The Relationship between the Distribution of Thick Coal Belts and the Late Carboniferous-Early Early Permian Marine Transgression-Regression in the North China Platform

Four great second-order transgressions occurred during the Late Carboniferous to early Early Permian and they came from both the eastern and western sea areas in the North China Platform. As time went on, depocentres, depositional extent, transgression directions, coastline position and distribution of minable coal seams were changing continuously. The third great second-order transgression occurring at the beginning of the early Early Permian marks the maximum transgression period and before its arrival, i.e. at the close of the late Late Carboniferous, there was the super-regional coal-forming environment. During the second, third and fourth transgressions, the northern North China Platform was all along situated on the transgressive margin of the epicontinental sea and became the major distribution area of thick coal belts because it maintained a coal-forming environment for a long period of time from the close of the late Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian.     

Late Carboniferous–Early Permian Volcanic Event Deposits and Stratigraphie Correlation in Shandong Province and Its Adjacent Regions

Abstract Deposits of 10 volcanic events of 6 stages have been discovered by the authors after detailed field and lab studies of the Benxi and Taiyuan Formations in Shandong Province and its adjacent regions. They show certain temporal–spatial distribution characteristics. Volcanic fragments were probably derived from two different volcanic sources north and south of the North China Platform, while the magma of the two volcanic sources was probably derived from the lower crust. A new stratigraphie correlation scheme is put forward for the Benxi and Taiyuan Formations in this region on the basis of previous biostratigraphic work with the regionally widespread volcanic event layers as the marker bed for the isochronous stratigraphie correlation on a super–regional scale and in conjunction with the maximum transgressive event layers.     

Late Carboniferous–Early Permian Sequence Stratigraphy and Depositional Evolution in the Northeast Ordos Basin, North China

Sequence stratigraphical analysis was applied to the Upper Carboniferous–Lower Permian sedimentary succession of the northeastern Ordos Basin, north China based on data acquired from ten entire logging curves and eight outcrops. The facies framework of the lithostratigraphical unit, the Taiyuan Formation comprises seven facies in two facies associations, varying from fluvio-delta to shelf-barrier islands. The facies are presented within a chronostratigraphical framework, linked by systems tract, which in turn are limited by flooding surfaces and sequence boundaries. Six third-order depositional sequences are recognised, bounded by six type 2 unconformities. An upwards-shallowing epicontinental sea sedimentary model is created, which consists of a sandstone, coal seam and carbonate succession.     

贵州台地相区宗地剖面晚石炭世一早二叠世早期层序地层特征

应用露头层序地层学基本原理和方法，在详细的岩石岩相学、沉积学研究和精细的地层划分对比基础上，对贵州宗地剖面晚石炭世二叠纪早期地层进行了露头层序地层研究。研究表明，贵州宗地剖面晚石炭世一二叠纪早期地层至少可识别出6种主要岩相及11种具有不同环境意义的微相类型。宗地剖面晚石炭世地层可以划分出6个三级层序，二叠纪早期地层可划分出4个三级层序。笔者等阐述了沉积层序的各种界面的露头标志，探讨了三级层序和层序区域对比的基本特征。三级沉积层序在不同古地理单元和不同沉积环境中可以进行对比。三级层序发育TST和HST，LST不发育或难以识别。     

华北地区晚石炭世岩相古地理特征及聚煤规律研究

通过分析华北地区晚石炭世的沉积环境及煤层分布特点,探讨了该区晚石炭世沉积相的典型类型,综合分析得出华北克拉通板块晚石炭世主要为陆表海环境,期间发生多次海侵海退事件,在郯庐断裂以东地区,主要发育有台地沉积体系、障壁一渴湖沉积体系及潮坪沉积体系;在盆地的北西缘地区发育潮坪泥炭沼泽,形成了海侵事件沉积,海退时期,中北部地区有利于发育潮坪泥炭沼泽和岛后泥炭沼泽,成为煤层的聚煤中心。     

