海水反硝化和厌氧氨氧化速率同步测定的~(15)N示踪法及其应用

反硝化与厌氧氨氧化作用是海洋结合态氮迁出的主要途径,15N示踪法是定量反硝化和厌氧氨氧化作用的新方法,它具有灵敏度高、可同步测量反硝化与厌氧氨氧化速率的优点.本研究开展了一系列方法学实验,以确定高纯氦气驱赶水样所含气体的时间、超声赶气时间、同位素比值质谱仪测量N2含量的精度、N2含量及其同位素组成测定的工作曲线以及示踪剂的最佳添加量等,从而确立起15N示踪同步测定海水反硝化和厌氧氨氧化速率的方法.所建立方法测量N2含量的相对标准偏差小于8%,可满足海洋反硝化与厌氧氨氧化速率测定的需要.应用该方法实测了厦门筼筜湖富氧与缺氧水体的反硝化与厌氧氨氧化速率,结果表明,缺氧底层水的反硝化速率[4.10~5.47μmol/(dm3·d)]比富氧表层水[0.43~0.46μmol/(dm3·d)]明显来得高,但缺氧底层水的厌氧氨氧化速率[0.00~0.12μmol/(dm3·d)]则比富氧表层水的速率[0.52~0.67μmol/(dm3·d)]低得多.     

海水反硝化和厌氧氨氧化速率同步测定的15N示踪法及其应用

反硝化与厌氧氨氧化作用是海洋结合态氮迁出的主要途径,15N示踪法是定量反硝化和厌氧氨氧化作用的新方法,它具有灵敏度高、可同步测量反硝化与厌氧氨氧化速率的优点.本研究开展了一系列方法学实验,以确定高纯氦气驱赶水样所含气体的时间、超声赶气时间、同位素比值质谱仪测量N2含量的精度、N2含量及其同位素组成测定的工作曲线以及示踪剂的最佳添加量等,从而确立起15N示踪同步测定海水反硝化和厌氧氨氧化速率的方法.所建立方法测量N2含量的相对标准偏差小于8%,可满足海洋反硝化与厌氧氨氧化速率测定的需要.应用该方法实测了厦门筼筜湖富氧与缺氧水体的反硝化与厌氧氨氧化速率,结果表明,缺氧底层水的反硝化速率[4.10～5.47μmol/（dm3·d）]比富氧表层水[0.43～0.46μmol/（dm3·d）]明显来得高,但缺氧底层水的厌氧氨氧化速率[0.00～0.12μmol/（dm3·d）]则比富氧表层水的速率[0.52～0.67μmol/（dm3·d）]低得多.     

天然海水硝酸盐氮同位素组成的蒸馏法测定

建立了测定天然海水中硝酸盐氮同位素组成的蒸馏法,该方法主要是在碱性条件下利用戴氏合金将海水中的硝酸盐还原为氨,后利用稀盐酸吸收生产的氨,将得到的氨吸收液浓缩后干燥结晶,利用同位素比值质谱仪测定所得晶体的氮同位素组成。研究中开展了戴氏合金添加量及氨吸收溶液在不同条件下干燥结晶对氮同位素测值的影响研究。结果表明,戴氏合金添加量为3.0 g及60 ℃下直接干燥结晶为最佳的实验条件。所建立的氨蒸馏法氮空白值仅为(0.90±0.19) μmol,低于此前文献报道的氮空白值;氮同位素组成(δ15N)空白值为(-14.7±4.1)×10-3。运用所建立的氨蒸馏法实测得到的硝酸盐δ15N值与氨扩散法、硝酸盐直接测定法得到的数值非常吻合,进一步证明所建立氨蒸馏法的可靠性。改进后的氨蒸馏法适用于硝酸盐浓度在2~50 μmol/dm3内的天然海水硝酸盐氮同位素组成的测定,方法的标准偏差为±0.3×10-3。     

用次溴酸钠氧化法测定海水中氨氮的研究

氨在海水中主要以铵离子形式存在,也含有适量的水合氨分子和游离氨分子,其比例随海水PH、温度而不同。海洋化学上所称氨含量或铵氮量是指三者含氮量的总和。海水中氨的含量甚微,年变化约在5～50毫克/立方米之间。一般采用比色法和分光光度法进行测定。氨—氮为海水中生原要素之一、是海藻类的主要氮素营养盐,它的     

