A carbon and oxygen stable isotopic study of the siderite alteration in the Black Ridge gold deposit,Clermont, central Queensland

Gold mineralisation in the Black Ridge gold deposit, Clermont, central Queensland is associated with extensive siderite alteration and is most concentrated along a locally sheared unconformity between the Proterozoic? Anakie Metamorphics and the overlying basal conglomerates of the Permian Blair Athol Coal Measures. The carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of 49 siderite specimens from all rock units show a systematic variation spatially related to the unconformity. The δ ¹³C values of siderite decrease with depth from about 0 to ?19‰, while the siderite δ ¹⁸O values of siderite from the overlying conglomerates are lighter (average 20.5‰) than those from the underlying Anakie Metamorphics (average 23.5‰); both isotopes show the largest variations in the samples from the unconformity itself. The data are best interpreted as the result of the mixing of two isotopically and thermally distinct fluids. The upper, cooler fluid has a marine signature and was derived from the pore water of the conglomerate. The lower, geothermal fluid, which carried most of the gold, was not locally derived, but was probably modified in the upper part of the Anakie Metamorphics as a consequence f geothermal gradients imposed by instrusive rocks common throughout the Clermont area. Mixing of the two fluids along the unconformity led to gold solubility in the geothermal fluid dropping more than four orders of magnitude causing gold mineralisation there.     

Deciphering biodegradation effects on light hydrocarbons in crude oils using their stable carbon isotopic composition: A case study from the Gullfaks oil field, offshore Norway

Compound-specific isotope analysis has become an important tool in environmental studies and is an especially powerful way to evaluate biodegradation of hydrocarbons. Here, carbon isotope ratios of light hydrocarbons were used to characterise in-reservoir biodegradation in the Gullfaks oil field, offshore Norway. Increasing biodegradation, as characterised, for example, by increasing concentration ratios of Pr/n-C₁₇ and Ph/n-C₁₈, and decreasing concentrations of individual light hydrocarbons were correlated to ¹³C-enrichment of the light hydrocarbons. The δ¹³C values of C₄ to C₉n-alkanes increase by 7-3‰ within the six oil samples from the Brent Group of the Gullfaks oil field, slight changes (1-3‰) being observed for several branched alkanes and benzene, whereas no change (<1‰) in δ¹³C occurs for cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and toluene. Application of the Rayleigh equation demonstrated high to fair correlation of concentration and isotope data of i- and n-pentane, n-hexane, and n-heptane, documenting that biodegradation in reservoirs can be described by the Rayleigh model. Using the appropriate isotope fractionation factor of n-hexane, derived from laboratory experiments, quantification of the loss of this petroleum constituent due to biodegradation is possible. Toluene, which is known to be highly susceptible to biodegradation, is not degraded within the Gullfaks oil field, implying that the local microbial community exhibits rather pronounced substrate specificities. The evaluation of combined molecular and isotopic data expands our understanding of the anaerobic degradation processes within this oil field and provides insight into the degradative capabilities of the microorganisms. Additionally, isotope analysis of unbiodegraded to slightly biodegraded crude oils from several oil fields surrounding Gullfaks illustrates the heterogeneity in isotopic composition of the light hydrocarbons due to source effects. This indicates that both source and also maturity effects have to be well constrained when using compound-specific isotope analysis for the assessment of biodegradation.     

