西沙群岛珊瑚藻科的研究Ⅰ

珊瑚藻科都是海生藻类,其细胞壁中含有大量的碳酸钙,外形犹如动物珊瑚,分枝或不分枝,还有些呈片状或块状。紧贴在基质上,故有珊瑚藻之称。珊瑚藻科通常分两个亚科:藻体的直立部分分节,即钙化的节间(intergenicula)和不钙化的节(genicula)接连相间的,属于有节珊瑚藻亚科(Corallinoideae);藻体不分节而全面钙化,紧贴生长在基质上,有的种类其藻体表面并具各式各样甚至是分枝状的突起的,属于无节珊瑚藻亚科(Melo besioideae)。 由于珊瑚藻类的藻体内含有大量的钙质,同其他的红藻相比较,在进行其形态研究和种类鉴定的工作中就必然会遇到一些额外的困难,需要多作些处理,也即是说,首先需要用各种含酸的去钙剂溶解掉其藻体内的钙质,而后才能进行组织观察或切片,并作出比较正确的种类鉴定。正由于存在着这些困难,早期的藻类学家多偏于根据珊瑚藻的外部形态特征来鉴定其种类。这当然是很不够的,以致造成了珊瑚藻类在分类学研究上的混乱现象。 藻类研究工作者们过去对我国的珊瑚藻类还没有进行过比较系统的研究。通过近几年的调查,我们更加感到这项研究工作是很有现实意义的。我们发现在一些海区,例如山东黄县一带所产的药用海浮石竟全都是块状珊瑚藻类。另外,根据近两年来中国科学院海洋研究所的同志赴我国西沙群岛进行实地调查,带回来的丰富资料完全证实了我们过去的推断,在我国南海诸岛珊瑚礁的造礁过程中除了动物珊瑚外,还有一些珊瑚藻,特别是皮壳状的珊瑚藻类确实是起了相当重要的作用的一一在一些珊瑚环礁迎浪一面的礁缘上,这些珊瑚藻繁生特盛,形成了所谓“藻脊”(algal-ridge)。这同Taylor在马绍尔群岛以及 Womersley和Bailey在所罗门群岛所发现并描述的情况基本上是一致的。本文所用的材料就是中国科学院海洋研究所1956-1958年,特别是近两年来先后在我国西沙群岛进行调查时采获的珊瑚藻标本所鉴定的一部分种类。鉴定工作还在进行中,有关的研究结果今后将陆续发表。     

中国栅藻属三新种

对1950，1953，1955，1957和1990年在湖北省武昌县、黄陵县、江陵县、武汉市和江苏省无锡市采集的藻类标本进行分类。鉴定表明，它们是栅藻属的3个新种：纤维藻形栅藻，球刺栅藻和湖生栅藻。模式标本保存于中国科学院水生生物研究所藻类标本室（IHBA）。     

丝藻目的一新属——骈丝藻属

1976年6月至8月,中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队藏北分队对冈底斯山,念青唐古拉山以北,昆仑山以南的广大藏北地区进行了多学科的综合考察。我所陈宜瑜同志参加了这次考察,对该地区各种水体的水生生物进行了广泛地采集,在采得的标本中,藻类是十分丰富的。我们在鉴定该区振泉湖藻类标本时,发现一特殊类型的藻类。通过对液浸标本和固定染色标本的研究,确定它是绿藻门丝藻目的一新属。     

鞘毛藻科一新属——辐枝藻属

于1963年在内蒙古自治区包头市南,黄河堤坝北岸盐碱地积水洼中采得两号标本,经光镜观察表明,该新植物为鞘毛藻科一新属——辐枝藻属。辐枝藻为分枝丝状体,由匍匐部分和直立部分组成;匍匐枝彼此贴靠形成单层细胞厚的假薄壁组织;直立枝具粗壮的主轴和细的小枝;部分小枝末端细胞具一条长的鞘毛;每个细胞具一个周生、片状的色素体,蛋白核一至多个,具一个细胞核。该藻以动孢子营无性生殖,动孢子囊位于枝或小枝顶端。此新属仅一新种,为嗜盐辐枝藻。模式标本保存于中国科学院水生生物研究所。     

我国西沙群岛腹枝藻属一新种

我们在对我国西沙群岛海藻的研究过程中,发现有两号标本,根据其形态构造,其地位应属于真红藻纲红皮藻目节荚藻科的腹枝藻属(Gastroclonium)或腔炼藻属(Coeloseira)。腹枝藻属是 Ktzing 在1843年建立的。本属的主要特征为藻体具一中实的主干,上生中空并有横隔膜的小枝,小枝由一些缢缩成节的节片组成;囊果中心有一大的融合胞,胞周围附有大的果孢子;四分孢子体具四分孢子囊,有时有多孢子囊。1940年,Hollenberg     