许氏帆蚌耗氧率和排氨率研究

采用生态生理学方法研究了水温和体质量对许氏帆蚌(Hyriopsis schlegelii)耗氧率和排氨率的影响,为育珠蚌养殖生理生态学提供基础资料。用生化培养箱控制水温,winkler碘量法、纳氏试剂比色法测定耗氧率和排氨率。结果表明,在实验温度(9~30℃)条件下,许氏帆蚌的耗氧率为2.504~6.76mg/(kg.h),排氨率为1.963~5.689mg/(kg.h),其中耗氧率和排氨率在27℃达到最高值,30℃均开始下降。在适宜的温度范围内,许氏帆蚌的耗氧率和排氨率均与温度成正比,而与体质量呈负相关。     

次溴酸钠法测定海水中氨氮

目前,海水中氨氮的测定仍以分光光度法为主,常用的是靛酚兰法和次氯酸钠法。高风鸣等报道了次溴酸钠法,我们对其作了些改进,并用于长江口等海区的调查,得到了较好的结果。在碱性条件下,以次溴酸钠为氧化剂将海水中的氨氧化为亚硝酸盐,用量氮-偶氮法测定亚硝酸盐总量,再扣除原有的亚硝酸盐含量即得氨含量。     

彩虹明樱蛤的耗氧率与排氨率研究

研究了不同水温和不同规格下处于标准代谢状态的彩虹明樱蛤耗氧率与排氨率,并测定了窒息点.结果表明:在20℃时,水中DO大于临界值5.00mg/dm3时,彩虹明樱蛤的耗氧率和排氨率处于相对稳定的状态,分别为2.01×10-3(m/m)/h和16.73μmol/(g.h);当DO低于此值,则代谢出现异常,耗氧率随DO下降而下降,直到窒息为止,其窒息点为1.22mg/dm3,而排氨率也呈直线下降,随着耗氧停止而停止。     

用于海洋沉积物中厌氧氨氧化细菌分子生态学研究的引物比较

为比较厌氧氨氧化细菌16SrRNA基因的2对特异性引物(Amx368F/Amx820R、Brod541F/Amx820R)在其分子生态学研究方面的优点与不足,本研究采用高通量测序和qPCR技术对长江口及其邻近海域沉积物中厌氧氨氧化细菌细菌的群落组成、多样性和丰度进行比较分析,结果表明,引物Amx368F/Amx820R特异性较高,能够较为完整地反映沉积物中厌氧氨氧化细菌的多样性信息,且其覆盖的厌氧氨氧化细菌丰度与功能基因hzo丰度正相关(P<0.01);而引物Brod541F/Amx820R特异性较低,覆盖部分厌氧氨氧化细菌及其他多个门的细菌,其量化的厌氧氨氧化细菌与功能基因hzo丰度无明显相关关系(P>0.05)。因此,引物Amx368F/Amx820R能够更加真实地反映厌氧氨氧化细菌在海洋沉积物中的群落特征,在其分子生态学研究中更具优势。     

两个N—酰基神经鞘氨醇的分离和结构鉴定

从南海细枝竹节珊瑚Ｉｓｉｓ ｍｉｎｏｒｂｒａｃｈｌａｓｔａ及柔软肉芝软珊瑚Ｓａｒｃｏｐｈｙｔｏｎ ｍｏｌｌｅ中各分离得到一固体化合物Ｉ与Ⅱ，经光谱数据分析及化学方法分析鉴定Ｉ为一个含有三个双键的Ｎ－酰基神经鞘氨醇（首次是从柳珊瑚中分离得到的含多个不饱和键的Ｎ－酰基神经鞘氨醇）；Ⅱ为一个新的含有两个双键的Ｎ－酰基神经鞘氨醇。     

两个N－酰基神经鞘氨醇的分离和结构鉴定

从南海细枝竹节珊瑚Ｉｓｉｓｍｉｎｏｒｂｒａｃｈｌａｓｔａ及柔软肉芝软珊瑚Ｓａｒｃｏｐｈｙｔｏｎｍｏｌｌｅ中各分离得到一固体化合物Ⅰ与Ⅱ，经光谱数据分析及化学方法分析鉴定Ⅰ为一个含有三个双键的Ｎ－酰基神经鞘氨醇（首次是从柳珊瑚中分离得到的含多个不饱和键的Ｎ－酰基神经鞘氨醇）；Ⅱ为一个新的含有两个双键的Ｎ－酰基神经鞘氨醇。     

An improvement in the small-volume technique for determining thorium-234 in seawater

