东菲律宾海新型富铁锰结壳的古海洋环境记录

尝试恢复东菲律宾海新型深水水成富铁锰结壳典型样品生长过程中所记录的古海洋环境.通过对其微间距取样样品的地球化学和铀系年代学综合研究, 得到了该结壳的3个主要生长阶段及其对应的古海洋环境.第一阶段为晚中新世晚期-早上新世的结壳快速生长期, 壳层结构疏松并含有较多的火山碎屑物质, 对应着中中新世初期-上新世早期的南极底流活跃和降温; 第二阶段为早、中上新世的结壳生长间断期, 形成深海粘土沉积, 表明此时南极底流的减弱和升温; 第三阶段为中上新世以来的结壳缓慢生长期, 指示着南极底流的再次活跃和强降温, 其强度和范围均超过第一阶段, 更利于致密和高纯壳层的发育.研究区的这段古海洋学历史在以往研究中一直不甚明了.      

东菲律宾海新型铁锰结壳中元素的赋存状态

为了解东菲律宾海新型铁锰结壳中元素的赋存状态, 采用化学提取方法对3个结壳样品进行了物相分析.不同类型结壳中成矿和稀土元素的赋存状态总体一致, 表明它们形成于相近的地质和海洋环境中.成矿元素中的Fe和Cu绝大部分赋存在残渣态中, Mn、Co和Ni则主要赋存在锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态中, 并且埋藏型结壳样品锰氧化物结合态中赋存了相对更高比例的成矿元素.三价稀土元素主要集中在锰氧化物结合态中.两个沉积物表层结壳样品中的Ce主要集中在残渣态中.而埋藏型结壳样品中的Ce则主要赋存在锰氧化物结合态中, 这可能与该样品此相态中赋存了相对较多的Mn有关.呈碳酸盐结合态和有机结合态的稀土元素含量仅各占稀土总量的1%左右, 表明两者对结壳中稀土元素的富集作用很小.      

Material Properties of Marine Hydrogenous Ferromanganese Crust and Its Performance in Desulfurization

Marine hydrogenous ferromanganese crust, an important metal resource in the future, has significant potential in various applications as a type of natural nano-structured material. By employing scanning electronic microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm measurement, Xray fluorescence spectrometer and X-ray diffraction methods, the micro-structure, surface properties and chemical composition of several plate-like ferromanganese crusts sampled from the northwestern Pacific were investigated comprehensively. Although obvious differences were observed from different layers, the crust is a typical porous material with high specific surface area, unique pore structure and abundant transition elements. Furthermore, the performance of natural crust in desulfurization process was preliminarily tested in laboratory experiments. The suffur capacities of the crust are 13.1% and 18.1% at room temperature and 350 ℃, respectively. The crust can be used not only as a metal resource, but also as an environmental material.     

富钴结壳中有机碳同位素组成特征及其古海洋意义

富钴结壳组成与生长环境之间的关系研究对这种未来资源的准确评价和合理利用有重要意义 .研究了中太平洋海山区富钴结壳中有机碳同位素组成 ,探讨了它们的来源和古海洋的指示意义 .研究结果表明 ,δ13 Corg值位于 - 2 1.86× 10 -3 ～- 2 3.99× 10 -3 之间 ,表明它们来源于海洋表层浮游生物 .富钴结壳中有机物质的碳同位素组成的波动响应海洋环境和全球气候的变化 ,可以指示古海洋 .     

Geochemistry and Origin of Layers in Single Manganese Nodule from the Philippine Sea and Manganese Nodules from Offshore Minami-Torishima,Western Pacific

Layers from one manganese nodule dredged from the Philippine Sea(16°56'N, 129°48'E; water depth, 5700 m) and 45 bulk nodules from offshore Minami-Torishima Island, Japan(23°3'N, 153°22'E; water depth, 1200 m) were analyzed chemically and their origin is discussed based on geochemical constraints. In general, Cu, Ni, Zn and Mo tend to increase with increasing Mn content, while Co, Pb, Ba, V, Sc, Th, and the rare earth elements(REEs) show less variation with increasing Mn content. Nodule 42 H from the Philippine Sea has an average Mn/Fe ratio close to 1 and shows a positive Ce anomaly, suggesting a predominant hydrogenous origin. Profiles of 230Th230 ex and Thex/232 Th ratios in the outer ~0.3 mm of nodule 42 H indicate a steady growth rate of ~1.7 mm/Myr. Nodule E30 from offshore Minami-Torishima is characterized by lower Mn, Fe, Mn/Fe(0.53) and Mo/V(0.2) ratios but higher P and Cu/Ni(0.31) ratio relative to other nodules from that area. The Ce content of E30 is unusually low(82 ppm) when compared with other nodules from the area and it is the only nodule analyzed with a negative Ce anomaly(-0.64). Based on the geochemical data we suggest that most nodules from offshore Minami-Torishima are primarily of hydrogenous origin except E30, which is dominated by hydrothermal input, and E45, which has about a 35% hydrothermal contribution.     

