有更好的适应性.     

旋转网格和常规网格混合的时空域声波有限差分正演

压制数值频散,提高正演模拟精度,一直是有限差分正演模拟研究的重要内容.基于时空域频散关系的有限差分法,比基于空间域频散关系的传统有限差分法,模拟精度更高.时空域声波方程数值模拟,普遍采用常规十字交叉型高阶有限差分格式.而在频率-空间域,普遍采用旋转网格和常规网格混合的有限差分格式,有效提高了模拟精度和计算效率.本文将频率-空间域混合网格有限差分的思想引入到时空域,提出了时空域混合网格2 M+N型声波方程有限差分方法.首先推导出基于时空域频散关系的混合网格差分系数计算方法,然后进行频散分析、稳定性分析,并和传统高阶、时空域高阶有限差分法对比,结果表明:计算量相同时,新方法能有效压制数值频散,显著提高模拟精度;新方法相比传统2 M阶有限差分法,稳定性增强,与时空域2 M阶有限差分法稳定性基本相当.最后利用新方法进行均匀介质、层状介质、盐丘模型的数值模拟和盐丘模型的逆时偏移,模拟效果和成像质量进一步证实了该方法的有效性和普遍适用性.