Secondary remanent magnetization carried by magnetite inclusions in silicates: a comparative study of unremagnetized and remagnetized granites

Magnetic carriers in remagnetized Cretaceous granitic rocks of northeast Japan were studied using paleomagnetism, rock magnetism, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by comparison with unremagnetized granitic rocks. The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of the remagnetized rocks is strong (0.3–1.7 A/m) and shows a northwesterly direction with moderate inclination (NW remanence), whereas the unremagnetized rocks preserve weak NRM (<0.5 A/m) with westerly and shallow direction (W remanence). Although thermal demagnetization shows that both NRMs are carried by magnetite, the remagnetized rocks reveal a higher coercivity with respect to alternating field demagnetization (20 mT相似文献   

Magnetic Anisotropy as an Aid to Identifying CRM and DRM in Red Sedimentary Rocks

To further evaluate the potential of magnetic anisotropy techniques for determining the origin of the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) in sedimentary rocks, several new remanence anisotropy measurement techniques were explored. An accurate separation of the remanence anisotropy of magnetite and hematite in the same sedimentary rock sample was the goal.In one technique, Tertiary red and grey sedimentary rock samples from the Orera section (Spain) were exposed to 13 T fields in 9 different orientations. In each orientation, alternating field (af) demagnetization was used to separate the magnetite and hematite contributions of the high field isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM). Tensor subtraction was used to calculate the magnetite and hematite anisotropy tensors. Geologically interpretable fabrics did not result, probably because of the presence of goethite which contributes to the IRM. In the second technique, also applied to samples from Orera, an anisotropy of anhysteretic remanence (AAR) was applied in af fields up to 240 mT to directly measure the fabric of the magnetite in the sample. IRMs applied in 2 T fields followed by 240 mT af demagnetization, and thermal demagnetization at 90°C to remove the goethite contribution, were used to independently measure the hematite fabric in the same samples. This approach gave geologically interpretable results with minimum principal axes perpendicular to bedding, suggesting that the hematite and magnetite grains in the Orera samples both carry a depositional remanent magnetization (DRM). In a third experiment, IRMs applied in 13 T fields were used to measure the magnetic fabric of samples from the Dome de Barrot area (France). These samples had been demonstrated to have hematite as their only magnetic mineral. The fabrics that resulted were geologically interpretable, showing a strong NW-SE horizontal lineation consistent with AMS fabrics measured in the same samples. These fabrics suggest that the rock's remanence may have been affected by strain and could have originated as a DRM or a CRM.Our work shows that it is important to account for the presence of goethite when using high field IRMs to measure the remanence anisotropy of hematite-bearing sedimentary rocks. It also shows that very high magnetic fields (>10 T) may be used to measure the magnetic fabric of sedimentary rocks with highly coercive magnetic minerals without complete demagnetization between each position, provided that the field magnetically saturates the rock.     

基于剩磁各向异性方法对华北下三叠统红层磁倾角浅化效应的研究

本文报道利用岩石剩磁组构对华北下三叠统红层进行磁倾角浅化效应的进一步识别与校正研究结果.首先,采用45°等温剩磁各向异性方法,即通过沿与样品原始水平面(即层面)呈45°夹角方向施加磁化场获得等温剩磁,并进行逐步热退磁,获得平行于层面和垂直于层面的等温剩磁分量随外加磁场和热退磁温度的变化趋势,计算获得浅化因子f=0.70...     

Magsat anomaly data over the Kursk region,U.S.S.R.

A new method of reducing Magsat orbits was developed to produce a map of the Kursk magnetic anomaly at satellite altitude. Two different techniques to estimate the direction of magnetization were applied to the components of the anomaly to determine the presence of remanent magnetization. We propose that there is a significant component of remanent magnetization, however, we are unable to determine the importance of remanence relative to induced magnetization.     

The late Pleistocene geomagnetic field as recorded by sediments from Fargher Lake,Washington, U.S.A.