论菲律宾海板块大地构造分区

菲律宾海板块是毗邻中国大陆的一个独特的小型板块。除南端表现十分复杂外,它的构造边界多以海沟为界,比较清楚,然而次级大地构造单元划分则比较复杂。本文根据近年来的研究成果,按照块体构造理论注重统一的地球物理场、相似的地壳结构、有机的成因联系等3个基本原则,将菲律宾海板块划分为3个具有不同构造演化特征的单元,即西菲律宾海块体、四国—帕里西维拉块体和伊豆—博宁—马里亚纳块体。西菲律宾海块体包括两部分:一个是西菲律宾海盆,始新世以来受太平洋板块和印澳板块近南北向的相对俯冲作用影响,并顺时针旋转形成了现今的构造样式,于30 Ma左右停止扩张。另一个包括大东盆岭、花东盆地、帕劳海盆和吕宋岛弧蛇绿岩等洋壳在内的白垩纪洋盆。根据形成年代和形成时的扩张方向可将四国—帕里西维拉块体分为两部分:四国海盆和帕里西维拉海盆,两者以索夫干断裂为界。伊豆—博宁—马里亚纳块体沿博宁高原南缘分为南北两部分,两者表现出不同的地质特征。     

东海DGKS9617岩芯物源研究

东海内陆架东北部DGKS9617岩芯以55cm为界明显地分为两个沉积相,岩芯下部(55～851cm)潮流作用明显,为浅海潮流相,而上部(0～55cm)潮流作用不明显,为浅海相沉积。岩芯的重矿物含量特征,Fe、Mn、V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn等7个元素的判别函数计算结果,以及碳酸盐分析和Ba-Sr-Zn三角判别图均一致显示岩芯沉积物的重矿物和元素地球化学特征与长江沉积物类似,柱样沉积物主要来源于长江,虽然不同沉积相的沉积环境差别较大,但其物质来源并未发生变化。     

中太平洋海山区富钴结壳的钙质超微化石地层学研究

对“大洋一号”调查船在中太平洋采集的N1-15和N5E-06 2个富钴结壳样品进行了钙质超微化石及其生物地层学的研究与分析.这2个结壳从结构上分为3层: 致密型上层、疏松型中层和致密型下层.在研究中对各结构层和各层中有颜色或细微结构变化的层位都进行了详细的取样和分析.在识别了12个新生代钙质超微化石事件的基础上, 确定了2个结壳致密型上层结壳都为晚更新世以来的沉积, 它们的疏松型中层结壳为上新世到中更新世的沉积.对N5E-06富钴结壳来说, 其致密型下层结壳下部形成于中晚古新世到早渐新世的59.7~ 32.8 Ma期间.N1-15富钴结壳致密型下层的形成时代目前暂时定为中新世.研究注意到在2个结壳中都没有发现可信的晚渐新世到中新世的化石记录, 在个别层位之间存在着沉积间断.      

西菲律宾海盆表层沉积物中的轻碎屑分区及物质来源

海洋沉积物中轻碎屑(0125~0063mm)种类的特征和分布样式对于沉积物源区的判别具有重要的指示意义。取自西菲律宾海219个表层沉积物样品中的轻碎屑种类包括生物碎屑、石英、长石、褐色火山玻璃、无色火山玻璃、风化碎屑、火山渣,以及含量极低的一些矿物如磷酸盐（鱼牙）、片状矿物（黑云母和白云母）、硅灰石、黑曜石以及极少量的球粒状、椭球状宇源颗粒。分析结果表明,本区的轻碎屑分布可以分为三个区： (Ⅰ)菲律宾海沟以东区,轻碎屑主要源于钙质或硅质生物,邻近的岛弧也贡献了一定量的火山碎屑。(Ⅱ)中部区,石英、长石和无色火山玻璃可能源于中酸性熔岩海山或者是正在活动的中酸性岩浆事件的产物。(Ⅲ) 帛琉—九州海岭以西区,本区的物质来源相对比较复杂。长石、石英的含量较低,可能主要来源于中酸性熔岩海山或者是正在活动的中酸性岩浆事件的产物,火山渣主要是源于喷发在帛琉—九州海岭之上的火山。可以认为：① 研究区的生物碎屑含量与水深紧密相关,生物碎屑的数量主要受控于碳酸盐补偿深度(CCD)。② 来自菲律宾岛弧的火山碎屑对本区沉积作用贡献较小,可能通过海流或风等途径向深海盆进行短距离搬运。海底高原(如本哈姆高原)和邻近海岭(如帛琉—九州海岭)火山岩的风化产物对本研究区轻碎屑沉积作用有着重要贡献,其影响范围主要依赖于海底风化作用的强度。③ 来自中国大陆及菲律宾等邻近岛弧的陆源碎屑物质对本区的沉积作用影响很小。本区可能存在的中酸性熔岩海山是长英质轻碎屑物质的主要源区。     