Identifying low-temperature hydrothermal karst and palaeowaters using stable isotopes: a case study from an alpine cave,Entrische Kirche,Austria

The area south of the prominent east–west trending Salzach Valley at the northern rim of the Central Alps of Austria has long been known to host anomalously warm springs emerging from a highly deformed calcite marble (Klammkalk). This unit also hosts cavities whose shapes suggest a hydrothermal karst origin and which are lined by calcite spar. We report here petrographic and isotopic evidence suggesting that dissolution by ascending low-temperature thermal waters also played an important role in the origin of a large cave in this region, Entrische Kirche. A paleo cave wall, preserved behind a thick flowstone in the interior of this cave, revealed a brownish bleaching zone which contrasts to the medium grey colour of the unaltered marble beneath. Across this zone the C and O isotope values gradually decrease by 3 and 11‰, respectively. These compositions are very different from those of the speleothem above but are similar to phreatic calcite spar from hydrothermal karst cavities in other outcrops in the area, where the absence of two-phase fluid inclusions suggests a low-temperature (less than ca. 50°C) hydrothermal origin. U/Th dating of the flowstone capping the alteration zone yielded a minimum age of the thermal water invasion in Entrische Kirche of ca. 240 kyr. There is no evidence in Entrische Kirche that these palaeowaters reached the point of calcite precipitation, but it is physically conceivable that higher and as yet unexplored parts of this deep (ca. 900 m) cave contain cavities lined by phreatic cave spar.     

岩溶缝洞充填物碳氧同位素特征及环境意义——以塔河油田奥陶系鹰山组为例

塔河油田奥陶系鹰山组岩溶缝洞是该地区主要的碳酸盐岩储层,弄清岩溶缝洞充填物特征有利于寻找最优储集体,对该区石油地质研究具有重要意义。通过对塔河油田31口钻井岩心观察、描述和充填物类型统计,选取7口典型钻井奥陶系鹰山组岩溶缝洞充填物取样,并对充填物样品δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O进行测试分析。结果表明：（1）充填物碳氧同位素变化范围较大,δ¹³C为0.75‰~−10.14‰,δ¹⁸O为−5.94‰~−14.14‰。（2）奥陶系鹰山组岩溶缝洞充填物存在4中不同类型的形成环境：同生期或早期成岩岩溶环境、风化壳岩溶环境、埋藏岩溶环境、较晚期岩溶环境。该研究成果对古岩溶型油气储层研究及油气勘探具有重要意义。     

Assessment of environmental hazards at abandoned mining sites: A case study in Sardinia,Italy

In the last two centuries, several Pb–Zn mines were active in the Rio Mannu basin near Narcao (SW Sardinia, Italy), but are now abandoned. These abandoned mines pose a serious risk to the population and required an assessment of the hazard sources and the contaminant pathways in the area. The characterization plan of the Rio Mannu basin was carried out according to Italian protocols. Specifically, samples of soil, stream sediment, fine-grained ore-processing waste (from washery and flotation processes), surface water and groundwater have been analyzed in order to assess the levels of contamination in each mine area and the risks in the plains surrounding the site. Several potential chemical contaminants were considered both in solid materials and water samples. The Rosas mine was recognized as the most contaminated area in the basin, due to the presence of a large tailing pond, some fine-grained waste piles and two mine adits with concentrations of the toxic elements As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn exceeding Italian regulatory standards. The dispersion of contaminants occurs downstream from the small stream draining the area. In case of heavy rain the runoff into the streamlet transports the contaminated material far into the plain. The results of this study show that the characterization plan is a relatively cheap tool for establishing mitigation actions, prior to the realization of a complete, and usually expensive, remediation project at abandoned mine sites. Urgent recommended actions in the Rio Mannu basin include the treatment of the adit water prior to its discharge into the Rio Barisonis; the construction of drainage barriers on waste piles to reduce runoff and solid transport into the Rio Barisonis; the consolidation of the earthen dam containing the tailing pond of Rosas to avoid the deepening of erosion furrows that may threaten its stability.     