The recently developed 2–5 L small-volume MnO₂ coprecipitation method for determining ²³⁴Th in seawater has provided a new way to substantially increase, both temporally and spatially, the sampling resolution of ²³⁴Th and ²³⁴Th-based particulate organic carbon export estimates in the upper ocean. In this study, we further optimize the technique by reducing reagent quantities and the use of an additional water bath heating step. This optimization allows the filtration of the MnO₂ precipitate onto a 25-mm diameter, 1.0 μm pore size QMA filter to be completed within < 30 min for unfiltered waters from the South China Sea. In addition, we have modified the MnO₂ purification procedure to allow for alpha spectrometric measurements of ²³⁴Th recoveries. Results from recovery experiments suggest that reagent amounts can be reduced to 0.0375 mg KMnO₄ and 0.1 mg MnCl₂·4H₂O per liter of sample, while still maintaining high ²³⁴Th recovery. This study further confirms that the addition of a yield monitor is necessary for the application of the small-volume method.     

Water quality of the Waiohewa Stream,Rotorua

The chemical quality of the Waiohewa stream, Rotorua, was assessed from the results of 2 longitudinal surveys in summer 1978–79. In particular, changes in nitrogen concentration were examined. The quantity of ammonia increased downstream from unmonitored geothermal inputs, but, after dilution and neutralisation by a larger inflow of freshwater, considerable proportions of ammonia were converted to nitrate. In the first survey ammonia concentrations decreased from 4.48 to 2.47 g m^‐3 and nitrate concentrations increased from 0.59 to 1.13 g ^‐3 in a 3‐km stretch of the stream. Mass flow calculations show that nitrification could account for at least 55% of the ammonia decrease, the rest probably being lost through assimilation or denitrification. Laboratory incubation experiments showed that nitrification occurred in the stream bed. The geothermal waters contained low concentrations of boron (1.1–4.0 g m^‐3), filterable mercury (0.1–0.8 mg m^‐3) and arsenic (10–14 mg m^‐3).     

Phytoplankton production characteristics in the Eastern Atlantic and Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in October–November 2004

Production parameters of surface phytoplankton were measured along three transects: La Manche-Cape Town (I); Cape Town-54°S (II); 0°-49°W (along 54°S) (III). The Canary upwelling waters were most productive along transect I, where the surface chlorophyll a (Chl ₀) and the surface primary production (PP ₀) were as high as 4.3 mg/m³ and 173 mg C/m³ per day, respectively. Mosaic patterns in the distribution of these parameters were recorded in the northeastern regions of the South Subtropical Anticyclonic Gyre (Chl ₀ = 0.03–0.35 mg/m³; PP ₀ = 1.6–12.6 mg C/m³ per day). Along transect II, the average twofold southward increase in Chl ₀ (from 0.2 to 0.4 mg/m³) and the concurrent decline of the phytoplankton assimilation activity ( AN ₀) resulted in deviations from typical latitudinal changes inPP ₀. At most sites, PP ₀ values varied between 6 and 15 mg C/m³ per day. Negligible changes in Chl ₀ (0.36–0.85 mg/m³), PP ₀ (8–19 mg C/m³ per day), and AN ₀ (0.7–1.6 mg C/mg chl a per hour) were registered for the oceanic waters along transect III. Along all the transects, PP ₀ depended on Chl ₀ to a greater extent than AN ₀. The values of the latter parameter were largely determined by the water temperature and showed a slight correlation with the insolation. Along transect II, the integrated primary production (PP _int) and the layer-integrated chlorophyll a in the upper 200 m (Chl _0–200) generally varied from 180 to 360 mg C/m² per day and from 30 to 70 mg/m², respectively. In the Polar Front region, an increase in Chl _0–200, PP _int, Chl ₀, and PP ₀ up to respective values of 190 mg/m², 520 mg C/m² per day, 1.2 mg/m³, and 32 mg C/m³ per day was observed. A comparison of the water column (0–100 m) stability with the vertical distribution of the primary production and chlorophyll content along transect II implies that the thick (>100 m) upper mixed layer (UML) formed in response to the strong water cooling and wind forcing was largely responsible for the limited primary production in the Subantarctic and Antarctic regions. The large UML thickness resulted in an intense removal of plant cells from the photosynthetic layer and light starvation of a significant (up to 60%) part of the phytoplankton community.     