Crust structure of the northeastern Barents Sea basin area

Processing of data from regional geophysical surveys completed in the northern Barents Sea has provided updates to gravity and magnetic databases, structural maps of seismic interfaces, and positions of anomaly sources, which made a basis for 3D density and magnetic models of the crust. The new geological and geophysical results placed constraints on the boundaries between basement blocks formed in different settings and on the contours of deposition zones of different ages in the northeastern Barents Sea. The estimated thicknesses of sedimentary sequences that formed within certain time spans record the deposition history of the region. There is a 20-50 km wide deep suture between two basins of Mesozoic and Paleozoic ages in the eastern part of the region, where pre-Late Triassic reflectors have no clear correlation. The suture slopes eastward at a low angle and corresponds to a paleothrust according to seismic and modeling data. In the basement model, the suture is approximated by a zone of low magnetization and density, which is common to active fault systems. The discovery of the suture has important geological and exploration implications.     

西菲律宾海190 ka以来钙质超微化石的氧碳同位素记录

对西菲律宾海Ph05-5柱状样190ka以来钙质超微化石进行了氧碳同位素分析.研究结果表明, 钙质超微化石δ18O值在末次间冰期(MIS 5e) 和全新世明显低于末次冰期(MIS5d~2) 和倒数第二次冰期(MIS6).超微化石δ18O值与浮游和底栖有孔虫δ18O值都呈明显的正相关关系, 但超微化石δ18O平均值比浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides rubber δ18O平均值高0.431×10-3, 比Neogloboquadrina dutertrei δ18O平均值低0.410×10-3, 而这三者又远远低于底栖有孔虫Cibicides wullerstorfi的δ18O平均值.超微化石δ13C值变化阶段性特征明显, 并与该孔超微化石绝对丰度变化趋势极为相似, 二者共同反映出西菲律宾海大约从190ka到110ka的MIS6和大约MIS 5e期, 表层海水初级生产力相当稳定且显著低于其他各时期; 大约从MIS5d期开始表层初级生产力显著上升, 初级生产力的这一高值一致持续到约25ka左右的末次冰期; 在25ka以来的MIS1、2期, 表层初级生产力有所下降, 但仍高于190ka到110ka的MIS6和MIS 5e期.      

70 Ma以来风尘活动在太平洋铁锰结壳中的记录

开展风尘沉积研究对于了解源区气候变化和大气循环过程具有重要意义。利用高分辨率电子探针技术,通过对铁锰结壳中风尘指示因子（Al沉积通量）的年际变化研究,探讨低纬度铁锰结壳中风尘沉积特征。结果显示：在过去近70 Ma中,低纬度铁锰结壳Al沉积通量平均值为300.5  μg/(cm^2·ka),并且记录了南、北半球的不完整风尘史。在晚白垩世－晚中新世期间,M06铁锰结壳位于热带辐合带之南,受南半球风系影响,其Al沉积通量大小反映了环太平洋区域火山活动强度;晚中新世后,受北半球风系控制,M06铁锰结壳Al通量的变化反映了亚洲风尘源区构造和气候的变化。     

Configuration of subducting Philippine Sea plate and crustal structure in the central Japan region

