压裂液黏度对循环水力压裂影响的试验研究

中国石油大学（北京）石油天然气工程学院,北京 102249     

地面微地震水力压裂监测可行性分析

作为水力压裂监测的最有效手段,微地震监测越来越受到人们的重视,特别是地面微地震监测因为便于施工、观测充分等优点成为研究的热点,然而由于微地震的特殊性,是否能够在地面强噪声环境下接收到有效的微地震事件,成为地面微地震监测整个技术环节的关键点。文中从水力压裂的产生能量、地面压裂车组噪声的干扰情况以及不同深度微地震传播的差异三个方面进行了深入分析,从“信(有效事件)噪(地面噪声)”两个角度,得出了地面微地震可以接收到可靠的压裂信号的结论。在Yan227水平井水力压裂地面微地震采集的实际数据验证了该方法的实用性,为地面微地震技术开展提供了依据。     

单孔岩样水压致裂的数值分析

水压致裂是改变岩体结构的一种天然行为和人为手段。采用F－RFPA2D软件,对水压致裂过程、裂缝扩展形态及注水孔形状和大小、应力条件和岩样强度等影响因素进行了研究。将开始出现声发射的水压称为微裂压力,将声发射急剧增多、裂缝非稳定扩展直至岩样破坏的水压称为破裂压力。岩样尺寸一定时,微裂压力和破裂压力随内孔面积增加而降低,方形孔岩样的微裂压力和破裂压力均小于同面积的圆形孔。微裂压力和破裂压力随围压或岩样强度增加而增加,且其差值随岩样强度增加而增加,理论破裂压力与模拟值趋势基本一致。方形孔的宏观裂纹起裂位置多在角点附近,而圆形孔比较随机。无围压时,宏观裂纹的延伸方向随机;有围压时,宏观裂纹扩展方向大致与主应力方向一致,且沿较大主应力方向的宏观裂纹扩展至岩样破坏,较小主应力方向宏观裂纹不完全发育。研究结果对水压致裂试验和工程实践有一定参考意义。     

水劈裂过程中岩体渗透性规律及机理分析

岩体的结构及其透水性直接关系到建筑物围岩的稳定及安全。通过水力劈裂试验,可以真实地反映高水压作用下岩体的结构和渗透性的变化规律。以某水电站工程坝址区岩体所作的水力劈裂试验资料为基础,分析了在水力劈裂过程中,岩体的结构和渗透性发生的变化及其规律以及在该过程中岩体裂隙形成的机理。     

页岩压裂影响因素三维模型数值分析

不同影响因素对页岩水力压裂效果有不同的影响。基于三维数值计算模型介绍了水力压裂的典型过程,针对水平最小主应力、页岩的弹性模量和渗透系数对压裂的影响进行了分析。结果表明:随着水平最小主应力的增加,裂缝高度也随之增加;随着页岩的弹性模量增加,裂缝的高度随之降低;随着渗透系数的增加,裂缝高度也随之增加;随着压裂液的黏度系数提高,裂缝的高度降低。     

煤层水压致裂后煤岩应力解析

水压致裂后煤岩应力分布规律对水压致裂防冲效果起关键性作用。采用理论研究方法得出高压注水压致裂后及卸水后水区和气区的孔隙、瓦斯压力和煤体应力解析解。结果表明,致裂后水区孔隙压力沿径向变化不大,与注水压力接近;气区瓦斯压力沿径向呈递减趋势;在水区外围一定范围内形成瓦斯压力升高区;水区煤体环向应力将会减小,直到变为拉应力;气区煤体径向应力沿径向递减。卸水后水区孔隙压力、煤体径向应力沿径向呈递增趋势;气区煤体径向应力沿径向呈递增趋势,趋近于原始煤体应力;气区煤体环向应力沿径向呈递减趋势;气区孔隙压力沿径向呈递减趋势。这为煤层水压致裂预防冲击地压提供理论基础。     

