Infrasonic wave magnetic field in the oceanic waveguide

The magnetic field generated by an acoustic wave, propagating in the oceanic wave guide, has been considered. It has been indicated that the induced field is most substantial at frequencies when only the first normal mode exists. The dependences of the induced field component on the depth, frequency, and direction of the geomagnetic field have been obtained in this frequency band. The possibility of determining coordinates of a strong underwater earthquake using the acoustic field magnetic field has been considered.     

Magnetic field of a nonstationary point acoustic source in a deep sea

The magnetic field generated by an acoustic wave from a nonstationary point source in an infinite marine medium has been considered. The spatial-temporal structure of the induced field has been studied in a quasistatic approximation and taking into account self-induction. The magnetic field in the transient and stationary regimes has been considered.     

Spatial structure of the magnetic field induced by an infrasonic wave in the oceanic waveguide

The magnetic field generated by an acoustic wave propagating in the oceanic waveguide has been considered. The effect of the self-induction factor on the spatial structure of this field has been studied. It has been indicated that there exists a frequency range where it is necessary to take into consideration self-induction. It has been indicated that the induced field is most substantial at frequencies when only the first normal mode exists. The dependences of the induced field on the depth, frequency, and geomagnetic field direction have been obtained and analyzed for this frequency range.     

Interaction between the electromagnetic and acoustic fields in the marine environment

The possibility of generation of additional acoustic harmonics in the geomagnetic field after the propagation of an acoustic wave in the conducting medium through the region with a variable magnetic field has been considered. Two possible procedures of such a generation have been analyzed: the parametric procedure and the dynamic procedure related to ponderomotive forces. The expressions have been obtained for three acoustic harmonics generated by an oscillating magnetic field.     

Field-induced anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility in rocks

Summary An induced anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility results from the domain alignment which is produced by treating stationary specimens in a strong alternating field. Appreciable domain re-orientation occurs in fields as low as 50 oersteds and the effect must therefore normally be an important part of the process of alternating field demagnetization. Induced anisotropy has been measured in a number of igneous rocks with a range of palaeomagnetic stabilities and in magnetite powders of controlled grain sizes, dispersed in plaster or kaolin specimens which were mechanically deformed to produce instrinsic magnetic anisotropy by grain alignment. The saturation magnitude of the induced anisotropy is not a function of grain size but the saturating field required increases with decreasing grain size. In the larger grains, induced anisotropy is a function of grain orientation.     

海浪引起的地磁场波动的观测与初步分析

近岸海浪是影响近岸水域环境状态的重要环节.海洋近岸波的波动性质和变化规律的研究对于海岸防护、近岸航运、军事活动等具有重要意义.感应磁场波动可为探测海洋近岸波的非线性过程提供一种有效手段.本文首次对海洋近岸波引起的感应磁场进行了频谱指数分析,获得了能量注入和耗散过程对应的谱段.2016年5月15日—6月30日在昌黎海岸(东经119.3,北纬39.7°)利用KDM-2型磁通门磁力仪对海洋近岸波引起的磁场变化进行了测量,数据分辨率为0.01 nT/(HZ)~(1/2),时间采样率为1 Hz和128 Hz.观测数据显示,在距海岸线2 m远处,清晰地观测到了海洋近岸波引起的磁场波动,在0.001~10.0 Hz频段的波动最大振幅约为1 nT.波动的小波频谱呈现出多次谐波结构,符合海洋近岸波的谐波特征.傅里叶频谱显示不同频段谱的斜率不同,反映了海洋近岸波发展与耗散的非线性物理过程,进一步开展长期观测和统计分析有助于深入了解海洋中的电动力学过程.     

Generalized polarization relationships for acoustic gravity waves in the nonisothermal atmosphere with the wind

The nonlinear equation of the first order of the Riccati type has been obtained for the wave impedance of acoustic gravity waves in the nonisothermal atmosphere. The vertically nonuniform horizontal wind and the effect of viscosity on the horizontal components of the velocity field have been taken into account in the calculations. The boundary-value problem for the Riccati equation is defined by the boundary emission condition at high altitudes. Upon finding the wave impedance along with the generalized polarization relationship, all remaining disturbances of the atmospheric parameters related to acoustic gravity waves are found with the help of a simple integration. The results of using a developed formalism are illustrated by the numerical computation of acoustic gravity wave fields in the atmosphere with real vertical profiles of temperature and horizontal field velocity.     