Measurement of the remanent magnetization of a 6.88-m oriented core of soft sediments and tephras from Fargher Lake near Mount St. Helens in southwestern Washington State shows that no significant geomagnetic reversals were recorded in the sediments of the lake. Radiocarbon and palynological dating of the tephra layers from the lake bed indicates deposition during the interval 17, 000–34, 000 years B.P. although geochemical correlation of a prominent tephra layer in the core with tephra set C of Mount St. Helens could mean that the maximum age of the sediments may be at least 36, 000 years B.P. The core was divided into specimens 0.02 m long, each representing approximately 55 years of deposition assuming a constant rate of sedimentation. Pilot alternating field demagnetization studies of every tenth specimen indicated a strong, stable remanence with median destructive field of 15 mT, and the remaining specimens were subsequently demagnetized in fields of this strength. The mean inclination for all specimens exclusive of the unstably magnetized muck and peat from near the surface is 56.1° which is 8° shallower than the present axial dipole field at this site, perhaps because of inclination error in the detrital remanent magnetization of the sediments, although because of the variability in the data, this departure from the axial dipole field may not be significant. The ranges of inclination and declination are comparable to those of normal secular variation at northern latitudes. Although three isolated specimens have remanence with negative inclination, these anomalous directions are due to sampling and depositional effects. Measurement of a second core of 6.86 m length also revealed only normal magnetic polarity, but this result is of little stratigraphic value as this core failed to penetrate the distinctive tephra found near the base of the former core.Studies of a concentrate of the magnetic minerals in the sediments by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction indicate that the primary magnetic constituent is an essentially pure magnetite of detrital origin. The magnetite occurs in a wide range of grain sizes with much of it of sub-multidomain size (< 15 μm).As a whole, this study provides substantial evidence against the existence of large-scale worldwide geomagnetic reversals during the time interval of Fargher Lake sedimentation, a segment of geological time for which many excursions and reversals have been reported elsewhere.     

A note on magnetic modelling with remanence

The general problem of magnetic modelling involves accounting for the effect of both remanent magnetization and the application of an external magnetic field. However, as far as the disturbing field of a magnetic body in a magnetic environment is concerned, there is an equivalence between the effects of these two causations that allows the remanence to be represented in terms of an equivalent primary magnetic H field. Moreover, due to the linearity of the magnetic field in terms of its causations, the general modelling problem involving an applied magnetic field in the presence of remanence can be simply and more efficiently dealt with in terms of an equivalent primary field acting in the absence of any remanent magnetization.     

Declination and inclination errors in experimentally deposited specularite-bearing sand

Naturally disaggregated specularite-bearing sandstone from the Triassic Moenkopi Formation, artificially deposited in controlled magnetic fields of ～5 × 10^?2 mT, acquires a stable remanent magnetization that has systematic errors in inclination and declination. Inclinations about 12° shallower than the applied fields are produced by deposition on a horizontal surface in still water. Deposition from flowing water on a surface inclined 6–10° results in inclination errors of as much as 20°. Water flowing obliquely to the applied field results in declination errors of about 10°, with declinations systematically rotated toward the upstream direction of current flow. These experimental results indicate that specularite-bearing sediment responds to the earth's field in a manner similar to magnetite-bearing sediment, and support observational evidence for a primary magnetization of depositional origin in specularite in red beds of the Moenkopi Formation.     

A paleomagnetic and isotopic age for the Wackerfield Dyke of northern England

The Wackerfield Dyke is exposed in northern England and its field relationships suggest it could be related to the Eocene Mull Dyke Swarm. Wackerfield Dyke specimens taken from below the zone of surface weathering have a natural remanent magnetization that is extremely stable to thermal and alternating field demagnetization. Stability is expected because the Fe-Ti oxides are highly oxidized. The stable magnetization is identical with a primary remanence that can be isolated from certain samples of the Whin Sill of northern England, and gives a mean pole at 175°E, 22°N (dp = 2°, dm = 3°). An Upper Carboniferous age for the Wackerfield Dyke is confirmed by a K-Ar whole rock age of 303 my.     

Separation of multi-component NRM: A general method

A method is presented which can successfully isolate components of remanent magnetization having intermediate relative stability in a single rock sample which contains any number of remanence components with overlapping coercivity or blocking temperature spectra. The approach consists of analysis of the path swept out by the vector destroyed during a detailed alternating field or thermal demagnetization run. The point of intersection determined for any two neighboring great circle segments identified in such a difference vector path defines the direction of such a component. Samples cored from a fragment of a Jurassic pillow basalt, shown to contain several components of magnetization, serve to illustrate the utility of the method for the case when the Zijderveld approach is unsuccessful.     

