基于Cobb-Douglas生产函数的新疆各地区典型作物生产水足迹驱动因素研究

水资源紧缺是限制我国西北干旱区农业发展的主要瓶颈,正确评估地区农业用水效率及其影响机制,可为提高农业用水效率提供理论依据。以新疆为研究区,基于1988-2015年的长系列数据,分别计算出历年北疆、南疆、东疆典型作物（小麦、棉花）生产水足迹,并采用Cobb-Douglas生产函数定量分析气象因素（年降雨量、年日照时数、年均温度、年均风速、年均湿度）和技术因素（农机总动力、有效灌溉率、化肥施用折纯量）对作物生产水足迹的影响贡献率。结果表明： 1988年至2015年,东疆小麦、棉花生产水足迹显著高于北疆和南疆,在气候变化和技术进步的综合影响下,各地区典型作物生产水足迹逐年降低,其中技术进步对新疆典型作物单产水足迹影响显著高于气候因素,是驱动新疆各地区典型作物生产水足迹变化的主要控制因素。地区尺度上,北疆、南疆、东疆气候变化和农业技术发展均呈现显著的地区差异,总体来看,北疆气候条件最适宜作物生长,东疆气候最为恶劣,北疆、南疆农业技术发展速率整体上高于东疆。     

The characteristics of water resources and the changes of the hydrological process and environment in the arid zone of northwest China

 Water resources in the arid zones of northwest China mainly come from mountain areas and then flow to and disappear in the piedmont plains. These water resources, with inland river basins as the geographic unit, form relatively independent ecosystems and the surface runoff flowing out of the mountain mouth becomes the only water source available for the middle and lower reaches of these basins. Both the ecosystem stability and sustainable development depend on the surface water and groundwater resources of these inland river basins. Over the last 50 years, exploitation of water and land resources in the arid northwest regions of China has been expanding, forming 390.07×10⁴ ha of irrigation oases, with construction of 622 reservoirs of different sizes with a total storage capacity of 65.5×10⁸ m³ ensuring the sustainable development of industrial and agricultural production. In the meantime it has also caused a series of environmental changes. Discharge of the majority of rivers has been drastically reduced (even dried up), river courses have been shortened, and terminal lakes contracted or dried up. Land desertification and soil salinization has developed rapidly. Vegetation is degrading and biodiversity is decreasing, as compared with the early 1950s; the natural grassland area is decreasing by 16–75.4%. Economical and high-effective use of water resources and harmonization of eco-environment benefits with economic benefits are the fundamental ways to achieve sustainable development of arid northwest China. Received: 20 January 1999 · Accepted: 4 May 1999     

黑河流域节水生态农业与流域水资源集成管理研究领域

概述了中国内陆河流域面临的水问题和日益激化的用水矛盾,强调了内陆河地区支柱产业——绿洲农业应该坚持节水和生态的方向,流域集成管理是持续农业的基础。长期从事该方面研究的黑河流域是个较好借鉴,同时也提供了深入开展相关研究的基础,为此提出了以黑河流域为背景的四大研究流域：水文、生物、经济系统水循环与水资源形成演变,节水农业的生物学研究与抗旱品种繁育,农业节水新材料研发与工程节水技术集成,水资源合理配置与流域集成管理;并简述了各领域的主要方向。     

Impact of rehabilitation of Assiut barrage, Nile River, on groundwater rise in urban areas

To make optimum use of the most vital natural resource of Egypt, the River Nile water, a number of regulating structures (in the form of dams and barrages) for control and diversion of the river flow have been constructed in this river since the start of the 20th century. One of these barrages is the Assiut barrage which will require considerable repairs in the near future. The design of the rehabilitation of the barrage includes a headpond with water levels maintained at a level approximately 0.60 m higher than the highest water level in the headpond of the present barrage. This development will cause an increase of the seepage flow from the river towards the adjacent agricultural lands, Assiut Town and villages. The increased head pond level might cause a rise of the groundwater levels and impedance of drainage outflows. The drainage conditions may therefore be adversely affected in the so-called impacted areas which comprise floodplains on both sides of the Nile for about 70 km upstream of the future barrage. A rise in the groundwater table, particularly when high river levels impede drainage, may result in waterlogging and secondary salinization of the soil profile in agricultural areas and increase of groundwater into cellars beneath buildings in the urban areas. In addition, a rise in the groundwater table could have negative impact on existing sanitation facilities, in particular in the areas which are served with septic tanks. The impacts of increasing the headpond level were assessed using a three-dimensional groundwater model. The mechanisms of interactions between the Nile River and the underlying Quaternary aquifer system as they affect the recharge/discharge processes are comprehensively outlined. The model has been calibrated for steady state and transient conditions against historical data from observation wells. The mitigation measures for the groundwater rise in the urban areas have been tested using the calibrated mode.     