斯通利波和弯曲波联合反演地层VTI各向异性的阵列声波处理方法

利用声波测井获取地层各向异性已成为储层油气评价的一项重要的课题.本文提出了一种单极和偶极振型联合反演地层各向异性的阵列声波处理方法,采用VTI（vertical transversely isotropic）介质斯通利波和弯曲波频散特征,分频段联合求取各向同性面内剪切模量,反演精度相比于传统方法得到了提高;研究了一种同时适用于单极和偶极声波测井的仪器标定方法,消除了仪器对井孔声传播的影响.通过对数值模拟数据的处理和现场测井数据的应用,验证了新方法的正确性和有效性.本文工作为利用阵列声波测井资料评价横观各向同性地层中横波速度的各向异性提供了有效的处理方法.     

Effect of surface stress on magneto-elastic surface waves in finitely conducting media

This paper deals with the investigation of the effect of surface stress and conductivity on the propagation of surface wave in isotropic, homogeneous, elastic media under the action of a primary magnetic field. Formulation of the general surface wave propagation problem has been made, and the corresponding frequency equation has been derived. Frequency equations for Rayleigh wave, surface shear wave and Stoneley wave have been deduced from that of general surface wave as special cases. The effects of surface stress and magnetic field on the wave velocities and attenuation factors of Rayleigh wave and surface shear wave are shown by numerical calculations and graphs. Some important wave velocity equations, as obtained by other authors, have been deduced as special cases from the wave velocity equation for Stoneley wave. It is found that the combined effect of surface stress and magnetic field modulates the wave velocity ratios and attenuation factors of Rayleigh wave and surface shear wave to a considerable extent.     

随钻动电测井中声诱导电场的理论模拟

为防止沿钻铤传播的声信号掩盖来自地层的声信号,目前需在钻铤上刻槽以实现对地层纵、横波速度的测量.但刻槽不仅占用钻铤空间,且降低了钻铤的强度和刚度.本文探讨在不刻槽条件下,利用动电效应获得地层纵横波速度的可行性.为此,模拟了随钻声波测井信号及由岩石动电效应产生的电场信号.先视地层为黏弹性介质,模拟随钻声波测井信号,再利用围压与孔隙流体压强的关系获得了声波在地层中引起的孔隙压强,然后计算由孔隙地层动电效应产生的声诱导电磁场.对多极声源激发的声场波形及其诱导电场的波形进行比较,发现随钻声诱导电场中钻铤波的相对幅度明显小于随钻声场中钻铤波的相对幅度.此外,发现在慢速地层条件下,偶极声源激发的电场中出现了比较明显的地层横波信号.     

Electromagnetic and plasma effects during a carrier rocket flight

The disturbance generation model for the total electron content of the ionosphere and formation of the narrowband spectrum of electromagnetic disturbance on the Earth during a rocket flight along the horizontal leg of the trajectory has been considered. It has been indicated that a change in the total electron content is caused by the propagation of an acoustic gravity wave pulse, generated during a rocket flight along the horizontal trajectory leg, in the ionosphere. This pulse forms horizontal inhomogeneities of ionospheric conductivity in the bottomside ionosphere. Electric currents, induced by the background electromagnetic field in these inhomogeneities, are emitters of discrete modes of coherent gyrotropic waves propagating horizontally in a conductive layer of a finite thickness in the bottomside ionosphere. The line spectrum of electromagnetic disturbances has been calculated. The calculation results agree with the observational data.     

波动方程数值模拟的三种方法及对比

波动方程数值模拟方法是研究地震波场传播的一种重要手段,本文采用交错网格高阶有限差分方法分别对双程声波方程和双程弹性波方程进行了波场数值模拟,并且根据定位原理采用傅立叶有限差分算子进行了单程波方程数值模拟,在分析定位原理的基础上,对其计算过程稍作修改,将延拓到地面的波场直接由每个检波点接收,无需横向叠加过程,得到了单程声波方程共炮记录.基于不同波动方程的数值模拟结果表明,双程波方程结果包含直达波、多次波等干扰波,信噪比低;单程波数值模拟结果只包含了介质分界面的一次反射波,信噪比高,但对于大角度入射波误差较大,并且对于同一个地质模型而言,双程弹性波方程计算速度最慢,双程声波方程次之,单程声波方程计算速度最快.因此对于复杂地质模型,三种模拟方法可以取长补短,综合应用.     