基于双还原体系与膜进样质谱快速测定15N加富水样中15NO3-的方法

海洋中的氮循环是海洋生物地球化学研究的热点领域之一,而硝化过程是氮循环的关键一环,准确获取硝化速率对于丰富海洋氮循环的认识至关重要。¹⁵N标记同位素技术是目前国际上最为广泛使用的硝化速率测定方法,该方法的核心在于准确测定¹⁵N加富样品产生的¹⁵NO₂^-和¹⁵NO₃^-的含量,但目前的方法普遍存在测试时间较长、测试成本较高、所需样品体积较大或者检测限较高等问题。研究以低成本的膜进样质谱作为¹⁵N加富样品测试设备,建立了基于镉柱与氨基磺酸双还原体系测定¹⁵N加富样品中¹⁵NO₃^-含量的方法。经条件优化实验确定的具体方法:采用1 mol/L HCl配制15 mmol/L的氨基磺酸（SA）作为反应试剂除去样品原有的NO₂^-,然后利用镉柱将¹⁵NO     

Primary production and chlorophyll distributions in the subtropical and tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean in the autumn of 2002

In October and November 2002, high and relatively high values of the chlorophyll a concentration at the sea surface (C _chl) were observed in the English Channel (0.47 mg/m³), in the waters of the North Atlantic Current (0.25 mg/m³), in the tropical and subtropical anticyclonic gyres (0.07–0.42 mg/m³), and also in the southwestern region of the southern subtropical anticyclonic gyre (usually 0.11–0.23 mg/m³). The central regions of the southern subtropical anticyclonic gyre (SATG) and the North Atlantic tropical gyre (NATR) were characterized by lower values of C _chl (0.02–0.08 mg/m³ for the SATG and 0.07–0.14 mg/m³ for the NATR). At most of the SATG stations, the values of the surface primary production (C _phs) varied from 2.5 to 5.5 mg C/m³ per day and were mainly defined by the fluctuations of C _chl (r = +0.78) rather than by those of the assimilation number (r = +0.54). The low assimilation activity of phytoplankton in these waters (1.3–4.6 mg chl a per hour) pointed to a lack of nutrients. An analysis of the variability of their concentration and the composition of photosynthetic pigments showed that, in the waters north of 30° N, the growth of phytoplankton was mostly restricted by the deficiency of nitrogen, while, in more southern areas, at the majority of stations (about 60%), the phosphorus concentrations were the minimum. At the low concentrations of nitrates and nitrites, ammonium represented itself as a buffer that prevented planktonic algae from extreme degrees of nitric starvation. In the tropical waters and in the waters of the SATG, the primary production throughout the water column varied from 240 to 380 mg C/m² 30° per day. This level of productivity at stations with low values of C _chl (<0.08 mg/m³) was provided by a well-developed deep chlorophyll maximum and a high transparency of the water. The light curves of photosynthesis based on in situ measurements point to the high efficiency of utilizing the penetrating solar radiation by phytoplankton on cloudy days.     

Phytoplankton production characteristics in the southern Atlantic and the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in the austral summer of 2009–2010

In December–January of 2010 the spatial distribution of the phytoplankton production characteristics was studied along transects in the vicinity of the Greenwich meridian (I) and in the Drake Passage (II). On transect I, the surface chlorophyll a concentration and primary production varied from 0.11 up to 3.57 mg/m³ and from 4.38 up to 37.47 mgC/m³ per day, respectively. The chlorophyll a in the photosynthetic layer and the integrated primary production varied from 10.7 up to 66.1 mg/m² and from 83 to 646 mgC/m² per day, respectively. On transect II in the surface layer, the chlorophyll a concentration changed within the range of 0.09–1.02 mg/m³ and the primary production ranged from 2.08 to 9.49 mgC/m³. The integrated values ranged from 6.32 to 38.29 mg/m² and from 41 to 221 mgC/m² per day, respectively. The moderate means of themaximum quantum yield (F _v/F _m) on transects I and II (0.41 and 0.35, respectively) testify to the low activity of the phytoplankton’s photosynthetic apparatus. The studied water areas in the Southern Ocean differed both in the phytoplankton biomass expressed in the chlorophyll a concentration values and in the conditions of the primary production formation.     

