Proximal and distal stratabound ore deposits

Stratiform ore deposits associated with calc-alkaline and tholeiitic volcanism form as chemically precipitated sediments and, like other sediments, display facies variations. An attempt to characterise these vertical and lateral facies variations and to relate them to distance in time and space from the volcanic centre is presented here. With increasing distance in time and space from a volcanic centre, the proportions of volcanics to sediments and intensity of hydrothermal alteration decrease. Footwall alteration pipes, stringer and disseminated ore zones dominated by quartz-, sericite- and Mg-rich assemblages are spatially associated with proximal stratiform base metal deposits whereas slight alteration to quartz-, sericite- and Fe(Mn)-bearing assemblages are present associated with distal stratiform base metal deposits. With increasing distance in time and space from the volcanic centre the Fe, Cu and S content of base metal deposits decreases and the Zn, Pb, Ag, Mn, Ba and F content increases. The trend from copper-dominated to zinc-lead-dominated iron sulphide ores is probably a result of the increasing mixing of seawater with metal-bearing hydrothermal fluid with increasing distance from the volcanic centre.     

中国层控矿床时空分布特征

矿床的时空分布规律是矿床学的重要内容之一。层控矿床是受构造运动、沉积作用和岩浆活动相互作用的结果。因而,层控矿床的时空分布特征与特定的大地构造单元、含矿建造和岩浆活动的时间和空间演化规律有关。层控矿床的成矿时代,由于其成矿的复杂性和成矿时间的不确定性,我们只能以地质一构造的巨旋回为准,分为太古宙、元古宙和显生宙的古生代和中-新生代四期。层控矿床在空间上的分布特征,也具有明显的时控性和旋回性。     

陕西省风太层控铅锌矿床地球化学特征及其成因探讨

凤太层控铅锌矿床赋存于中(?)盆统古道岭组灰岩与星红铺组千枚岩接触带或隐伏背斜构造鞍部,受地层、构造控制明显;有清楚的硅化、铁白云石化、炭沥青化等围岩蚀变现象,主要矿石矿物为闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿及毒砂等。根据矿物包裹体、矿石和上下盘围岩组分比值、矿石矿物微量元素分布、硫铅同位素组成、区域围岩元素丰度等一系列特征,推测矿质极可能来自深部古加里东岛孤基底,后经海西—印支期构造作用,通过地下热卤水渗流,再到上部有利圈闭空间富集成矿。矿床成因类型基本属古生新储层控再造矿床。上部围岩也可能提供部分矿质,但主要矿源层应在深部。     

湘西层控金矿床成因机制的研究

流体包裹体的研究表明,湘西层控金矿床为中低温热液矿床,矿床在弱还原、弱碱性的成矿流体中形成,成矿流体为变质水与建造水混合而成。在流体中金主要以[Au(HS)~-]络离子形式运移,流体温度及pH值的改变是导致金沉淀的主要因素。流体包裹体的研究还揭示,成矿能量主要由雪峰造山作用提供。元素地球化学的研究则证实,湘西元古界是典型的Au-Sb-W含矿建造,它为湘西层控金矿床的形成提供了物质基础。本文的研究显示,湘西层控金矿床的成矿作用是中低温开放体系水、岩反应过程。     

Vein and stratabound gold deposits of northern Zaire

Seventy years of gold mining in the North Zaire region resulted in a total output of ca. 350 t of metal, half of this amount coming from recent placer deposits. All deposits are linked to volcano-sedimentary series and associated granitoid bodies constituting the granite-green-stone terrane of northern Zaire. The actual metallotects are tectonic shear structures cutting across various rock types and giving rise either to quartz veins or to quartz-free tabular deposits, thereby obscuring the original stratabound (or rock-type bound) character of the subeconomic mineralization. Both the Archaean magmatic activity and the late Precambrian tectonics have played a role in gold concentration.     

Manganese haloes surrounding metamorphic stratabound base metal deposits

Primary manganese haloes "survive" medium to high-grade regional metamorphism: stratabound base metal deposits in Namaqualand, N. W. Cape Province (Proterozoic) and in the Eastern Alps (Paleozoic and Mesozoic) reveal an increase in Mn as the ore horizon (and associated BIF) is approached from the hangingwall or the footwall. Electron microprobe analyses show Mn to be preferentially concentrated in garnets; compositions vary considerably and include pure spessartine (40 % MnO). Compositional inhomogeneities (zoning) appear to be confined to garnets in lower grade metamorphic terranes. Iron contents of associated sphalerite vary within meters of the stratigraphic sequence and even within one polished section; sphalerite geobarometry does not appear promising in these environments.     