2D acoustic‐elastic coupled waveform inversion in the Laplace domain

Although waveform inversion has been intensively studied in an effort to properly delineate the Earth's structures since the early 1980s, most of the time‐ and frequency‐domain waveform inversion algorithms still have critical limitations in their applications to field data. This may be attributed to the highly non‐linear objective function and the unreliable low‐frequency components. To overcome the weaknesses of conventional waveform inversion algorithms, the acoustic Laplace‐domain waveform inversion has been proposed. The Laplace‐domain waveform inversion has been known to provide a long‐wavelength velocity model even for field data, which may be because it employs the zero‐frequency component of the damped wavefield and a well‐behaved logarithmic objective function. However, its applications have been confined to 2D acoustic media. We extend the Laplace‐domain waveform inversion algorithm to a 2D acoustic‐elastic coupled medium, which is encountered in marine exploration environments. In 2D acoustic‐elastic coupled media, the Laplace‐domain pressures behave differently from those of 2D acoustic media, although the overall features are similar to each other. The main differences are that the pressure wavefields for acoustic‐elastic coupled media show negative values even for simple geological structures unlike in acoustic media, when the Laplace damping constant is small and the water depth is shallow. The negative values may result from more complicated wave propagation in elastic media and at fluid‐solid interfaces. Our Laplace‐domain waveform inversion algorithm is also based on the finite‐element method and logarithmic wavefields. To compute gradient direction, we apply the back‐propagation technique. Under the assumption that density is fixed, P‐ and S‐wave velocity models are inverted from the pressure data. We applied our inversion algorithm to the SEG/EAGE salt model and the numerical results showed that the Laplace‐domain waveform inversion successfully recovers the long‐wavelength structures of the P‐ and S‐wave velocity models from the noise‐free data. The models inverted by the Laplace‐domain waveform inversion were able to be successfully used as initial models in the subsequent frequency‐domain waveform inversion, which is performed to describe the short‐wavelength structures of the true models.     

非对称圆弧片状声源在井旁地层中产生的声场

提出了一种可用于随钻三维反射声波成像测井的圆弧片状声源,推导了该声源声学性质在波数-频率域内的数学描述,并利用实轴积分的方法对该声源在井旁地层中产生的声场进行求解,考察了声源的线度、频率等因素对该声源向地层中辐射的声场的影响.研究结果表明,特定尺寸和特定频率下的圆弧片状声源产生的纵波场的水平和垂直指向性图中仅具有一个明显的主瓣,且主瓣三分贝角宽较窄,方位分辨率较高,指向性良好,适用于随钻三维反射成像测井;SV波场和SH波场的指向性图中存在两个或者多个角瓣,SV波场在垂直于井轴方向上辐射的能量为0,另外在井中发射和接收的反射SH波场和SV波场会相互干扰,所以难以利用SV波场和SH波场进行三维反射声波成像;声源的线度和频率等因素对其辐射声场影响较大,考虑到激励效率和方位分辨率等因素,对于本文描述的井孔模型,选择圆周角在75°和90°之间, 主频为12 kHz左右的声源是合适的.     

双声源激发随钻测井声电耦合波理论模拟

随钻单极源声波测井中,由于钻铤模式波的干扰而使地层纵波速度的测量变得困难.孔隙地层的声电转换物理效应给我们提供了通过测量转换电信号实现声学参数测量的可能性.针对随钻声电测井,采用Pride声电耦合方程组描述井外孔隙地层的声电耦合波场,考虑随钻环境条件下的边界条件,采用实轴积分法计算出了随钻声电测井瞬态响应的波场.计算结果表明,声电转换比与电缆声电测井量级相同,也说明随钻环境下声电效应是可应用的.但是,从得到的电场波形图中可以观察到,钻铤模式波成分虽有压制,但仍然存在.为了削弱钻铤模式波,鉴于钻铤的声波速度已知,我们尝试利用双发射源测井方法,通过控制源间距及合适的发射延迟时间对钻铤模式波进行进一步压制.结果表明,采用双源后的井内转换声场和电场波形中,钻铤模式波被有效地抑制,残余钻铤波的相对振幅明显减小,压制效果在电场波形中尤为明显,地层波的信噪比显著增强,有利于地层纵波速度的提取.     