Climate change outlook for water resources management in a semiarid river basin: the effect of the environmental water demand

Iran is a developing country with arid and semiarid regions. Poor management of water resources combined with the effects of climate change is leading to the drying of several rivers and wetlands. Several planned water development projects, primarily for agricultural expansion, will be implemented in the coming years which could worsen impacts on vulnerable aquatic ecosystems. Proper water resources management is essential to meet present and future residential, environmental, industrial, and agricultural demands in semiarid regions. This paper presents projections of how the availability of water resources will change in the Karkheh river basin of Iran for the period 2010–2059 employing sustainability criteria in the form of time-based reliability, volumetric reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability. This paper’s results show that consideration of environmental receptors as a stakeholder of water use places limitations on agricultural development within the Karkheh river basin.     

Trends in the USSR water resources development policies

Historically, large-scale integrated programs were the major instruments for solving numerous water management problems accompanying the USSR's economic development. Such programs as inland transportation systems, river impoundments for hydroenergy production and flood control, and agricultural irrigation were, in fact, the largest public works in the USSR. The large majority of these programs were executed in the form of all-out campaigns. Until recently, the premises for large-scale drainage system development were three enviro-ideological concepts: (i) inexhaustibility of river flows; (ii) dominance of a leading water user selected for a specific time period; (iii) all-purpose utilization of storage reservoirs and other hydrotechnical constructions. Persistant adherence to these three concepts as well as the rotation of leading water users (river transportation, followed by hydroenergy and then by irrigation) resulted in the depletion of surface waters and the deterioration of their quality. The existing economic mechanisms which control industrial productive systems within the non-market economy, poorly fit water management and do not prevent ecological disruption. In order to replenish already depleted and degraded water resources in the most populous and industrialized S regions, a long-distance N-to-S river flow diversion was designed and started in 1984. This integrated program could produce irreversible damage for soil structures, surbsurface water reserves, forests and estuarine regions.The new Gorbachev government is attempting to restructure environmental management toward more intensive uses of natural resources. The diversion projects have been abandoned, and new conservation methods in water and land management are receiving high priority in economic planning.Research for this paper was completed under a fellowship at the Woodrow Wilson Center and prepared for presentation at a colloquium, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Smithsonian, April 14, 1987.     

我国北方地区开采地下水发展农业的几点意见

我国北方地域辽阔,土地资源丰富,光热资源充沛,宜于发展农业.由于自然条件十分复杂,水资源不足,严重制约着农业的发展.地下水具有水量稳定、就地开采、投资少、见效快等特点,是北方发展农业的重要水源.文中对各主要平原和盆地地下水资源潜力做了分析,为使地下水资源可持续利用,指出了农业开采地下水中存在的问题,并对超采、严重超采、基本平衡和地下水潜力较大的地区,提出了地下水开发利用中应注意的问题和对策.     

Contaminants from cretaceous black shale: II. Effect of geology,weathering, climate,and land use on salinity and selenium cycling,Mancos Shale landscapes,southwestern United States