基于损伤力学分析的水力压裂三维裂缝形态研究

水力压裂三维裂缝形态及延伸的预测是评价水力压裂效果的主要因素,采用了损伤力学与断裂力学相结合的方法,描述了裂缝表面岩体的力学行为,建立了裂缝面上的损伤判据与损伤演化方程。根据岩石力学与渗流力学,采用有限元方法建立了低渗透储层岩体的流固-损伤耦合方程,并采用Newton-Raphson与线性搜索相结合的方法进行求解,获得了低渗透油层水力压裂三维裂缝的动态扩展过程及最终形态,揭示其力学本质。通过算例验证了理论及计算方法的正确性。在此基础上,分析了影响裂缝扩展的主要因素,其结果可为水力压裂设计提供较为可靠和准确的预测手段,以提高油层水力压裂措施的成功率     

Formation stability after hydraulic fracturing

This paper investigates stress changes resulting from fracturing in a weak formation and estimates the reduced risk of formation failure. The analysis is based on fracture propagation and closure of a plane strain elasto–plastic fracture. It is shown that during fracture propagation the area near the fracture tip undergoes plastic deformation, with the result that the in situ stresses there are significantly reduced from the original compressive state. The stress relief is driven by the reduction of the minimum in situ stress and the consistency condition which requires the stress state to remain on the yield or failure envelope. After fracture closure, due to permanent deformation the stress state does not return to its original state, as in the case of elastic material. The risk of formation failure, which is quantified with the introduction of a yield factor, is significantly reduced after fracturing and closure. The residual width from plastic deformation results in a non-uniform closure stress on proppant with higher values near the tip and lower value near the wellbore which is detrimental to the stability of proppant. The closure stress becomes more uniform with increasing fracture length. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于流固耦合理论的页岩水力压裂数值分析

水力压裂是一个涉及多相材料相互作用的复杂问题。针对岩石固相提出岩石应力平衡有限元方程,建立液相流动方程和质量守恒微分方程,推导水力压裂岩石流固耦合系统有限元方程。阐述计算模型,对裂缝的发育和扩展过程进行分析,并与实际试验结果进行对比,证明了计算结果的合理性。分析弹性模量对裂缝的影响情况,计算结果表明,随着弹性模量的增加,裂缝高度越来越小。     

水压致裂试验过程中诱发的声发射

为了研究水压致裂过程中裂缝的扩展机制,在北京房山花岗岩体中开展了大型水压致裂试验。试验是在一个深 301 m的岩石新鲜完整的FR钻孔中进行的,其周围半径约40 m的范围内布置了4个120 m深的声发射观测孔。在FR孔中深度60 m至140 m的范围内选取了7段没有天然节理的部位进行了水压致裂。在所有的试验中,发现水压致裂形成的裂缝通过天然节理与AE孔连通,只在深度118.5 m进行的试验,观测到由水压致裂产生的AE事件。由声发射的震源机制解得到的P轴和T轴的方向与水压致裂应力测量的方向一致。     

Microscopic modelling of the hydraulic fracturing process

A microscopic perspective is introduced in this study which offers a detailed insight at the inter-particle level to the geo-mechanical responses caused by fluid injection and the resulting pressure build-up. This was achieved by employing the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to model the pressure development and the subsequent fracturing and/or cavity propagation. This technique represents the formation material as an assembly of discrete particles linked to each other through contacts. Numerical experiments were carried out on two sample materials. For the first instance, tests were carried out on a bulk material, representative of a generic intact rock, with the breakage of inter-particle bonds indicating the formation of cracks. The second series of tests was carried out on granular type materials such as sand, where particle separation signified cavity initiation and separation. It was observed from the DEM modelling results that the intact rock material showed a predominance of mode II fracturing at high fluid velocities. However, when the fluid velocity is reduced considerably the fracturing behaviour tended towards more of mode I. Also, records of the pressure development were taken from the numerical results and were used to monitor the fracturing events. The outcome of this study highlights important aspects of the hydraulic fracturing process especially at the particle–particle scale, and thus provides a strong basis for more exhaustive studies involving larger scale reservoir modelling and more complex fracturing scenarios.     