咸化湖盆白云岩碳氧同位素特征及古环境意义:以柴西地区始新统下干柴沟组为例

近年来,柴西地区始新统致密碳酸盐岩中的油气勘探获得了重要进展,其中白云岩为最优质的储集岩。系统的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学特征研究表明,该套白云岩主要为泥晶结构,白云石晶间孔广泛发育,孔径多小于1μm。泥晶白云岩的δ13CPDB值变化范围为-4.5‰~0.2‰,平均值为-2.4‰,相对于典型湖相碳酸盐岩偏负,反映了周缘辫状三角洲供给富含轻碳的地表水在一定程度上改变了白云岩的碳同位素组成,且湖水中的溶解碳部分来源于有机质氧化解体产生的CO2,通过改变湖水中溶解碳的碳同位素组成从而间接影响了湖相白云岩的碳同位素组成。泥晶白云岩的δ18OPDB值变化范围为-6.1‰~0.4‰,平均值为-2.6‰,相对于典型湖相碳酸盐岩偏正,明显受咸化湖沉积环境影响。碳氧同位素相关关系投点图及其计算出的盐度、温度数据反映了泥晶白云岩是在准同生阶段、半开放-半封闭的咸化环境下、于水/沉积物界面附近由方解石交代而成的低温白云岩,这类准同生交代成因白云岩在区域上分布较广,且孔径极小的白云石晶间孔抗压实能力强,这一重要发现无论是平面展布上还是纵向深度上均开拓了柴达木盆地致密油勘探的新领域。     

Importance of hydrogeological conditions during formation of the karstic bauxite deposits,Central Guizhou Province,Southwest China: A case study at Lindai deposit

Karstic bauxite deposits are widespread in Central Guizhou Province, SW China, and high-grade ores are frequently sandwiched with overlying coal and underlying iron-rich layers and form a special “coal–bauxite–iron” structure. The Lindai deposit, which is one of the most representative karstic bauxite deposits in Central Guizhou Province, was selected as a case study. Based on textural features and iron abundances, bauxite ores in the Lindai deposit are divided into three types of ores, i.e., clastic, compact, and high-iron. The bauxite ores primarily comprise diaspore, boehmite, kaolinite, illite, and hematite with minor quartz, smectite, pyrite, zircon, rutile, anatase, and feldspar. The Al₂O₃ (53–76.8 wt.%) is the main chemical contents of the bauxite ore samples in the Lindai district, followed by SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, CaO, MgO, S, and P etc. Our geological data on the Lindai deposit indicated that the ore-bearing rock series and its underlying stratum have similar rare earth elements distribution pattern and similar Y/Ho, Zr/Hf, and Eu/Eu¹ values; additionally, all ore-bearing rock samples are rich in MgO (range from 0.16 wt.% to 0.68 wt.%), and the plots of the dolomites and laterites lie almost on or close to the weathering line fit by the Al-bearing rocks in Zr vs. Hf and Nb vs. Ta diagrams; suggesting that the underlying Middle Cambrian Shilengshui Formation dolomite is the parent rock of bauxite resources in the Lindai district.Simulated weathering experiments on the modern laterite from the Shilengshui Formation dolomite in the Lindai bauxite deposit show that hydrogeological conditions are important for karstic bauxite formation: Si is most likely to migrate, its migration rate is several magnitudes higher than those of Al and Fe under natural conditions; the reducing inorganic acid condition is the most conducive to Al enrichment and Si removal; Fe does not migrate easily in groundwater, Al enrichment and Fe removal can occur only in acidic and reducing conditions with the presence of organic matter.The geological and experimental studies show that “coal–bauxite–iron” structure in Lindai deposit is formed under certain hydrogeological conditions, i.e., since lateritic bauxite or Al-rich laterite deposited upon the semi-closed karst depressions, Si can be continuously removed out under neutral/acidic groundwater conditions; the coal/carbonaceous rock overlying the bauxitic materials were easily oxidized to produce acidic (H₂S, H₂SO₄, etc.) and reductant groundwater with organic materials that percolated downward, resulting in enrichment of Al in underlying bauxite; it also reduced Fe³⁺ to its easily migrating form Fe²⁺, moving downward to near the basal carbonate culminated in precipitating of ferruginous (FeS₂, FeCO₃, etc.) strata of the “coal–bauxite–iron” structure. Thus, the bauxitic materials experienced Al enrichment and Si and Fe removal under above certain hydrogeological conditions forming the high-quality bauxite.     