The Cretaceous Mancos Shale (MS) is a known nonpoint source for a significant portion of the salinity and selenium (Se) loads in the Colorado River in the southwestern United States and northwestern corner of Mexico. These two contaminants pose a serious threat to rivers in these arid regions where water supplies are especially critical. Tuttle et al. (companion paper) investigates the cycling of contaminants in a Colorado River tributary watershed (Uncompahgre River, southwestern Colorado) where the MS weathers under natural conditions. This paper builds on those results and uses regional soil data in the same watershed to investigate the impact of MS geology, weathering intensity, land use, and climate on salt and Se storage in and flux from soils on the natural landscape, irrigated agriculture fields, areas undergoing urban development, and wetlands. The size of salinity and Se reservoirs in the MS soils is quantified. Flux calculations show that during modern weathering, natural landscapes cycle salt and Se; however, little of it is released for transport to the Uncompahgre River (10% of the annual salinity and 6% of the annual Se river loads). When irrigated, salinity and Se loads from the MS soil increase (26% and 57% of the river load, respectively), causing the river to be out of compliance with Federal and State Se standards. During 100 years of irrigation, seven times more Se has been removed from agricultural soil than what was lost from natural landscapes during the entire period of pedogenesis. Under more arid conditions, even less salt and Se are expected to be transported from the natural landscape. However, if wetter climates prevail, transport could increase dramatically due to storage of soluble phases in the non-irrigated soil. These results are critical input for water-resource and land-use managers who must decide whether or not the salinity and Se in a watershed can be managed, what sustainable mitigation strategies are possible, and what landscapes should be targeted. The broader implications include providing a reliable approach for quantifying nonpoint-source contamination from MS and other rock units elsewhere that weather under similar conditions and, together with results from our companion paper, address the complex interplay of geology, weathering, climate, and land use on contaminant cycling in the arid Southwest.     

Population growth and food supply margin in Pakistan

Conclusion Population growth in Pakistan is alarming. The long and continuing shortage of foodgrains at intervals and increasing competition for land use have resulted in deterioration in yield per hectare, and low reproduction of livestock, although hard struggle is going on for self sufficiency. The margin in food supply has arrived even in those areas where the production has been abundant, and vulnerable to crop failure and other emergency causes. Provision against these dangers call for the maintenance of adequate national reserves, which can be brought into action at an early stage of the emergency.The area under agriculture can be increased through improved programmes of soil conservation and development of barani (rain fed areas) with cost-benefit consideration. Several million hectares of barani areas have fertile soils and are suitable for agricultural development. It has been estimated that 45 billion m³ of river water flows into the Arabian Sea. A part of the water sources is properly harnessed and could possibly change the economic conditions of the barani region. A number of regions are covered by hard texture of the soil, mechanization will have to be introduced in these areas to increase production much beyond the level of margin. Soil conservation measures have already been initiated and in some cases demonstrated to farmers, but the reclaimed virgin lands up to 1973 were very little, just 46.5 ha of virgin lands and 72 ha of cultivated area from the Soan and Potwar uplands. It is expected that 300,000 ha of cultivated area, 10,000 ha of gullied land will be reclaimed through soil conservation methods in the current Fifth Year Plan.Pakistan has great water potential. The remedy lies in wise judicious and scientific water management. Inadequate natural and artificial drainage systems are causing water-logging and salinity. An accelerated programme for recovering lost land is already in operation. Many land reforms were introduced from time to time, but the production result is not of great significance. Restrictions were imposed on consolidated holdings. The economic level of such holding above subsistence have not yet been taken into consideration. It is, therefore, necessary, to make a thorough analysis of agricultural problems, particularly with the foodgrain crops, with reference to population growth, the efforts should continue till the food supply occupies the supreme position by increasing production and reducing the rate of population growth by adopting socio-economic methods.     

同位素水化学指示的新疆孔雀河流域地下水与地表水关系

地下水是孔雀河流域农业灌溉的主要水源之一,其对本地区经济发展的支撑作用日益增强.为实现孔雀河流域水资源合理开发和生态保护,采用环境同位素和水化学方法,研究了孔雀河流域地下水与地表水关系.结果表明:地下水的主要补给来源为河水.含水层成因类型和现代河道分布共同控制着孔雀河流域地下咸淡水的空间分布格局;氢氧稳定同位素对不同水...     