基于客观分析的多源卫星叶绿素a浓度产品融合方法研究

本文基于Aqua/MODIS、Terra/MODIS和Envisat/MERIS多源卫星叶绿素a浓度产品,研究了客观分析融合方法,制作了西北太平洋海域(0°~50°N,100°~150°E)叶绿素a浓度融合产品,并从有效数据空间覆盖率和产品精度两个方面对融合方法进行了评价。与单传感器以及欧洲太空局发布的GSM模型业务化融合产品相比,客观分析融合产品空间覆盖率明显提高;与收集的2002-2012年间叶绿素a浓度实测数据比较,GSM模型业务化融合产品的匹配数据点为578个,偏差为-0.20 mg/m3,均方根误差为0.37 mg/m3,客观分析法融合产品的匹配数据点为1432个,偏差为-0.21 mg/m3,均方根误差为0.36 mg/m3。结果表明:本文研究的客观分析融合方法在保证融合产品精度的同时可显著提高产品的空间覆盖率,在海洋水色融合应用前景广阔。     

东海浮游动物量的分布特征

浮游动物生物量属于海洋次级生产力的范畴,在海洋食物链中是极其重要的环节。对其生产力大小的探讨,可以评价海洋渔业资源的潜力和开发远景,由此可以看出浮游动物生物量,是渔场调查中必要的基础资料。东海是我国海洋渔业十分重要的开发区域。这里有鲐鲹等中上层鱼类;有带鱼、大黄鱼、小黄鱼等底层鱼类。这些鱼类都有比较广泛的食性[2,3],在它们发育早期或者直到成年阶段,必须有依赖浮游动物为食的时期。因此浮游动物的数量分布与经济鱼类的幼鱼或成鱼的数量分布都有密切的关系。本文根据为1971年7月至1974年6月,共历时4年,在北纬27°—32°、东经127°以西海区所进行的35个航次,1577个测站的调查资料。采集系用大型浮游动物网(口径80厘米,网目每厘米15个)由底到表垂直拖网。     

The distribution of chlorophyll a in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean in austral summer

To study the effect of hydrographic factors on the spatial distributions of chlorophyll a (Chl a), an investigation was carried out in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean (80 -100 E along 7 S, and 7 -18 S along 80 E) in December 2010. The fluorescent method was used to obtain total Chl a and size-fractioned Chl a at the 26 stations. The results show that surface Chl a concentration averaged at (0.168 ± 0.095) mg/m 3 s.d. (range: 0.034-0.475 mg/m 3 ), concentrations appeared to be higher in the west for longitudinal variations, and higher in the north for latitudinal variations. Furthermore, the surface Chl a concentration was lower (0.034-0.066 mg/m 3 ) in the region to the south of 16 S. There was a strong subsurface Chl a maximum layer at all stations and the depth of the Chl a maximum increased towards to the east and south along with the respective nitracline. The spatial variation of Chl a was significant: correlation and regression analysis suggests that it was primarily affected by PO 3 4 , N(NO 3 -N+NO 2 -N) and temperature. Size-fractionated Chl a concentration clearly showed that the study area was a typical oligotrophic open ocean, in which picophytoplankton dominated, accounting for approximately 67.8% of total Chl a, followed by nanophytoplankton (24.5%) and microphytoplankton (7.6%). The two larger fractions were sensitive to the limitation of P, while picophytoplankton was primarily affected by temperature.     

Limnology of Lake Rotokawa and its outlet stream

Abstract

The water chemistry, flora, and fauna of Lake Rotokawa (38° 37.8’ S, 176° 11.2'E) was studied in 1975–76. The mean pH is 2.1 and thermal inflows may elevate the mean summer temperature of the surface waters 4.2°c above that of nearby cold water Lake Rotongaio (18.9°c). The temperature range of surface water was from 10.1 °c in winter to 23.1°c in summer. The major anions were SO₄ ^2? 679 g.m^?3, and Cl‐ 314 g.m^?3. Mean concentrations of major cations were Na⁺ 224 g.m^?3, K⁺ 28.9 g.m^?3, Ca²⁺ 13.3 g.m^?3, and Mg²⁺ 2.6 g.m^?3.

Two species of flagellate algae were recorded, of which Euglena anabaena was predominant. Only two benthic macroinvertebrates were found, larvae of Chironomus zealandicus, mean density 253 per square metre, and Helobdella sp., 1.3 per square metre.

The Parariki Stream was influenced by thermal springs in its upper and lower reaches, being cooler (24–25°c) about halfway along its length than near its source (27.8–39.0°c) or confluence (26.5°‐28.0°c) with the Waikato River. In the cooler stretch of the stream where unidentified benthic algae were not limited by high temperature, chlorophyll and total pigment increased from 3.9 to 377.9 mg.m^?3 and from 17.5 to 534.4 mg.m^?3 respectively, and nutrient levels fell (NO₃‐N, 22–10.5 mg.m^?3; NH₄‐N, 6440–230 mg.m^?3; and PO₄‐P, 51–19 mg.m^?3).