Remanent Magnetization in Portland-Cement-Based Materials

The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the possibility of applying one geophysical method to studying untraditional systems as is the case with Portland-cement-based materials. The research demonstrates how conventional paleomagnetic methodology can be employed in studying the mode of magnetic recording in present-day industrial materials. Portland-cement admixtures such as fly ashes and furnace slags should be discriminated, because those particles interact in soils and sediments in nature. Moreover, a better undertanding of magnetic remanent acquisition in model materials can serve to improve the interpretation of magnetic remanent acquisition in natural rocks formed a long time ago. The magnetic constituents of Portland-cement paste and mortar acquire a magnetic remanence due to their alignment with the earth's magnetic field at the casting place. This magnetization can be measured using ordinary paleomagnetic techniques. The alignment of the individual magnetic particles accounts for the intensity of the magnetic remanence, which can be increased by adding water and by vibration before setting and hardening. Blast furnace slag admixtures also add to the enhancement of the intensity of remanence. The magnetization of Portland-cement-based materials shows a near linear relationship with the water /cement (w/c) ratios employed in the experimental work; the w/c ratios range between 0.2 – 0.6 in pastes and 0.3 – 0.6 in mortar. Stable remanent magnetization was obtained during the first seven days of setting and hardening, a period necessary for magnetic particles to become locked parallel to the earth's magnetic field. The stability of magnetic remanence predicts the usefulness of the methodology in studying the properties of Portland cement and particularly in the control of iron-bearing admixtures.     

Magnetic effects associated with chemical changes in igneous rocks

Experimental evidence and theory indicate that chemical changes occur in many igneous rocks at sufficiently low temperatures to significantly affect the remanent magnetization. Some chemical changes lead to self-reversals of magnetization that are not reproducible in laboratory experiments. Such self-reversals appear to be very rare in subaerially-erupted basalts, but they probably are much more common in some other rock types, such as granites and diorites. The stability of the natural remanent magnetization in igneous rocks can be decreased, left unaltered, or increased by chemical changes. In addition, chemical changes will usually affect the intensity of magnetization in a rock; the intensity can increase, decrease, or (rarely) be left unaltered by a chemical change. Such changes are important to consider in the development of improved techniques for obtaining reliable estimates of the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field in the past and in correctly interpreting marine magnetic anomalies. Finally, experiments and theory are presented which suggest that many of the chemical changes in igneous rocks will only occasionally produce significant changes in the direction of the magnetization.     

岩石磁组构对剩磁稳定性的制约探讨: 以印支地块中生代碎屑岩和拉萨林周盆地设兴组红层为例

岩石磁组构因能提供磁性矿物晶体形状、排列方式等赋存信息而被广泛应用于判别岩石剩磁是否受到了后期构造应力的显著影响; 但常规岩石磁化率各向异性(AMS)是否能够准确限定岩石剩磁的稳定性, 目前尚无深入探讨.本文以印支地块Nakhon Thai盆地中生代Nam Phong、Phu Kradung和Phra Wihan组三套碎屑岩样品及拉萨地块林周盆地设兴组红层样品为例, 通过岩石磁化率组构和剩磁组构的对比分析发现, 尽管Nam Phong组绝大多数样品和Phu Kradung组全部样品的AMS组构显示其具有铅笔状至强劈理过渡型构造变形组构特征, 但高场等温剩磁各向异性(hf-AIR)显示其高矫顽力赤铁矿所携带的特征剩磁组构仍具有典型沉积组构特征, 表明其以赤铁矿为主的载磁矿物未遭受后期构造应力的显著影响, 仍然能够准确记录岩石形成时期的古地球磁场方向.另一方面发现有且仅有剩磁组构才是判别碎屑沉积岩特征剩磁是否遭受了后期构造应力影响的充分必要条件.也就是说, 如果岩石剩磁组构(如以赤铁矿为主要载磁矿物的岩石hf-AIR组构)指示其原始沉积组构已被构造组构显著叠加或取代, 则必然说明该岩石剩磁方向已受到构造应力的作用而发生了显著偏转, 因而不能直接用于构造演化和古地理重建等块体运动学研究.

     

THE MAGNETIZATION OF THE MAGNETITE OREBODY NEAR CORTEGANA,SPAIN*

The magnetic ground survey of ΔZ across the orebody near Cortegana suggests that the direction of the magnetization of the orebody deviates from the present earth field direction in that area. Magnetic measurements of more than 500 specimens of drilling cores of several vertical and one nearly horizontal drill holes showed that the magnetization of the orebody points essentially to the north in the direction of the inclination of the orebody and the banding of the ore. In the central part of the orebody with an average magnetite content of about 50 vol% the magnetization amounts to 0.35 Gauss, the remanent and induced component having the same order of magnitude. The outer parts of the orebody have a much smaller magnetization according to both the smaller magnetite content and greater inhomogeneity of the remanent magnetization, also partly due to their reversed magnetization which is brought about by the stray field of the central part of the orebody. As all drilling cores have been chemically analyzed with respect to their Fe content a logarithmic relationship could be established between the magnetite content, ranging from 25 to 80 vol%, and the susceptibility.     