南岭泥盆系中层控铅锌黄铁矿矿床特征及其成因系刻

南岭泥盆系中的层控铅锌、黄铁矿矿床,在空间上受层位、岩相和构造位置的控制。不同矿床之间在矿体形态产状、矿石的物质组分、结构构造、微量元素、同位素组成和包裹体特征方面,具有系列演化特点。据此可以将这些矿床分为成岩、成岩-后生、热液叠加和混合热液等四种成因类型。它们是在控制因素相近,成矿物质来源、迁移和就位机制既有联系又逐渐演化的条件下形成的,属于同一矿床成因系列。     

宽甸群中的层控矿床

宽甸群是中朝准地台东北部的一个很重要的含矿层位,其中含有一种独特的含硼建造,产有硼矿和硼镁铁矿-磁铁矿类型的矿床。     

宽甸群中的层控矿床

The stratabound mineral deposits in the Kuandian Group (PtK) are all transformed deposits and might be classified into two types: syngenetic transformed deposits, such as boron, iron, rare-earth, pyrite and apatite ores, and metamorphic hydrothermal transformed deposits, such as magnesite, asbestos and talc. The boron deposits in the Kuandian Group are confined to the middle part of the Kuandian geosyncline 45 km in width and 400 km in length, constituting a boron ore zone trending in the same direction as the geosyncline itself. They may be classified commerrcially into two types, i. e., "white boron ore" and "black boron ore". The former, made up mainly of boronmagnesite and suanite, are rarely associated with ferruginous minerals, while the latter contains ludwigite and magnetite, forming ore of mixed type, the former occurs unexceptionally in PtK: while the latter can be found in three stratigraphic positions, i. e., PtK₂², PtK₄¹ and PtK₆². The B-Fe-TR formation has formed in time and space a metallogenic sequence and three obliquely arranged zones on account of the uneven distribution of useful element composition in the original strata. Within the Kuandian geosyncline, therefore, three subformations could be recognized from its periphery in inward succession: Fe-TR, B-Fe-TR and B-(Fe) subformations, accompanied by an increase in B and a decrease in Fe. So far as economic significance is concerned, the iron deposits in the Kuandian Group are likely to be assigned to four types, namely, Fe-TR type (Shengtieling type), Fe-B type (Wengquangou type), Fe-rich and sulfide-bearing type (Yanglin type) and Fe-magnesite-magnetite type (Daankou type). The "sedimentation- transformed" idea ought to be emphasized in the whole process of mineral exploration for stratabound deposits in Kuandian Group except for metamorphic-hydrothermal-transformed ones. Sedimentationis the base of being transformed, which has been verified by years of survey and prospecting.     

Genetic types of tantalum ore deposits and their economic importance

Metasediments and meta-igneous rocks of the Willyama Supergroup in the Paleoproterozoic Olary Block of South Australia were deposited at ～1700 Ma. Intrusion by I-type granitoids at 1630 Ma was followed by the Olarian Orogeny, comprising two events of deformation and high-grade metamorphism at 1590 ± 20 Ma. Regional S-type granites and rare-metal pegmatites also formed during the Olarian Orogeny. The K-Ar isotopic system in primary pegmatitic muscovite closed at ～1505 ± 7 Ma, and the third event (regressive) of deformation and metamorphism together with minor granite emplacement, associated with the Olarian Orogeny, occurred at 1500 ± 20 Ma. A widespread thermal event occurred at 1100 to 1200 Ma and resulted from the Musgravian Orogeny. This was followed by crustal extension, tholeiitic dolerite dike intrusion, and rifting at 700 to 800 Ma. Cooling after the Delamerian Orogeny is recorded at ～466 to 475 Ma in the muscovite data. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data from many mica samples are complex because of multiple phases of thermal resetting and regression. This partial resetting of the K-Ar system is characterized by multiple age components and mixtures between them.     

Comments on the genesis of the Eastern-Alpine Zn-Pb deposits

Sedimentary sulfide ores in the Eastern-Alpine region are interpreted as internal cave deposits, and bedding controlled, ore-bearing breccias as solution-collapse structures effected by mineralizing, hydrothermal solutions. No diagnostic evidence is found for external sedimentation of sulfides on the sea-floor. Vertical distribution pattern of ore structures in Bleiberg which, in ascending order, include: metasomatic ores, mineralized vein breccias and bedding controlled ore breccias, is thought to reflect the rise of mineralizing solutions towards the earth surface. The stratabound solution-collapse breccias are interpreted as shallow-phreatic manifestations of hydrothermal karst processes.Mutual visits of Polish geoscientists in Austria, Italy and Yugoslavia and of Austrian geologists in the mines of Poland led to vivid discussions which are now presented with this contribution of two Polish colleagues. It is intended to continue this written dialogue and we would be glad if other scientists could join in to ensure general progress in our acknowledgement.Prof. Dr. L. Kostelka Project Leader of IGCP 73/I/6This paper roots in the International Geological Correlation Programme of UNESCO, especially in the activities of project 73/I/6 "Research on diagnostic features for occurrences of metal-sulfides in limestones and dolomites".     