基于扩展有限元分析的页岩水力压裂裂缝扩展规律探究

水力压裂是开采地下页岩气资源的有效技术手段,探究页岩水力压裂裂缝的扩展规律,可为页岩气的高效开采提供科学的指导依据。通过运用大型有限元软件ABAQUS中的扩展有限元模块,针对不同地应力差工况条件下均质页岩中初始裂缝的位置、方位角、数量和含层理页岩中层理的构造方向、内部倾角、岩性对水力裂缝扩展的影响进行探究。结果表明：对于垂向扩展的水力裂缝,水平主应力增大使裂缝更不易扩展,裂缝扩展长度减小、起裂压力增大;在注液体积流量相同时,向初始裂缝两端同时起裂所形成的水力裂缝长度大于仅向一侧起裂;当初始裂缝处于页岩中部且呈45°方向时,裂缝会向最大水平主应力方向偏转,且偏转程度随最大水平主应力的增大而增大;分时多簇压裂时,裂缝间的扩展会相互干扰,且会较大地影响裂缝扩展的形态和起裂压力,但对裂缝注液点裂缝宽度的影响较小;对于含水平和竖直构造层理的页岩,改变层理内部倾角,水力裂缝会出现不同程度偏转,且其偏转程度随着层理内部倾角的增大而减小;对于含45°方向构造层理的页岩,水力裂缝在层理分别为砂岩、煤岩和泥岩中的偏转程度依次增大,且裂缝偏移比随着最大水平主应力的增大而增大。     

水力压裂扩展特性的数值模拟研究

采用ABAQUS建立了水力压裂计算模型,模拟了地应力、岩石力学特性、压裂液流体特性等各种复杂因素对水力压裂扩展的影响。通过计算分析得到一些有益结论：（1）在注入压力一定的情况下起裂压力与最小水平地应力、临界应力、初始孔隙压力成正比,而与压裂液黏度、最大水平地应力、弹性模量无关;（2）裂缝扩展长度和最大缝宽与最小水平地应力、初始孔隙压力、弹性模量成反比,而与最大水平地应力无关;（3）水力压裂作业中,缝长的扩展过程可分为无扩展阶段、快速扩展阶段、稳定扩展阶段以及缓慢扩展阶段等4个阶段。研究结论对于水力压裂作业优化具有参考价值。     

裂隙岩体水力劈裂研究综述

作为裂隙岩体渗流-应力耦合研究的一个子课题,岩体水力劈裂问题的研究尚处于初始阶段,许多基本的理论问题尚待深入研究。当今许多大型工程的建设已经在向地下发展,建设在地下的各种建筑结构离不开水压的作用。工程建设的需要正在推动岩体水力劈裂理论的研究。水力劈裂作为一种技术最初在石油工业用来增加油井产量,后来逐渐用于初始地应力测量等其他工程项目。随着水电工程建设、地下核废料储存、地热开发、井工矿产采掘等岩体工程越来越多的处于高水头、大埋深等恶劣水文地质条件下,水力劈裂作用正在受到越来越多工程岩体稳定性研究者的关注。通过对水力劈裂研究的现状作较为详细地综述,列举了当今研究的理论、方法和成果,以及目前水力劈裂研究的热点问题,并作了简单评述。最后,指出了目前需要重点研究的几个关键问题。     

水力劈裂过程中裂隙体积的估算

由于水力劈裂技术应用领域越来越广泛,评价裂隙劈裂效果变得越来越重要.本文对水力劈裂过程中裂隙的体积进行简单的探讨.文中给出了水力破裂过程中裂隙的概念模型,推导了该模型下求解裂隙体积的计算公式,并利用现场水力劈裂试验结果对裂隙进行估算.     