旅游洞穴空气环境时空变化特征及其影响因素——以贵州省绥阳大风洞为例

为探究绥阳大风洞空气环境时空变化的规律及其成因,沿洞道布设10个监测点,并对各点在垂直剖面上（洞道上、中、下部)的温度、湿度和CO2浓度进行为期11个月的监测,结果表明：(1)大风洞空气环境要素（CO2、温度、相对湿度）均呈现出明显的季节变化,大体上CO2、温度和湿度表现为冬季低,夏季高的特点。(2)春、夏、秋季洞内外空气交换较弱,由洞口至洞内深处CO2浓度、湿度逐渐增加,温度逐渐减小,且越往洞内深处,空气交换减弱,各参数变化越稳定;冬季洞内外空气交换作用强,由洞口至洞穴深部,温度变化曲线表现为并无突变点,且洞穴CO2、湿度的垂直变化加大。(3)垂直变化上,春、夏、秋季洞穴CO2浓度、相对湿度差异大,洞底部CO2浓度和相对湿度大多高于洞顶部,但越往洞穴深入,3个环境参数的垂直差异均减小。     

Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of car- bonate cements of different phases in terrigenous siliciclastic reservoirs and significance for their origin： A case study from sandstones of the Triassic Yanchang Formation, southwestern Ordos Basin, China

Early carbonate cements in the Yanchang Formation sandstones are composed mainly of calcite with relatively heavier carbon isotope （their δ^18O values range from -0.3‰- -0.1‰） and lighter oxygen isotope （their δ^18O values range from -22.1‰- -19.5‰）. Generally, they are closely related to the direct precipitation of oversaturated calcium carbonate from alkaline lake water. This kind of cementation plays an important role in enhancing the anti-compaction ability of sandstones, preserving intragranular volume and providing the mass basis for later disso- lution caused by acidic fluid flow to produce secondary porosity. Ferriferous calcites are characterized by relatively light carbon isotope with δ^13C values ranging from -8.02‰ to -3.23‰, and lighter oxygen isotope with δ^18O values ranging from -22.9‰ to -19.7‰, which is obviously related to the decarboxylation of organic matter during the late period of early diagenesis to the early period of late diagenesis. As the mid-late diagenetic products, ferriferous cal- cites in the study area are considered as the characteristic authigenic minerals for indicating large-scaled hydrocarbon influx and migration within the clastic reservoir. The late ankerite is relatively heavy in carbon isotope with δ^13C values ranging from -1.92‰ to -0.84‰, and shows a wide range of variations in oxygen isotopic composition, with δ^18O values ranging from -20.5‰ to -12.6‰. They are believed to have nothing to do with decarboxylation, but the previously formed marine carbonate rock fragments may serve as the chief carbon source for their precipitation, and the alkaline diagenetic environment at the mid-late stage would promote this process.     

鲕粒粒度特征及其指示意义

沉积物的粒度资料是确定沉积环境的重要依据,一直以来多应用在碎屑岩方面,较少用于碳酸盐岩的分析。以北京西山寒武系张夏组鲕粒石灰岩为研究对象,在野外实测、室内薄片粒度统计的基础上,通过分析鲕粒粒度参数、粒度频率曲线及概率累积曲线特征,明确了鲕粒粒度在分析鲕粒灰岩沉积环境上的重要作用,并建立了下苇甸鲕粒粒度特征与鲕粒滩在空间上的耦合关系。研究结果表明:鲕粒粒径大小、分选系数、峰度及概率累积曲线组分截点可以很好地反映鲕粒沉积水动力环境;一般情况下,水动力环境较稳定的间歇高能滩沉积的灰泥鲕粒石灰岩鲕粒粒径较小,分选好,峰度尖锐,频率曲线主要为单峰态,鲕粒以悬浮搬运为主;水动力较为动荡的高能滩沉积的亮晶鲕粒石灰岩鲕粒粒径较大,分选较差,峰度多为平坦、中等,频率曲线主要为多峰态,概率累积曲线多为一跳一悬两段式;鲕粒的粒径与鲕粒圈层类型密切相关,粒径较大的鲕粒多以同心鲕、同心放射鲕为主,粒径较小的鲕粒多为放射鲕。研究结果为分析颗粒石灰岩的沉积环境提供了理论和依据。     