The geological and metallogenic setting of stratabound carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb mineralizations in the West Asturian Leonese Zone, NW Spain

Several carbonate-hosted stratabound zinc-lead ores in the Ponferrada-Caurel area (NW Spain) are hosted by the Lower to Middle Cambrian Vegadeo Formation. Two clearly distinct groups of mineralizations occur in different stratigraphic positions. The stratiform disseminated ore is located in the Lower Member as irregular and millimetre-thick layers of sphalerite and galena replacing earlier pyrite. The lack of hydrothermal alteration and the heavy C., O and S isotopic signatures suggest that this ore is of premetamorphic origin, the sulphur and fluids being derived from the host carbonates. The more likely source of the sulphide is the abiogenic thermal reduction of sulphate derived from sulphate beds intercalated with the carbonates. The second group of mineralizations is located at the top of the Vegadeo Fm, always along its contact with the overlaying shales and sandstones of the Cabos Series. This group is economically more important and include three styles of strata-bound mineralizations. The more common one is the silica ore, a hydrothermal rock that traces the contact between the carbonate and the detrital rocks along more than 50 km. Locally, a carbonate-rich ore is found along the contact between the silica ore and the Vegadeo Fm. Laterally to these rocks, there are large bodies of the breccia ore, made up of sulphides and calcite in a matrix of chlorite. The ore assemblage is composed of sphalerite and galena with minor amounts of chalcopyrite and pyrite. Co-Ni-As sulphides, bismuthinite, tetrahedrite and Pb-Bi sulphosalts are also found as trace minerals. The geological relationships and the isotopic signatures suggest that the three ores are synchronous and of late Hercynian age. They are interpreted as linked with a tectonically driven fluid flow along the stratigraphic contact between the carbonate and the detrital rocks.The model of ore genesis involves the circulation of fluids in likely equilibrium with the detrital rocks that react with the Vegadeo Fm leading to the metasomatic replacement of limestones by quartz with synchronous precipitation of sulphides. The genesis of breccias is probably due to the formation of overpressured zones. The hydrothermal alteration results in a systematic depletion in both ¹⁸O and ¹³C of the carbonates due to the infiltration of fluids, of likely mixed metamorphic and surface origin. Fluid inclusions in the chloritic breccia suggest that the ore formation took place at temperatures higher than 200 °C in relationship with low salinity (up to 1.2% wt. NaCl eq.) water-rich (H₂O>99%) fluids. Sulphur isotopes suggest that most of the sulphur has a common origin with the stratiform ores, but here there is a significant but variable input from the detrital rocks. Lead isotopes of the different ores are within the Cambrian signature of the southern Hercynian Belt, with a long crustal history. However, mixing with a minor juvenile component cannot be ruled out. The geographic and stratigraphic proximity and the similar lead signatures between the premetamorphic and the Hercynian mineralizations suggest that the latter was derived from the remobilization, in a lead frozen system, of the stratiform-disseminated ones. The premetamorphic mineralizations can be interpreted as similar to the widespread Mississippi Valley-type deposits found in the southern Hercynian Belt. The second group of deposits can be defined as synto postmetamorphic stratabound, carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits, broadly similar to MVT but formed in an orogenic setting. Specific features such as the presence of chlorite, the fluid composition (low saline H₂O-NaCl fluids) and the temperatures of formation (above at 200 °C) are interpreted as characteristic of this tectonic setting.     

我国层控多金属矿床的铅、硫同位素研究

在对我国南方泥盆纪层控矿床作了较系统的铅和硫的同位素分析测定工作的基础上,综合其他地区、不同时代层控矿床的同位素数据,本文试图对我国层控矿床的铅、硫同位素特征及其在矿床研究中的意义作一粗浅的讨论和总结。据30多个矿床或矿区统计,大约有铅同位素数据近300个,硫同位素数据500多个。这些同位素资料对解释该类型矿床的成因、物质来源、成矿时代、成矿地球化学环境以及指导找矿勘探都具有重要意义。     