黑河流域水资源转化特征及其变化规律

黑河流域水资源主要以冰雪水资源、 地表水资源与地下水资源的形式存在.上游祁连山区分布有现代冰川428条, 发育大小河流共计29条, 多年平均出山径流量37.83×10⁸m³·a^-1; 中下游走廊平原由松散沉积的第四系盆地组成, 接受出山河水及引灌河水的入渗补给, 是地表水资源的重复表现形式, 地下水补给量为25.637×10⁸m³·a^-1.受构造-地貌条件的制约, 自南部山区至北部盆地, 地下水与河水之间经过5个不同地带有规律的、 大数量的、 重复的转化过程, 形成完整统一的"山区地下水-出山地表水-中游盆地地下水-中游盆地地表水(泉水)-下游盆地地下水"水资源循环转化系统.     

农业土地利用对岩溶地下水影响研究综述

地球表层系统最突出的景观标志是土地利用/土地覆被。人类通过土地利用改变天然土地覆被从而对脆弱敏感的岩溶水文系统产生了重大的影响。文章着重从农业土地利用出发综述了当前农业土地利用对岩溶水影响的研究。农业土地利用对岩溶地下水的影响主要围绕着水质和水量两个核心从以下几个方面展开:天然植被的清除,农业灌溉和排水,农业集约化所带来的化肥杀虫剂等的使用以及污染物质在岩溶含水层中的运移和影响。在此基础上作者从研究内容,理论方法和建立模型等方面都提出了自己的想法和建议。      

土地利用变化对流域生态需水的影响分析

人类对流域生态系统的干预,导致季节性淹没区减少,天然湿地丧失,生态环境的恶化和生物多样性锐减,土地利用方式发生了剧烈变化。以流域整体性理论、物种多样性理论、物种耐性理论和景观生态学理论为基础,分析了土地利用方式对生态需水的影响。结果表明,河岸天然植被生态系统通过削减洪峰、增补枯水和截留污染物的作用,来影响流域的水量分配和水质改善,使流域受水分不足威胁的程度降低,即在更大的时间与空间尺度上,保证了流域对生态水的需求。因此,为了流域生态系统的可持续发展,应采取保护湿地、河溪森林植被、水陆交错带等合理的土地利用方式。     

Hunger and river basin development in Africa: Some socioeconomic issues

New concerns with African drought and famine have redirected attention to the great potential of African rivers dramatically to increase food production. The recent history of irrigation, however, has proved otherwise. This is partly due to policy makers' failure systematically to consider the socio-economics of land/water use in river basins in their development plans. This paper focuses on the socioeconomic dimensions of African river basin development and argues that a better incorporation of such systems in development plans will aid African countries more effectively to achieve their food production and development goals.     

松嫩平原农业水资源优化管理模型

松嫩平原是我国重要的商品粮生产基地，水资源短缺和不合理利用严重制约着农业的可持续发展。研究中选择国家“九五”农业重点科技攻关吉林省大安试验作为研究区，针对农业发展状况和目标、次生盐碱化形成机理和水资源开发利用现状及其存在的问题等多种自然和人为条件，建立区域农业水资源优化管理模型，确定水资源最优利用方案，为农业发展规划提供理论依据和科学指导。同时，拟把此套模型技术推广和应用到整个松嫩平原地区，保证农业安全生产，促进生态环境稳定健康发展。     

河流渗滤系统对地表污水的净化作用综述

河流渗滤系统可充分利用水环境的净化功能,提高污水处理效率,避免地下水遭受污染.河流渗滤对地表污水的净化是一种自然过程,它作为天然的过滤器及生物地球化学反应器,可以除去河水中多种污染物,包括天然有机物、合成有机物、无机物、颗粒物、细菌及病原体等.文章分析了影响河流渗滤系统自净作用的影响因素,包括河流沉积物的组成、河流渗滤系统的结构、季节等.最后提出了今后研究河流渗滤系统的方向.     