强剩磁强退磁条件下的二维井中磁测反演

强剩磁、强退磁改变了总磁化强度的大小和方向,给磁测资料解释带来困难.为此,本文利用二维井中磁测数据反演磁化强度矢量的二维分布.首先利用井中磁测的磁异常模量反演磁化强度大小的分布.然后,在已知磁化强度大小分布的前提下,拟合磁场分量,反演磁化强度方向的分布.其中,磁化强度大小和方向均用共轭梯度法求解,并通过预优矩阵改善磁化强度大小的反演效果.理论模拟说明,该方法能准确获得磁化强度矢量分布.磁化强度矢量反演结果包括感磁、剩磁及退磁的影响,这为研究强剩磁、高磁化率矿床提供了一种有效方法.     

On the abnormally high natural remanent magnetization of certain lavas

Summary The rock specimens found to have natural remanent magnetization of abnormally high intensity, have been generally from hill sides or tops, or from ridges high up from the local surroundings. A field of several hundred oersteds has been found sufficient to produce in some of the artificially demagnetized specimens an isothermal magnetization of the same order as the abnormal natural ones, and this magnetization has shown a similar degree of stability as the natural one. Variations in the direction and magnitude of the natural magnetic vector have been found over a distance of a few centimetres. Laboratory tests indicate a normal chemical composition for the specimens. The lightning discharge seems to be the plausible cause of abnormally high magnetization of rocks, which is generally isothermal and might have originated in the recent past, but the magnetization is sometimes complicated probably by the thermal effect of the discharge.     

南海南部约80 ka以来的古地磁记录

晚更新世以来以一系列地磁漂移事件是区域地层对比和确定沉积物年代框架的重要工具.但是在海相沉积物中,识别这些地磁漂移事件多依赖相对磁场强度（RPI）的变化,在地磁方向异常方面鲜有报到,从而影响对这些事件可靠性的讨论.本文选择南海南部巽他陆架附近重力活塞钻孔BKAS2PC的沉积物,进行系统的岩石磁学和古地磁研究,获得该钻孔沉积记录的RPI和磁倾角变化信息.岩石磁学及扫描电镜结果表明沉积物的原生主要载磁矿物为单畴（SD）和假单畴（PSD）钛磁铁矿.在一些层位,沉积后发生的还原作用形成胶黄铁矿等铁硫化物.磁性矿物的浓度和粒度等参数呈现显著的两阶段变化特征,上部（约220 cm以上）含量低而粒度细,下部含量高但粒度相对较粗,整体上均在一个数量级范围内波动.样品的交变退磁特征显示当交变场超过60 mT时,受胶黄铁矿影响产生旋转磁化,剩磁强度反而上升.因此,在20~60 mT之间确定原生特征剩磁,并把RPI定义为NRM_{（20-40）mT}/ARM_{（20-40）mT}.通过¹⁴C限定,并与其他有良好年代控制的相对磁场强度曲线进行对比,建立了钻孔的年代框架.结果显示,钻孔沉积物记录了几次显著的地磁漂移事件,这为联合应用RPI与磁场方向异常构建海相沉积物年代学框架提供了新的依据.

     

Magnetic properties of a freshly fallen LL ordinary chondrite: the Bensour meteorite

A comprehensive rock magnetic, magnetic anisotropy and paleomagnetic study has been undertaken in the brecciated LL6 Bensour ordinary chondrite, a few months only after its fall on Earth. Microscopic observations and electronic microprobe analyses indicate the presence of Ni-rich taenite, tetrataenite and rare Co-rich kamacite. Tetrataenite is the main carrier of remanence. Magnetization and anisotropy measurements were performed on mutually oriented 125 mm³ sub-samples. A very strong coherent susceptibility and remanence anisotropy is evidenced and interpreted as due to the large impact responsible for the post-metamorphic compaction of this brecciated material and disruption of the parent body. We show that the acquisition of remanent magnetization postdates metamorphism on the parent body and predates the entering of the meteorite in Earth’s atmosphere. Three components of magnetization could be isolated. A soft coherent component is closely related to the anisotropy of the meteorite and is interpreted as a shock remanent magnetization acquired during the same large impact on the parent body. Two harder components show random directions at a few mm scale. This randomness is attributed either to the formation mechanism of tetrataenite or to post-metamorphic brecciation. All components are likely acquired in very low (≈μT) to null ambient magnetic field, as demonstrated by comparison with demagnetization behavior of isothermal remanent magnetization. Two other LL6 meteorites, Kilabo and St-Mesmin, have also been studied for comparison with Bensour.     