西南天山中—新生界层控砂砾岩型铜铅锌矿成矿规律

西南天山是新疆中—新生界层控砂砾岩型铜铅锌矿的重要产出地区,以萨热克铜矿、乌拉根铅锌矿、花园铜矿、伽师铜矿为代表,均产于隆起剥蚀区边缘的红层盆地中并严格受层位控制,赋矿盆地的下部为煤系生烃岩,中部为渗透性良好的砂砾岩铜铅锌矿储集层,上覆膏岩及泥岩等密闭盖层,具有铜铅锌-铀-煤-天然气同盆共存富集的成矿特征。文章总结了西南天山赋矿盆地沉积-构造演化及赋矿层位特征,研究了铜铅锌典型矿床的控矿条件和成矿作用特征。通过对比分析,总结了中—新生界砂砾岩型铜铅锌矿的区域成矿规律,认为有机质与铜铅锌成矿关系密切,推测在原始矿源层的基础上,在隆起部位经油田卤水叠加形成铜铅锌贫矿体,喜马拉雅期断裂构造沟通深源成矿流体再次叠加形成铜铅锌富矿体。总结构建了西南天山中—新生界层控砂砾岩型铜铅锌矿的成矿模式,以期为已知矿山深边部勘查及区域找矿工作部署提供依据。     

中条山地区胡-篦型层控铜矿床角砾岩的特征及成因探讨

中条山铜矿区位于华北地台南缘,与胡-篦型层控铜矿床空间上紧密伴生。且广泛发育有一套角砾岩。根据角砾岩产状可分为两个层位,一是矿体底盘角砾岩,仅分布在老宝滩—店头一带,出露规模较大,基本不含矿;二是含矿层角砾岩,分布范围广,规模较小,矿化强烈。根据角砾岩和胶结物的成分及结构特征,笔者认为本区角砾岩是与海底热液喷气活动有关的热液沉积角砾岩。     

Oxygen isotope study of the Kamioka Zn-Pb skarn deposits,Central Japan

The Kamioka Zn-Pb deposits consist of clinopyroxene-rich skarns replacing limestone lenses in Hida gneissose rocks. Paleozoic metabasite, early Jurassic Funatsu granitic rocks and late Cretaceous porphyritic dikes and stocks, are the known igneous rocks in the mining area. Oxygen isotopic compositions of eight separates each of clinopyroxene and quartz from the deposits (Table 1), and some minerals and rocks from the major rock units around the deposits (Table 2), have been analyzed. The estimated oxygen isotopic ratios of the fluids responsible for the formation of the deposits, range as low as -4 to +3 (SMOW). These values are considerably lower than expected from magmatic waters, and demonstrate that none of the igneous rocks in the area could be a direct source of the skarn- and ore-forming fluids. The data instead show that the deposits are formed by a huge convective circulation of solutions of meteoric water origin, promoted by a hidden batholithic intrusion at the time of the late Cretaceous.     

青藏高原及邻区层控型铅锌矿时空分布特征

青藏高原古生代—中生代复杂的多岛弧盆系演化和新生代高原急剧隆升的构造格局造就了层控型铅锌矿特定的时空分布和成矿作用的分带性。在不同类型的构造单元内具有特征的成矿专属性和矿床类型。青藏高原及周缘层控型铅锌矿有多时代成矿的特点,寒武系和泥盆系是主要赋矿层位。古生代—中生代铅锌矿含矿层岩相古地理具有多样性,以台地相作为控矿优势相,尤其以白云岩作为容矿岩石的矿床居多。另外新生代地层作为主要容矿层之一,发育有大型甚至特大型的层控铅锌矿体,为低温热卤水运移充填矿床。推测青藏高原在新生代快速隆升是该类矿床富集成矿的重要控矿因素。随着研究的深入和勘查的进展,这种新生代矿床将在该区显示出巨大的找矿潜力。     

沉积物演化与某些层控矿床的形成

产于沉积建造包括火山沉积建造中的许多层控金属矿床,往往是沉积盆地内沉积物在沉积期后不同演化阶段上的派生产物。弥满在沉积物中的地层水,在沉积建造所经历的沉积、成岩、后生直至变质的不同演化阶段,水温和水质也随之发生变异,从而对分散在沉积物中的不同金属成矿物质具有不同淋滤萃取能力,使它们有先有后地发生迁移,而后在地球化学障壁部位尤其是在不同水质的混合带附近发生沉淀,形成不同矿化特色的矿床。每一个汇水-径流-排泄单元,就是一个成矿地质单元。这些矿床的控矿地质因素,很大程度上就是控制沉积物形成和演化的因素,尤其是控制地层水水温水质演他和活动规律的古水文地质因素,与油气藏的形成既有相似之处也有差别。     

粤北层控铅-锌-硫矿床成矿机理及控矿地质因素

粤北层控铅－锌－硫矿床产于晚古生代沉积盆地边缘的碳酸盐岩中，是沉积盆地自身发展演化中的产物。含矿热液主要是沉积盆地下部的泥质岩层在后生演化阶段发生压挤脱水作用形成的，金属硫化物是从盆地中心向上运移的含矿热液与碳酸盐岩中富含Ｈ＿２Ｓ气体的地下水混合而结晶沉淀的，成矿主要受沉积盆地建造、盆地边缘或古岛古隆起、构造、沉积相和白云岩化五个因素控制。