华北地台晚石炭世—早二叠世早期海水进退与厚煤带分布关系

晚石炭世—早二叠世早期华北地台共发生过4次二级大海侵,海侵来自地台的东、西两个海域。随着时间推移,沉积中心、沉积范围、海侵方向、海岸线位置、可采煤层分布均不断变化。早二叠世早期初第三次大海侵是最大海侵期。最大海侵前夕——晚石炭世晚期末是大区域发育成煤环境最佳时期。第二、三、四次大海侵时华北地台北部始终处于陆表海海侵边缘,从晚石炭世晚期末至早二叠世由于该区长时期保持成煤环境,成为厚煤带分布的主要地区。     

内蒙古土默特旗晚石炭世—早二叠世鳞皮木及鳞木新资料

笔者等对内蒙古土默特旗上石炭统—下二叠统下部的鳞皮木和间鳞鳞木作了研究报道,这两种植物化石在内蒙古系首次发现,尤其是间鳞鳞木叶座各部分结构清晰,以上下叶座间有形成间隔带的鳞片痕为其特征,与其他鳞木不同,考虑作为一个新种予以记载。鳞皮木在国内主要发现于中石炭世,其在内蒙古晚石炭世—早二叠世的发现具重要的意义。     

新疆半岛湖地区晚二叠世与早三叠世地层的发现及其意义

在巴颜喀拉弧后盆地西端的半岛湖地区，分布着大量的复理石建造，以往一直认为其属三叠世沉积。近期笔者在该区上述地层中发现了牙形石和孢粉化石，首次厘定该区上二叠统和下三叠统的存在，对完善该区的地层系统和沉积构造研究等具有重要意义。     

藏南昂仁县贡久布地区晚二叠世孢粉组合的特征及其意义

贡久布一带的敌布错组分布于隆格尔-南木林地层分区,含较丰富的孢子花粉化石,以华夏植物群孢子花粉为特征,同时采获大量的植物化石,其时代为晚二叠世早期.根据地层中孢子花粉的演化规律,可建立Vetreisporites signatus-Limitisporitesrectus孢子花粉组合带.丰富了古生物学的研究内容,为研究该区晚二叠世的沉积环境、古生态、生物古地理分区和地质演化历史提供了基础资料.结合区域资料分析,认为植物组合由冈瓦纳植物群与华夏植物群混生到典型华夏植物群是逐渐演化的.     

内蒙古准格尔旗晚石炭世－早二叠世早期腕足类动物多样性与沉积环境

文章以定性与定量相结合的研究方法，对内蒙古准格尔旗晚石炭世－早二叠世早期的腕足类物种多样性、沉积环境进行了综合研究，指出本区海进序列的腕足类物种多样性远高于海退序列；规模较大、具有一定水深的海进序列是腕足类动物辐射、分异、物种多样性升高的重要环境体系；本区腕足类辐射起步于晚石炭世早期之初，物种多样性出现了3次峰值（晚石炭世早期之中期、晚石炭世早期之晚期、晚石炭世晚期之中期），其中晚石炭世早期之晚期是本区腕足类物种多样性的顶峰期。     

西藏申扎地区德日昂玛-下拉剖面：冈瓦纳和特提斯晚石炭世-早二叠世地层和古生物对比的桥梁

西藏北部申扎县永珠地区德日昂玛-下拉剖面中石炭系和二叠系地层发育完整,出露良好,化石丰富。该剖面中查果罗玛组碳酸盐岩地层(泥盆纪—早石炭世)和下拉组(中二叠世)碳酸盐岩地层之间的碎屑岩夹灰岩地层,在沉积上表现为冰海相杂砾岩,在古生物化石面貌上表现为特提斯-冈瓦纳古生物群混生。古生物群混生的现象为石炭纪—二叠纪的特提斯生物区与冈瓦纳生物区之间的地层和古生物对比建立了一座桥梁。永珠组中上部地层中同时产有牙形石和腕足类,牙形石的研究表明其时代为晚石炭世莫斯科期,而腕足类的研究则表明其为早二叠世萨克马尔期。这一矛盾预示着在(亲)冈瓦纳相地区晚石炭世晚期地层缺失的意见需要重新审视。     