Hysteresis effects in geological CO2 sequestration processes: A case study on Aneth demonstration site,Utah, USA

Realistic models for saturation, capillary pressure and relative permeability s-pc-kr relations are essential for accurate predictions in multiphase flow simulations. The primary object of this work is to investigate their influence on geological CO2 sequestration processes. In this work, the hysteresis effects on simulation results predicting geological CO2 storage are investigated on a synthetic 2D model and a geological setting built according to Aneth demonstration site. Simulation results showed that hysteretic relative permeability model should be included while the residual trapping mechanism is under investigation. The effects of hysteresis and WAG schemes were studied with a series of numerical simulations on a geological setting based on Aneth site. Our simulations demonstrate that the hysteresis effect is strong on residual trapping mechanisms and there is no significant effects of alternative WAG schemes for long term residual trapping in our conceptual model. The effects of WAG schemes and hysteresis are weak on dissolution trapping mechanisms.     

The uppermost Middle and Upper Albian succession at the Col de Palluel, Hautes-Alpes, France: An integrated study (ammonites, inoceramid bivalves, planktonic foraminifera, nannofossils, geochemistry, stable oxygen and carbon isotopes, cyclostratigraphy)

An integrated study of the ammonites, inoceramid bivalves, planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, geochemistry, stable carbon isotopes, and cyclostratigraphy is provided for the upper Middle to upper Upper Albian sucession exposed in the Col de Palluel section east of Rosans in Hautes-Alpes, France. The Albian-Cenomanian boundary interval described by Gale et al. at Mont Risou is re-examined, a total thickness of 370 m of the Marnes Bleues Formation. Zonal schemes based on ammonites, inoceramid bivalves, planktonic foraminifera, and calcareous nannofossils are integrated with the stable carbon isotope curve and key lithostratigraphic markers to provide a sequence of more than 70 events in the uppermost Middle Albian to basal Cenomanian interval. Time series analysis of the Al₂O₃ content of the 500 m Albian sequence present in the Col de Palluel and Risou sections reveals the presence of the 20 kyr precession, 40 kyr tilt, 100 kyr short eccentricity, and 406 kyr long eccentricity cycles. Correlation using planktonic foraminiferan and nannofossil data provide a link between the Col de Palluel and Risou sections and the Italian sequence at Gubbio, and in the Piobbico core. This provides a basis for the extension of the orbital time scale of Grippo et al. to the sequence. It reveals a major break in the Col de Palluel succession at the top of the distinctive marker bed known as the Petite Vérole that may represent as much as 2 Ma. It also provides a basis for the estimation of the length of the Albian Stage at 4.12 Ma, 0.8 Ma for the early Albian, 2.84 Ma for the Middle Albian, and 3.68 Ma for the late Albian substages.     