Look-ahead vertical seismic profiling inversion approach for density and compressional wave velocity in Bayesian framework

To reduce drilling uncertainties, zero-offset vertical seismic profiles can be inverted to quantify acoustic properties ahead of the bit. In this work, we propose an approach to invert vertical seismic profile corridor stacks in Bayesian framework for look-ahead prediction. The implemented approach helps to successfully predict density and compressional wave velocity using prior knowledge from drilled interval. Hence, this information can be used to monitor reservoir depth as well as quantifying high-pressure zones, which enables taking the correct decision during drilling. The inversion algorithm uses Gauss–Newton as an optimization tool, which requires the calculation of the sensitivity matrix of trace samples with respect to model parameters. Gauss–Newton has quadratic rate of convergence, which can speed up the inversion process. Moreover, geo-statistical analysis has been used to efficiently utilize prior information supplied to the inversion process. The algorithm has been tested on synthetic and field cases. For the field case, a zero-offset vertical seismic profile data taken from an offshore well were used as input to the inversion algorithm. Well logs acquired after drilling the prediction section was used to validate the inversion results. The results from the synthetic case applications were encouraging to accurately predict compressional wave velocity and density from just a constant prior model. The field case application shows the strength of our proposed approach in inverting vertical seismic profile data to obtain density and compressional wave velocity ahead of a bit with reasonable accuracy. Unlike the commonly used vertical seismic profile inversion approach for acoustic impedance using simple error to represent the prior covariance matrix, this work shows the importance of inverting for both density and compressional wave velocity using geo-statistical knowledge of density and compressional wave velocity from the drilled section to quantify the prior covariance matrix required during Bayesian inversion.     

随钻声波测井FDTD模拟及钻铤波传播特性研究

幅度大的钻铤波掩盖地层信号是困扰随钻声波测井技术的难题,认识钻铤波特性对于消除或有效降低钻铤波至关重要.记录岩石动电效应引起电磁场的随钻动电测井,被认为有望彻底解决钻铤波干扰问题.本文采用有限差分法,模拟不同钻铤、不同井孔结构的随钻声场,对比分析了单极源钻铤波的传播特性,阐明存在伴随钻铤波动电信号的原因.结果表明:钻铤声波在沿钻铤传播时向外部介质辐射能量,透过井壁进入地层的具有视钻铤波速度的声波,与地层纵横波一样可发生动电转化,因而可导致随钻动电测井时产生钻铤波速度的电磁信号.计算还表明,高频情况下,随钻声波测井钻铤波呈现两阶模式:具有低频截止频率的高阶钻铤波幅度较小,其速度略低于钻铤纵波速度;无截止频率的低阶钻铤波幅度较大,其波速在高频时甚至低于钻铤横波速度.这种频散特性和多阶模式特性,是径向多分层开波导结构的导波属性.     

稠油蒸汽热采区声波资料异常现象的物理解释及应用

针对稠油蒸汽热采区常见的声波资料异常现象, 根据双相多孔介质声波传播理论及相关实验结果,对于这一特殊的声波测井响应特征进行了解释,认为注入蒸汽的影响导致了纵波速度的低异常及幅度的强衰减, 而使声波测井资料显现出异常高时差值或出现“跳变”现象.据此总结了利用声波资料评价蒸汽波及范围与蒸汽前缘的解释方法,并进行了多井评价实验, 取得了满意结果.同时,也为利用孔隙介质弹性波动理论评价地下蒸汽分布范围的适用性提供了新的现场实际例证.     

Large-scale structure of the solar corona magnetic field

The configuration of the solar corona magnetic field has been studied. Data on the position of the K-corona emission polarization plane during the solar eclipses of September 21, 1941; February 25, 1952; and August 1, 2008, were used as an indicator of the magnetic field line orientation. Based on an analysis of these data, a conclusion has been made that the studied configuration has a large-scale organization in the form of a cellular structure with an alternating field reversal. The estimated cell size was 61° ± 6° (or 36° ± 2°) in longitude with a latitudinal extension of 40°?C50° in the range of visible distances 1.3?C2.0 R _Sun . A comparison of the detected cellular structure of the coronal magnetic field with synoptic {ie908-1} maps indicated that the structure latitudinal boundaries vary insignificantly within 1.1?C2.0 R _Sun . The possible causes of the formation of the magnetic field large-scale cellular configuration in the corona and the conditions for the transformation of this configuration into a two-sector structure are discussed.     

Acoustic log simulation in a viscoelastic formation: Cole–Cole model

It is known that sedimentary rocks demonstrate velocity dispersion in the acoustic log frequency range. In this paper we have calculated the waveforms of sonic log for a borehole located in a viscoelastic medium. The acoustic field in the borehole has been obtained for acoustic multipole sources. To describe the viscoelastic properties of a rock we used the Cole–Cole model. This model describes the dispersion of acoustic wave velocities and quality factors in a wide frequency range. To solve the acoustic log direct problem we have applied the double integral Fourier transform (RAI method). The results obtained have shown the feasibility of S-wave velocity dispersion estimation from acoustic dipole waveform processing.