长江上游国土资源,生态环境与灾害防治

长江上游干流流经青、藏、川、滇、鄂、渝6省市,支流涉及甘肃、陕西、贵州3省,流域面积为105.4×104km2,人口1.55亿,占全国国土面积的11.1%.长江上游地区经济发展相对落后,人均国民收入低,少数民族众多,与中下游经济发达地区差距很大.但上游地区蕴藏着巨大的经济开发潜能,丰富的水力和矿产等自然资源,以及农、林、牧等物产,对中下游地区经济发展有着巨大的支援作用.同时,由于自然地理上的相关性,又使上游地区的开发治理,对中下游地区的生态环境和可持续发展有着至关重要的作用.目前,长江上游森林植被大量减少,水源涵养能力下降,水土流失加剧:泥石流、滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害严重,旱、洪灾害频发;沿江大量排放废气、废水、污水,使大气和水体严重污染.随着上游地区生态环境的日益恶化,给中下游地区带来严重危害,河道、湖泊、水库淤积加速,洪涝灾害频繁发生,造成中下游地区经济建设和人民生命财产的重大损失.因此,必须尽快对长江上游地区进行全面综合治理,尽快开展新一轮国土资源大调查,制定各种自然资源的合理开发利用和保护方案;控制沿江污染源的排放,建立大气和水体污染监测系统;运用高新技术,建立上游重点地带地壳形变的动态监测和预警系统,防治地质灾害;充分利用上游地区丰富的水力资源,兴建多级水利设施,对地表水实施人工的时空控制,消除旱、洪灾害.     

Human impacts on the Waikato River system, New Zealand

The Waikato River drains 13% of the North Island. It rises in the Central Volcanic Plateau; the headwaters, including the Tongariro R., drain into oligotrophic Lake Taupo, important for fishing and holidaying. The river flows north from Taupo for 450 km to the sea near Auckland. Human impacts on the river system have been extensive, primarily dating from European colonisation begun in the 1800s. Most of the catchment below L. Taupo has been altered by agricultural development (mainly sheep and cattle rearing); the original forests and swamps have been lost leading to increased nutrient levels, erosion, light intensities, and water temperatures. There is also extensive use of the water for electricity generation. The Tongarino Power Scheme involves impoundment of water, and the diversion of additional water from the Whanganui River and other catchments with consequent effects on their biota. There are 8 hydro-electric dams on the Waikato River below Taupo causing barriers to migratory animals, downstream effects due to impoundments, and alterations to water flow regimes. Impacts of geothermal power stations, and the water-cooled Huntly Power Station in the lower Waikato are more localised. Eutrophication is enhanced by sewage and stormwater discharges, but all wastes now receive some form of treatment. There are only 340,000 people in the catchment and the major industrial pollution comes from meat and dairy processing and forestry. Some natural pollution results from geothermal inputs. Water abstraction and discharges into the river are now closely regulated. Extensive introductions of exotic biota have been made, notably trout, coarse fish, and macrophytes. The native biota has been little-studied and the biological processes operating in the river are poorly understood. It is not possible to assess the relative importance of eutrophication and habitat change, nor to predict the impacts of future changes.     

柴达木盆地格尔木河流域生态需水量初步估算探讨

格尔木河流域是柴达木盆地工农业较发达地区之一。近年来,随着流域水资源开发利用程度不断加大,用水结构欠合理,生态环境趋于恶化。本文从流域主要植物生长状态分析了地下水位埋深对植物生长的影响,确定了不同植物对地下水位埋深、地层岩性和不同盖度下的植物蒸发蒸腾强度。从研究流域生态需水量出发,分别对河道内、河道外天然植被和东达布逊湖生态需水量进行了初步估算,分析了水资源开发利用对生态环境的影响,从而为今后研究流域水资源开发利用和生态环境保护提供理论参考。     

黑龙港地区农业—水资源—环境系统分析

通过现状农业—水资源—环境系统分析与诊断发现,黑龙港地区农业结构失调,背离资源条件发展农业,超采地下水,已使该区面临水资源不能永续利用、环境不断恶化的威胁;认为①立足水资源条件发展农业,是建立协调优化的农业—水资源—环境系统,实现农业可持续发展的必要前提;②采用综合措施有效利用土壤水,科学灌溉微咸水,合理开发利用地下水和地表水,是提高水资源对农业贡献的关键;③加强综合科技投入和农村市场经济建设,发展集约化农业,是在有限水资源条件下提高农业生产效率的重要保证;④提高全社会对可持续发展的认识,进行相应的能力建设,是实现黑龙港地区农业—水资源—环境协调可持续发展的社会基础。