中国有节珊瑚藻的研究 Ⅰ

有节珊瑚藻为藻体直立部有钙化的节间(intergenicula)和不钙化的节(genicula)分化的一大类珊瑚藻，过去均属珊瑚藻亚科Corallinoideae。近几年来则较普遍地采纳Adey和Johansen(1972, 1976)的系统，即根据藻体内相邻藻丝间次生孔状连结的有无，节部由单列、多列或分生组织的细胞组成等特点而将有节珊瑚藻分置于三个亚科，即叉节藻亚科Amphiroideae Johansen 、珊瑚藻亚科Corallinoideae (Aresch.) Fosl.和隐节藻亚科Metagoniolithoideae Johanen。 自1866年以来；中、外藻类学者对我国有节珊瑚藻的报道较多，迄今约有28种左右。 已报道的种类虽较多，但多半是名录式的，或仅是一般外部形态和简单内部结构的描述，有的仅局限于极少数调查、采集地区。对这些种类作较细致的形态解剖学方面的研究和报道是很不够的，难免错误的鉴定。有些记录，在未获得较完整的资料和产地标本(或检查原标本)前，是难以确认的。 我们整理了中国科学院海洋研究所在1949-1984年及曾呈奎教授在1933-1941年采集现存放于该所植物标本室的有节珊瑚藻标本，对它们的形态解剖及产地分布作了较为详细和系统的研究。本文探讨了珊瑚藻亚科Corallinoideae (Aresch.) Fosl.的5属8种，其中唇孢藻 Cheilosporum jungermannioides Rupr.己报道于台湾(濑川宗吉，194ld, 1956)，无柄珊瑚藻 Corallina sessilis Yendo 和蹄形叉珊藻粗短变型 Janiaungulata Yendo f. brevior Yendo 己报道于香港(Lee, K. Y., 1965)，红叉珊藻 Jania rubens ( L.) Lamx. 为本文首次报道，粗节波氏藻 Bossiella cretacea (P. et R.)Johansen 、粗叉珊藻 Jania crassa Lamx.、边孢藻 Marginisporum crassissimum (Yendo)Ganesan 和异边孢藻 Marginisporum aberrans (Yendo) Johansen et Chihara ，曾由本文作者在“Common Seaweeds of China”(1983)中首次作了扼要的报道及外形图示。     

海南岛及其邻近地区无节珊瑚藻的研究 Ⅰ

海南岛及其邻近海域的珊瑚藻类，特别是无节珊瑚藻，除曾呈奎教授在1937年报告过产于我国海南岛等地的巨胞宽珊藻Mastophora marcrocarpa Mont.［宽珊藻M. rosea(C. Ag.) Setch.的同物异名］外，基本上尚无报道，更谈不上对这一大类海藻细致地进行形态解剖学的观察研究。近年来，作者对中国科学院海洋研究所于1957-1965年，1973-1976年，1980-1982年以及曾呈奎教授于1933-1934年在本海区调查采集的标本进行整理，并着手这方面的系统研究工作，有关结果将陆续发表。 本文报道产于海南岛和硇洲岛的十种二型无节珊瑚藻．其中比较难得的是，在海南岛几个地区都发现了现代存活的古石枝藻属的化石种类——红古石枝藻Archaeolithothamnium erythraeum (Rothpl.) Fosl.[=红孢石藻 Sporolithon erythreaum (Rothpl.) Kylin］，这在我国尚属首次报道。其余九种中，有四种，即瑰红中叶藻 Mesophyllum erubescens (Fosl.) Lemoine ，拟中叶藻标准变型 Mesophyllum simulans (Fosl.) Lemoine f. typica (Fosl.)，拟中叶藻卷皱变型M. simulans (Fosl.) Lemoine f. crispescens (Fosl.)Lemoine ，微凹石叶藻Lithophyllum kotschyanum(Unger)Fosl 摩鹿加石叶藻 Lithophyllum moluccense Fosl.，作者除在 Common Seaweeds of China一书中已作初步报道外，本文对其产地和形态解剖学特征作了详细补充；另有四种，即水石藻 Hydrolithon reinboldii (Weber-van Bosse et Fosl.) Fosl. ，小石孔藻 Lithoporella melobesioides Fosl. ，太平洋小石孔藻 Lithoporella pacifica (Heydr.) Fosl. ，本文对其在海南岛和硇洲岛的分布和形态特征等与同种西沙群岛标本作了一些比较观察；本文还对宽珊藻 Mastophora rosea (C. Ag.) Setch. 的解剖特征作了补充描述。     

两种粉枝藻生殖器官的研究

叉枝粉枝藻Liagora divaricata Tseng(图Ⅰ)和三亚粉枝藻L. samaensis Tseng(图Ⅱ)均属于蠕枝藻科Helminthocladiaceae粉枝藻属Liagora(下同)。1941年,曾呈奎发现于我国广东省海南岛,定名为新种,分布于海南岛的琼海及崖县等地,为热带性藻类。Abbott和Dawson(1954)在夏威夷和     