土石坝心墙水力劈裂分析

简要分析了水力劈裂的发生条件、力学机理。基于水压楔劈机理,利用有限元方法建立了一种水力劈裂的发生判定方法。该方法假定心墙预先存在局部渗透弱面（裂缝）,通过将裂缝位置的单元材料改为裂缝软材料,考虑库水进入裂缝后对裂缝周围土体的作用,建立水力劈裂分析的平面有限元模型,确定裂缝端部垂直于裂缝面的正应力,进而依据该正应力判断水力劈裂发生的可能性,该方法同时可模拟水力劈裂的发展过程。     

一种用于水压致裂试验的水压供给装置研制及应用

为研究水压致裂过程中水力裂缝的起裂、扩展规律及机制,研制了一种新型水压供给控制装置。该装置由水泵、增压泵、空气压缩机和导水钢垫板等组成。该装置的主要特点是易于与目前广泛存在的压力伺服机相配合,共同完成水压致裂试验,具有操作简便、效率高、成本低、组装方便等优点,使水压致裂试验更易大面积推广。利用该试验装置对类岩石试块进行了水压致裂试验,研究了不同围压下含预置裂隙试件的水力裂缝扩展规律,并与无预置裂隙试件水力裂缝扩展规律进行了对比。试验结果表明,对于含预置裂隙试块,当水平应力差较小时,预置裂隙裂尖对水力裂缝扩展影响较大,水力裂缝起裂后向预置裂隙裂尖方向扩展;随着水平应力差的增大,水力裂缝向最大水平应力方向偏转。试验证明该装置可靠性高,试验过程稳定。该研究对水压致裂试验具有促进意义。     

In situ stress measurements using hydraulic fracturing method

The firstin situ stress measurements in India were carried out in 176 m deep borehole by employing deep-hole wireline hydraulic fracturing equipment. The results reveal that the direction of maximum compression is oriented at N 35° E, and the existence of high-near-surface horizontal stresses compared with the overburden pressure. This can be attributed to the continuing convergence of Indian and Eurasian plates. Earthquakes experienced near Hyderabad could be due to refracturing of some NNE or NE trending mineralized fractures which persistently occur in the area, as these fractures are critically oriented with respect to the present-day stress field.     

Finite element modeling of hydraulic fracturing in 3D

A procedure based on the finite element method is suggested for modeling of 3D hydraulic fracturing in the subsurface. The proposed formulation partitions the stress field into the initial stress state and an additional stress state caused by pressure buildup. The additional stress is obtained as a solution of the Biot equations for coupled fluid flow and deformations in the rock. The fluid flow in the fracture is represented on a regular finite element grid by means of “fracture” porosity, which is the volume fraction of the fracture. The use of the fracture porosity allows for a uniform finite element formulation for the fracture and the rock, both with respect to fluid pressure and displacement. It is demonstrated how the fracture aperture is obtained from the displacement field. The model has a fracture criterion by means of a strain limit in each element. It is shown how this criterion scales with the element size. Fracturing becomes an intermittent process, and each event is followed by a pressure drop. A procedure is suggested for the computation of the pressure drop. Two examples of hydraulic fracturing are given, when the pressure buildup is from fluid injection by a well. One case is of a homogeneous rock, and the other case is an inhomogeneous rock. The fracture geometry, well pressure, new fracture area, and elastic energy released in each event are computed. The fracture geometry is three orthogonal fracture planes in the homogeneous case, and it is a branched fracture in the inhomogeneous case.     

页岩气开发水力压裂技术综述

世界页岩气资源丰富,但由于页岩地层渗透率很低,目前还没有广泛开发。水力压裂技术是页岩气开发的核心技术之一,广泛用于页岩储层的改造。介绍了水力压裂作业的压裂设计、裂缝监测、压裂液配制和添加剂选择,以及常用的压裂技术,包括多级压裂、清水压裂、同步压裂、水力喷射压裂和重复压裂。结合国外页岩气开发的实例和国内压裂技术的应用情况,分析了各种压裂技术的适用性。研究认为,清水压裂是现阶段中国页岩气开发储层改造的适用技术,开采长度(厚度)大的页岩气井,可以使用多级分段清水压裂技术。同步压裂技术是规模化的页岩气开发的客观需要。