微生物碳酸盐岩沉积特征研究——以四川盆地高磨地区灯影组为例

四川盆地震旦系灯影组属于新元古界最后一套地层,也是四川盆地第一套沉积岩盖层。岩性以质纯色浅的白云岩为主,并且经历了多期复杂的成岩作用,因此其沉积环境始终是研究的难点和争议的焦点。本文以盆地周缘的野外剖面、钻井岩心、测井资料及分析化验等资料为基础,以岩石学、沉积学和石油地质学等理论为指导,并结合现代叠层石沉积特征,对灯影组岩石学特征、沉积环境进行了综合分析。研究表明:1灯影组的岩石类型可分为3个亚类和12个微类,其中贫藻段主要由晶粒云岩、凝块状云岩、粒屑云岩等组成,通常发育于一个完整沉积旋回的早—中期;富藻段主要由层纹状云岩、叠层状云岩、泡沫状云岩组成,通常形成于一个沉积旋回中—晚期;2四川盆地灯影组沉积相主要为浅水局限台地相,可细分为藻丘、颗粒滩、台坪、潟湖4个亚相。研究区以藻丘亚相为主,藻丘可进一步细分为丘基、丘核、丘盖3个微相;3优质储层受相控特征明显,台内颗粒滩相和藻丘相储集物性最好,尤其是两者叠合形成的"丘滩复合体"。总之,四川盆地震旦系灯影组的天然气勘探将围绕着微生物岩展开。     

Site formation processes in loess areas: A case study from moravany-žakovska,western slovakia

The site of Moravany-Žakovska in western Slovakia is situated in a loessic terrain and is dated to the end of the Late Glacial Maximum. This article shows the importance of analyzing the 0.01-0.1 mm fraction to interpret the sedimentological environment and a number of measured anthropogenic indices, such as burnt quartz grains, charcoal, radiolarite chips, microflakes, and microfragments of bone. Analysis of the profile of the site through time reveals the relationship between occupational levels and phases of slope wash that occurred during wetter climatic episodes; these are separated by phases of aeolian sedimentation. At the same time, analysis of anthropogenic indices in this size fraction permitted the identification of occupational levels, including those not recorded by macrofinds. Analysis of anthropogenic indices in horizontal exposures enabled the identification of latent settlement structures such as hearths, areas of radiolarite processing, zones where mineral dyes were prepared, and other structures not recorded by macrofinds.     

咸化湖盆细粒重力流沉积特征及其页岩油勘探意义——以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组为例

细粒重力流沉积作用是咸水深湖环境重要的沉积作用过程之一,它能把浅水细粒碎屑和有机质搬运到深湖,形成页岩油的甜点储层和优质源岩。开展咸化湖盆细粒重力流沉积特征的研究对陆相盆地页岩油评价具有重要的意义。准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组(P₁f)沉积时期发育了一套咸水湖泊环境下的湖底扇沉积体系,研究表明该体系扇缘可发育8类细粒重力流岩相组合：(1)细粒浓缩密度流-细粒过渡流-细粒碎屑流岩相组合;(2)细粒异重流岩相组合;(3)细粒浓缩密度流-细粒碎屑流岩相组合;(4)细粒浓缩密度流-泥流-安静水体空落岩相组合;(5)细粒过渡流-细粒碎屑流岩相组合;(6)细粒碎屑流-泥流岩相组合;(7)细粒碎屑流-湍流尾流岩相组合;(8)细粒下部过渡塞流-细粒上部过渡塞流-准层状泥(塞)流岩相组合。这8种岩相组合是细粒重力流沉积作用相互转化的结果,它们属于不完整的混合事件层,可构成一个完整的混合事件层。咸化湖盆、深层热卤水和凝灰质的加入使该湖底扇沉积体系的沉积物普遍含白云石、碳酸钠钙石、苏打石和硅硼钠石等矿物。其中,白云石为化学沉淀的方解石在准同生期和浅埋期形成的准同生白云石,碳酸钠钙石、苏打石...     