A seismic experiment with six explosive sources and 391 seismic stations was conducted in August 2001 in the central Japan region. The crustal velocity structure for the central part of Japan and configuration of the subducting Philippine Sea plate were revealed. A large lateral variation of the thickness of the sedimentary layer was observed, and the P-wave velocity values below the sedimentary layer obtained were 5.3–5.8 km/s. P-wave velocity values for the lower part of upper crust and lower crust were estimated to be 6.0–6.4 and 6.6–6.8 km/s, respectively. The reflected wave from the upper boundary of the subducting Philippine Sea plate was observed on the record sections of several shots. The configuration of the subducting Philippine Sea slab was revealed for depths of 20–35 km. The dip angle of the Philippine Sea plate was estimated to be 26° for a depth range of about 20–26 km. Below this depth, the upper boundary of the subducting Philippine Sea plate is distorted over a depth range of 26–33 km. A large variation of the reflected-wave amplitude with depth along the subducting plate was observed. At a depth of about 20–26 km, the amplitude of the reflected wave is not large, and is explained by the reflected wave at the upper boundary of the subducting oceanic crust. However, the reflected wave from reflection points deeper than 26 km showed a large amplitude that cannot be explained by several reliable velocity models. Some unique seismic structures have to be considered to explain the observed data. Such unique structures will provide important information to know the mechanism of inter-plate earthquakes.     

中太平洋多金属结壳的地球化学特征

采用XRF和ICP AES法对中太平洋CA等6座海山的4 0多个站位的多金属结壳中化学元素进行测试与分析, 并结合其他资料对调查区结壳主要成矿元素的含量组成、特征变化、元素间的相关关系以及结壳与水深、地形等重要环境因子进行探讨.研究表明太平洋海山结壳中元素丰度特征具有多种变化类型, 中太平洋结壳主成分和成矿元素丰度明显高于马绍尔群岛, 而与西北太平洋、麦哲伦海山相近; 中太平洋结壳化学元素相关关系分析表明: Ca与P、Al与K呈显著正相关性; Mn与Al呈显著负相关性.研究还发现中太平洋结壳富Co(0.6 3%)而贫Cu(0.1 1 %)及高Fe(1 6.9%)低Mn(2 1.3%)的分布特征, 与深海多金属结核在含量分布特征上存在较大差异.与多金属结核相比: 结壳中Mn组元素含量显著降低, Fe组元素含量和稀土总量明显增大, 尤其是Co和REEs的变化最为突出。      

末次冰消期以来东海内陆架古环境演化

通过对位于浙—闽沿岸泥质带的EC2005孔岩性、粒度以及AMS14C年代分析,探讨了研究区自末次冰消期以来的古沉积环境演化,认为是湖水或海水深度、气候变化等综合影响的结果。岩芯底部60.20～41.00 m（17.3～13.1 ka BP）为湖泊三角洲沉积序列,可划分为前三角洲—三角洲前缘—三角洲平原三个沉积亚相,物质来源主要是湖盆流域物质的输入。随着海平面的逐渐上升,海水自13.1 ka BP开始侵入研究区,形成了41.00 m的海相沉积地层,可划分为前滨—近滨—浅海三个沉积亚相,与海平面变化曲线具有良好的对应。自12.3 ka BP开始,研究区受到沿岸流影响,长江物质开始影响研究区,7.3 ka BP以来主要是来自长江的悬浮体在沿岸流作用下输送沉积而形成,稳定的泥质沉积物开始形成。全球性重要气候事件如新仙女木事件、8.2 ka冷事件在东海内陆架沉积物中也得到了良好揭示。     

Depositional Age of a Fossil Whale Bone from São Paulo Ridge,South Atlantic Ocean,Based on Os Isotope Stratigraphy of a Ferromanganese Crust

Whale carcasses (whale falls) deposited on the deep seafloor are associated with a distinctive biotic community. A fossil whale bone recovered from São Paulo Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean, during cruise YK13–04 Leg 1 of R/V Yokosuka was covered by a ferromanganese (Fe–Mn) crust approximately 9 mm thick. Here, we report an age constraint for this fossil bone on the basis of Os isotopic stratigraphy (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio) of the Fe–Mn crust. Major‐ and trace‐element compositions of the crust are similar to those of Fe–Mn crusts of predominantly hydrogenous origin. Rare earth element concentrations in samples of the crust, normalized with respect to Post‐Archean average Australian Shale, exhibit flat patterns with positive Ce and negative Y anomalies. These results indicate that the Fe–Mn crust consists predominantly of hydrogenous components and that it preserves the Os isotope composition of seawater at the time of its deposition. ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios of three Fe–Mn crust samples increased from 0.904 to 1.068 in ascending stratigraphic order. The value of 1.068 from the surface slice (0–3 mm depth in the crust) was identical to that of present‐day seawater within error (~1.06). The value of 0.904 from the basal slice (6–9 mm) equaled seawater values from ca. 4–5 Ma. Because it is unknown how long the bone lay on the seafloor before the Fe–Mn crust was deposited, the Os stratigraphic age of ca. 5 Ma is a minimum age of the fossil. This is the first application, to our knowledge, of marine Os isotope stratigraphy for determining the age of a fossil whale bone. Such data may offer valuable insights into the evolution of the whale‐fall biotic community.     