西沙群岛钙扇藻属的几个新种

钙扇藻属(Udotea)植物广为分布于热带海洋，特别盛产于珊瑚礁上。绝大多数种类的分布具有很大的海区局限性，例如，一般的大西洋种类(除了个别例外)不产于印度-西太平洋海区，反过来也一样。与它们的广泛热带分布相反，对其分类研究工作做的却很少。自从1911年Gepp等对这个属进行了系统分类，报道了15种；六十几年来，只增添了一个新种和一个新变种，还没有任何藻类工作者对这属的系统分类进行研究。除Gepp等报道了它们的内部结构以外，其他藻类工作者仅简略地描述了外部形态和一些藻丝的情况。 1957年和1958年，中国科学院海洋研究所曾派调查组到我国西沙群岛进行海藻调查时，采集了113号标本。经过我们的初步分析研究，西沙群岛的钙扇藻属的区系是非常丰富的。本文所报道的六个新种，仅只是西沙群岛钙扇藻区系的一部分。所用标本，包括模式标本都保存在中国科学院海洋研究所植物标本室。     

西沙群岛珊瑚藻科的研究Ⅱ

本文继前文[2]之后继续报道了产于我国西沙群岛的四种珊瑚藻科藻类，其中除端胞片壳藻Fosliella farinosa外，其它三种即中叶藻Mesophyllum mesomorphum，小石孔藻Lithoporella melobesioides和三叉新角石藻Neogoniolithon trichotomum，在我国海区均为首次报道。     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.     

Cadmium,cobalt, copper,iron, lead,nickel and zinc in Indian Ocean water

Results of trace-metal analyses of water samples obtained during a cruise with the Soviet R.V. “Akademik Kurchatov” in the Indian Ocean are presented. The determinations were performed on board with atomic absorption spectrophotometry after a two-stage dithiocarbamate—Freon extraction procedure. Trace-metal concentrations found are in the same range as those found recently for similar open-ocean areas by other workers. The values for lead and zinc are probably high due to contamination. Vertical profiles indicate biogenic processes as controlling factors for the increase of cadmium, copper and nickel concentrations with depth. Iron shows an irregular depth distribution as a result of large random variations in concentration.     

Northstar-Geology,Exploration History,and Development Status,Beaufort Sea,Alaska

Exploration for oil at Northstar has been long and costly. Northstar leases were first acquired in 1979 at a joint state and federal sale by Shell Oil, Amerada Hess, and Texas Eastern. The Northstar Unit is 6 mi offshore and about 4 mi northeast of the Point McIntyre Field. Oil was first discovered in Shell's Seal Island 1 in 1983. Five additional appraisal wells were drilled (1983-1986) from two man-made gravel islands in 40 ft of water. Early engineering estimates put the cost of development at $ 1.6 billion. In February 1995, BP Exploration (Alaska) acquired a 98 % interest in the Northstar Unit from Amerada Hess and Shell Oil. When developed by BP, Northstar will be the first oil produced from federal leases in Alaska. To date, the oil industry has invested in excess of $ 140 million in exploration and appraisal operations. An additional $ 90 million was spent on lease bonus bids. The giant Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk Fields lie along the Barrow Arch. This arch is bounded to the north by a rift margin that deepens into the present-day offshore region. Northstar is located among a series of down-stepping faults off this northern rift margin of the Prudhoe Kuparuk high. The structure is a gently south-dipping northwest-trending faulted anticline. The crest of the structure is located near 10,850 ft subsea. The primary reservoir is the Ivishak Formation (325 ft thick) of the Sadlerochit Group. This is the same primary reservoir at Prudhoe Bay, approximately 12 mi to the south. At Northstar the Ivishak is a high-energy, coarse-grained conglomeratic facies of the Ivishak Formation. The primary lithology is a pebbly chert to quartz conglomerate with occasional sandstone. This very high net to gross reservoir appears to contain no regionally continuous permeability barriers. Cementation has reduced primary porosity to less than 15 %. Accurate porosity estimates are difficult to make due to the coarse-grained nature of the lithology and the presence of kaolinite and microporous chert. Permeability is highly variable, but averages 10 to 100 mDarcies. Oil is a very light and volatile 42 API crude with approximately 2,100 ft3 of gas per stock tank barrel of oil. This oil is very different from the heavier oils (26) found to the south in Prudhoe Bay. Estimated recoverable oil reserves range from 100 to 160 million barrels. A free-standing drilling rig is required at Northstar because the reserves are beyond extended-reach drilling techniques from shore-based facilities. The current development plan is to expand the existing Seal Island to about 5 acres. This is significantly less than Endicott's 40-acre island. The proposed drilling and produc tion island will be accessed by summer barges and winter ice roads. Oil, gas, and water will be processed at a stand-alone facility and then sent to shore via a subsurface pipeline. Northstar will have the first Arctic subsea pipeline in Alaska to transport oil to shore facilities (TAPS). Preliminary tests in Spring 1996 were very successful in demonstrating the technology to successfully bury a subsea pipeline safely in the Arctic.