桂北中奥陶统升坪组页岩气储层特征：以溪水源剖面为例

为综合评价桂北地区中奥陶统升坪组页岩气储层特征,利用偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、碳硫分析仪、X射线衍射仪、稳定同位素质谱仪、孔渗分析仪和有机质成熟度分析等检测方法,对广西全州县文桥镇栗水村溪水源剖面黑色页岩的有机质丰度、无机矿物组成、储集空间及物性特征等进行了探讨分析。结果表明：升坪组碳质页岩累计厚度约81 m,以Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根为主,TOC值介于0.63%~3.04%之间,平均为2.04%;Ro值为3.52%~3.68%,平均为3.60%;页岩矿物成分主要有石英、长石、黄铁矿、硬石膏、白云石和方解石,脆性指数介于52.70~89.00之间,平均为73.31;黏土矿物以伊利石为主,伊/蒙混层次之,不含蒙脱石,指示了明显的蒙脱石向伊利石转换过程;孔隙类型主要为有机质铸模孔、粒间孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔和微裂缝,孔隙度为1.0%~6.8%之间,平均为3.12%;渗透率介于0.001 3×10^-3 μm²~0.042 5×10^-3 μm²之间,平均为0.019 0×10^-3 μm²。通过与四川盆地和北美页岩气储层特征的对比分析,指出桂北地区中奥陶统升坪组中段页岩气勘探潜力较大。

     

滑塌型深水重力流沉积特征及沉积模式:以渤海湾盆地临南洼陷古近系沙三中亚段为例*

综合运用钻井岩心、测录井等资料,通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定和粒度分析等方法,对渤海湾盆地临南洼陷古近系沙三中亚段深水重力流沉积类型及其沉积特征、沉积模式展开研究。研究表明,临南洼陷沙三中亚段深水重力流沉积主要发育滑塌沉积、碎屑流沉积和浊流沉积3种成因类型。滑塌沉积以包卷层理、液化砂岩脉、阶梯状小断层、变形岩层与未变形岩层叠置为典型特征。碎屑流沉积中砂质碎屑流沉积分布较广,以突变的底部接触面、块状层理、泥岩撕裂屑、土黄色泥砾、突变或不规则的上接触面为典型识别标志。浊流沉积则以正粒序层理、底部冲刷面和槽模、薄层砂泥互层、不完整的鲍马序列为典型识别标志。滑塌沉积主要发育在三角洲前缘斜坡根部,在滑塌沉积前方形成碎屑流沉积,碎屑流向前搬运的过程中,流体被稀释逐渐转化成浊流。滑塌型深水重力流沉积整体分为近源沉积、中部沉积和远源沉积3个部分: 近源沉积主要发育具变形构造的滑塌沉积和厚层块状砂质碎屑流沉积;中部沉积主要发育砂质碎屑流沉积及浊流沉积;远源沉积以薄层浊流沉积为主。     

Quantification and isotopic analysis of nitrogen in rocks at the ppm level using sealed tube combustion technique: A prelude to the study of altered oceanic crust

The present paper reports recent improvements in sealed tube combustion technique used for the determination of N isotopic composition in various rocks characterized by low N contents (i.e. few ppm). Nitrogen is extracted from samples by combustion in quartz tubes sealed under vacuum. The nitrogen gas purified using Cu, CuO and CaO, is quantified as dinitrogen N₂ by capacitance manometry in ultra-high vacuum line. Nitrogen isotopic analysis is performed on a triple-collector static vacuum mass spectrometer, allowing measurement of nanomole quantity of N₂. Nitrogen amount and isotopic composition of the analytical blanks are low and describe Gaussian distribution with mean values of 0.65 ± 0.30 nmol N and − 3.7‰ ± 2.7‰, respectively (2σ). Systematic analyses of international and internal standards demonstrate that this technique provides accurate and precise results. The precision on N content and isotopic composition are better than ± 8% and ± 0.5‰ respectively, even for samples containing less than 2 ppm N. The sealed tube combustion technique is shown to apply successfully to rocks of various lithologies such as metagabbros, metaperidotites and altered basalts. It is thus suitable for studying oceanic crust in a perspective to better constrain N exchanges between Earth mantle and surface reservoirs. The investigation can also be extended to analysis of small size samples, particularly when little sample exists and when high spatial resolution is required.