藏南昂仁县贡久布地区晚二叠世孢粉组合的特征及其意义

贡久布一带的敌布错组分布于隆格尔-南木林地层分区,含较丰富的孢子花粉化石,以华夏植物群孢子花粉为特征,同时采获大量的植物化石,其时代为晚二叠世早期。根据地层中孢子花粉的演化规律,可建立Vetreisporitessignatus-Limitisporitesrectus孢子花粉组合带。丰富了古生物学的研究内容,为研究该区晚二叠世的沉积环境、古生态、生物古地理分区和地质演化历史提供了基础资料。结合区域资料分析,认为植物组合由冈瓦纳植物群与华夏植物群混生到典型华夏植物群是逐渐演化的。     

内蒙古准格尔旗晚石炭世一早二叠世早期腕足类物种多样性与沉积环境

以定性与定量相结合的研究方法,对内蒙古准格尔旗晚石炭世—早二叠世早期的腕足类物种多样性、沉积环境进行了综合研究,指出本区海进序列的腕足类物种多样性远高于海退序列;规模较大、具有一定水深的海进序列是腕足类辐射、分异、物种多样性升高的重要环境体系;本区腕足类辐射起步于晚石炭世早期之初,物种多样性出现了3次峰值(晚石炭世早期之中期、晚石炭世早期之晚期、晚石炭世晚期之中期),其中晚石炭世早期之晚期是本区腕足类物种多样性的顶峰期。     

赣东北晚二叠和晚三叠煤的微量元素对比研究

通过对赣东北晚二叠世和晚三叠世煤的微量元素对比研究，阐述了这两种类型煤中常量和微量元素的含量和赋存特征。通过煤质特征，矿物学和元素的组相关性分析，概括了引起这两种类型煤常量和微量元素之间差弄的地质原因。     

华北克拉通晚太古代末-古元古代初的岩浆事件及构造热体制

华北克拉通变质基底中广泛出露岩浆成因的正片麻岩。本文将华北克拉通分为11个变质地区,对其中新太古代末-古元古代初的正片麻岩的产状、岩性、形成时代进行了讨论。通过对这11个变质地区的对比可以看出,华北克拉通新太古代末-古元古代初的正片麻岩具有以下特征:(1)新太古代末-古元古代初的岩浆事件分布广泛,该期岩浆事件所形成的正片麻岩不仅在东部陆块、西部陆块广泛分布,而且在中部造山带也有广泛出露,在各变质地区该期的正片麻岩通常占变质基底总面积的70%以上;(2)该期岩浆事件主要集中在从2540Ma到2490Ma的50Ma期间。目前的年龄数据统计该期间形成的正片麻岩占2600Ma到2450Ma所形成的正片麻岩的75%;(3)该阶段形成的钠质片麻岩和钾质片麻岩在形成时间上几乎一致,在各变质地区不同成分的正片麻岩不具分带性。但钾质花岗岩在辽宁鞍山、辽西绥中、冀东秦皇岛和鲁西傲徕山分布相对集中;(4)该期岩浆事件与变质事件几乎同时发生,变质事件通常较岩浆事件晚10～15Ma,在有些地区几乎同时,表明岩浆事件和变质事件是同一构造热事件的产物;(5)该期岩浆事件所产生片麻岩的εHf(t)值绝大多数为正值,表明它们是有地幔物质加入的新生地壳再造的产物。综合以上特征,我们认为在华北克拉通新太古代末-古元古代初广泛的岩浆事件是地幔柱底侵导致的,该期广泛的岩浆事件造就了华北克拉通的基本形态。     

中国晚始新世—早渐新世地层孢粉组合及其古气候特征

始新世—渐新世是从65Ma恐龙绝灭以来新生代地球历史上最重要的事件, 此时地球从“暖室”过渡到“冰室”, 全球气候突变, 南极冰首次出现, 气候突变引起生物的大绝灭, 而我国的孢粉组合也有明显的变化特征.根据我国各个区始新世晚期—渐新世早期地层中孢粉组合的演化规律来探讨当时我国的古气候变化规律, 研究认为中国从始新世晚期到渐新世早期总体上亚热带、热带植物成分丰度和分异度都降低, 温带植物如桦科和榆科花粉大增, 耐寒山地针叶植物大量发育, 干旱类型植物增加, 草本植物开始繁盛.这些反映了从始新世晚期到渐新世早期植被组成由热带亚热带常绿阔叶树为主的针阔叶林转变为落叶树为主的针阔混交林, 说明晚始新世气候温暖湿润过渡到早渐新世气候变干变冷.孢粉植物群所反映的我国气候变化趋势与全球气候变化趋势一致, 说明我国的陆地也受全球构造的演变和南极大陆冰盖的影响.      