Remanence correction in magnetic interpretation with the infinitely deep plate model

Summary Conditions are given under which two thick plates, differing in dip, apparent susceptibility, and remanence, will produce similar magnetic anomalies. From these conditions correction formulae are developed. Using these formulae the dip and susceptibility of a plate with remanent magnetization can be obtained from those of non-remanent plate. An interpretation procedure is suggested where the magnetic anomaly is first interpreted by means of a plate without remanence, dip and apparent susceptibility are then estimated by using the correction formulae developed. Thickness, position and depth of the plate are unaffected by the remanence correction procedure. The procedure is independent of the field component measured.     

鲁科一井上白垩统沉积岩岩石磁学和天然剩磁分析:兼论利用剩磁方向恢复钻孔岩芯原始方位的可行性

本文对"鲁科一井"（CCSD-LK-Ⅰ）768.9~1112.3 m之间的上白垩统沉积岩样品进行了岩石磁学、磁化率各向异性（AMS）以及天然剩磁组分的研究.在此基础上,分析了利用特征剩磁（ChRM）和黏滞剩磁（VRM）方向恢复岩芯原始方位的可行性.三轴等温剩磁热退磁曲线、磁滞回线、反向场退磁曲线、一阶反转曲线等岩石磁学测量结果表明,沉积岩的主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿和赤铁矿.335块样品的AMS测量结果表明磁化率椭球主轴的最大轴K1和中间轴K2与水平面夹角较小,最小轴K3接近垂直于水平面分布,说明沉积岩保留了原始沉积磁组构特征.系统热退磁实验表明,多数样品在25~350℃和500~690℃温度段分别获得VRM和ChRM分量.利用ChRM偏角方向,并考虑构造旋转量校正,对VRM偏角方向进行恢复,Fisher统计得到DVRM=-1.3°,IVRM=59.6°,与当地现代地磁场方向（D=-6.7°,I=53.9°）基本一致.用ChRM偏角方向对磁化率主轴K1偏角方向进行校正,校正的结果为：Dch_K1=349.2°,Ich_K1=-0.7°.本文研究结果对于地质勘探中利用古地磁学方法恢复钻孔岩芯原始方位具有一定参考意义.     

Measurement of magnetic properties of steel sheets

Magnetic methods are used in detection of environmental, engineering and military objects fabricated of thin ferromagnetic sheets having volume susceptibilities higher than 100 SI units. Magnetic modelling of such objects would be advantageous, but it requires knowledge of the susceptibility and remanence values of sheet materials, which is scarce. We introduce a magnetometer method for the determination of susceptibility and remanence on thin steel samples. The area of the sample must be so large that its within-sheet magnetization remains below the saturation state. The measurements are made in normal office surroundings in the Earth's magnetic field with an ordinary fluxgate magnetometer. The square-shaped sheet samples measured in this work have an edge length of 17.5 cm and a thickness in the range 0.5–1.0 mm. During the measuring procedure the sample is placed in four positions on a subvertical measurement board. For each position, the magnetic field in the dip direction of the board plane is measured on the opposite sides of the sample. The secondary field values are averaged for each sample position in order to reduce the effect of sample inhomogeneities. With these data, the susceptibility and remanence of the sample in its edge directions are then determined, based on a model curve which is calculated numerically using thin-sheet integral equations. The susceptibilities measured for different steel types (cold rolled and hot-dip zinc-coated steel sheets) varied in the range 200–500 SI units, and the remanence varied in the range 1000–20 000 A/m. No systematic differences were observed between the magnetic properties of various steel types. The repeatability of the susceptibility measurements was good (variations < 5%) but the remanence could be changed by 50% between repeated determinations. The measured susceptibility range signifies that pieces of steel with a typical thickness of 0.5 mm remain below magnetic saturation when their edge dimension is larger than 5 cm. Therefore magnetic modelling of larger steel pieces must be made using the thin-sheet theory with known magnetic properties, whereas smaller saturated pieces can be alternatively modelled as an equipotential system.