近8ka东亚冬季风变化的东海内陆架泥质沉积记录

尝试从陆架上寻找全新世高分辨率的东亚季风替代性指标和记录.通过对位于东海内陆架闽浙沿岸泥中部的PC-6孔进行AMS14C年龄测试和粒度分析, 综合沉积构造、沉积层序与海平面变化讨论该孔的沉积环境, 其下、中、上段分别对应于前滨、近滨和与现今环境基本一致的浅海沉积环境.因上段的沉积作用主要受控于东海冬季沿岸流, 通过粒级-标准偏差分析, 提取了相对应的粒度组分或粒度子体, 该组分的平均粒径被用来作为研究东亚冬季风演化的替代性指标.分析表明, 由此方法建立的PC-6孔上段粒径时间序列, 较完整地反映了近8ka来东亚古季风的演化.东亚冬季风的变化呈现出3个各具特点的阶段7.6~5.1kaB.P.为中等强度的高频率波动; 5.1~1.7kaB.P.以多期、较频繁的强盛活动为特点; 1.7~0kaB.P.为稳定而较弱的时期.由PC-6孔指示的东亚冬季风活动的强盛期, 均在不同区域和材料的记录中找到了相对应降温的证据, 说明气候变化的区域性以至全球性联系.      

东海陆架EA01孔沉积物常微量元素变化及其意义

以EA01孔为研究对象，运用元素地球化学数据并辅以古生物、矿物等指标探讨东海中陆架北部的地层划分及物质来源。首先在前人工作的基础上研究常微量元素垂向变化，发现EA01孔沉积物元素地球化学地层学信息可以作为指示地层和古气候信息的良好指标；同时运用因子分析，La/Yb—Ni/Co—Cr/V三角图和U/Th—(Zr+Hf)/(Al2O3+TiO2)散点图等多种方法分析了EA01孔沉积物的物质来源，认为EA01孔沉积物主要来源于长江，其物质成分可能部分受到古气候和沉积环境的影响。     

Identification and evolution of tectonic units in the Philippine Sea Plate

The Philippine Sea Plate is located at the convergence zone of the Eurasian Plate,the Pacific Plate,and the Indo-Australian Plate.This paper divides the Philippine Sea Plate into two second-order tectonic units and eight third-order tectonic units by summarizing the marine geological,geophysical,and submarine geomorphological data of the Philippine Sea Plate collected for years and referring to the seafloor spreading theory and the trench-arc-basin system.The two second-order tectonic units are the West Philippine Sea block and the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc-basin system.The former includes the West Philippine Basin,the Huatung Basin,the Daito Basin,and the Palau Basin,while the latter consists of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge,the Shikoku-Parece Vela Basin,the Izu-Bonin Arc,and the Mariana Arc.Furthermore,this study concludes that the Philippine Sea Plate has undergone three stages of tectonic evolution,namely the early stage of the evolution of marginal basins with Cretaceous basement(Early Cretaceous),the middle stage of the spreading of the West Philippine Basin(Eocene),and the late stage of the subduction of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc-basin system(Oligocene-present).The Kyushu-Palau Ridge is a window to discover the tectonic evolution of the Philippine Sea Plate due to its unique geographical location.     

Configuration of the subducting Philippine Sea slab in the eastern part of southwestern Japan with seismic array and Hi-net data

It is important to know the shape of a subducting slab in order to understand the mechanisms of inter-plate earthquakes and the process of subduction. Seismicity data and converted phases have been used to detect plate boundaries. The configuration of the Philippine Sea slab has been obtained at the western part of southwestern Japan. At the eastern part of southwestern Japan, however, the configuration of the Philippine Sea slab has not yet been confirmed. A spatially high-density seismic network makes it possible to detect the boundaries of the Philippine Sea slab. We used a spatially high-density temporal seismic array in the area. The configuration of the Philippine Sea plate is obtained at the eastern part of southwestern Japan using the temporal seismic array and permanent seismic network data and comparing the seismic structure obtained from the results of refraction surveys. The configuration of the Philippine Sea plate obtained by this study does not bend sharply compared to previous models obtained from receiver function analyses. We delineated the upper boundary of the slab to a depth of about 45 km. The weak image of the boundary, which corresponds to the upper mantle reflector beneath the source area of the 2000 Western Tottori earthquake, was detected using the spatially dense array.