Late Devensian environments in the Vale of Mowbray, North Yorkshire, UK: evidence from palynology

Two radiocarbon-dated Lateglacial pollen diagrams from the Vale of Mowbray (northern Vale of York) are presented from sites in the lowlands between the washlands courses of the rivers Swale and Ure in North Yorkshire, an area with little previous palynological research despite its proximity to the Devensian glacial advance limits in eastern England. The profiles, from Snape Mires and Nosterfield, include the Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas) and the Holocene transition, while that from Snape Mires also includes the period from the early part of the Lateglacial Interstadial. This profile differs from most published Interstadial diagrams from the Yorkshire region in having a long-delayed expansion of tree and shrub taxa. Juniperus (juniper) remains important after vegetation development takes place and the pollen record includes evidence of two cold climate oscillations before the maximum development of Betula (birch) woodland near the end of the Lateglacial Interstadial. At both profiles Artemisia (mugwort) frequencies are lower during the Loch Lomond Stadial than at many regional sites, probably due to edaphic factors in these lowland locations. The two sites provide valuable environmental data that enable comparison between the more wooded Lateglacial vegetation to the south in the Vale of York and Humberside and the more open contemporaneous vegetation to the north in the Durham and Northumberland lowlands.     

中国东北地区晚二叠世岩相古地理特征

在6条野外实测剖面和38条收集剖面的基础上, 通过剖面的岩石组合特征及样品的元素地球化学分析, 对中国东北地区晚二叠世的沉积环境和古地理特征进行了研究。结果显示, 东北地区上二叠统样品常量元素具有高Si、Al, 低P、Mn、Ca的特点;微量元素具有高V、Rb、Zr、Ba, 低Be、Mo、Cd、Ta和U的特点;稀土元素表现为轻、重稀土分异显著, 轻稀土相对富集, Eu负异常的特征。沉积环境主体为陆相淡水还原环境;存在北部、东部和西部3个物源, 其中北部和东部为主要物源方向;发育三角洲相、扇三角洲相和湖泊相沉积。此外, 林西组底部样品在常量、微量及稀土元素的异常和杨家沟组底部大量碳酸盐岩砾石的出现, 说明晚二叠世初期局部有海侵发生。中国东北地区晚二叠世沉积初期为海陆交互环境, 主体为陆相湖泊沉积环境。     

华南地区晚二叠世煤的稀土元素特征

在华南地区贵州六盘水、江西乐平和湖北黄石矿区以及重庆钟梁山和磨心坡煤矿晚二叠世煤的稀土元素电感耦合等离子质谱分析数据的基础上,系统研究了华南地区煤的稀土元素的质量分数分布特征、赋存特征、配分模式及其地质控制因素.煤的稀土元素质量分数与灰分质量分数呈正相关关系,部分煤样品由于有富稀土元素的重矿物组合的存在而出现稀土元素的异常高值.同一矿区晚二叠世煤的稀土元素配分模式具有一定的相似性,而不同地区晚二叠世煤的稀土元素配分模式则差异较大.煤的沉积环境、煤中无机矿物的组成以及海水的影响是控制煤的稀土元素质量分数及其配分模式的主要地质因素.     

Palaeoenvironmental significance of Late Permian palaeosols in the South‐Eastern Iberian Ranges,Spain

The Late Permian (Wuchiapingian) Alcotas Formation in the SE Iberian Ranges consists of one red alluvial succession where abundant soil profiles developed. Detailed petrographical and sedimentological studies in seven sections of the Alcotas Formation allow six different types of palaeosols, with distinctive characteristics and different palaeogeographical distribution, to be distinguished throughout the South‐eastern Iberian Basin. These characteristics are, in turn, related to topographic, climatic and tectonic controls. The vertical distribution of the palaeosols is used to differentiate the formation in three parts from bottom to top showing both drastic and gradual vertical upwards palaeoenvironmental changes in the sections. Reconstruction of palaeoenvironmental conditions based on palaeosols provides evidence for understanding the events that occurred during the Late Permian, some few millions of years before the well‐known Permian‐Triassic global crisis.