The August–December 2000 earthquake swarm in NW Bohemia: the first results based on automatic processing of seismograms

Main features of the August–December 2000 earthquake swarm which occurred in the major focal area of the North-West Bohemia / Vogtland swarm region are presented. Seismograms from four stations of WEBNET were automatically processed to get arrival times, first motion amplitudes and hypocentre coordinates of a representative set of events. Altogether 7017 microearthquakes in the magnitude range of M_L=0–3.3 were identified. It is shown the decay of activity of individual swarm phases followed the modified Omori law, which points to a partial similarity with aftershock sequences of tectonic earthquakes. The space-time distribution of a subset of 2913 events with low location residuals shows a strong space clustering of the earthquake hypocentres and their pronounced migration between individual swarm phases. Most of the activity took place along an elliptical, nearly vertically dipping, 6 km long N-S oriented fault plane in depths ranging from 10.5 to 6.5 km. The P and T axes were estimated by FOCMEC for the 782 strong events and three groups of earthquakes with similar faulting type were distinguished. In contrast to the normal and strike-slip faulting events that created the prevailing portion of the swarm and were distributed uniformly within the focal area, the reverse events were clustered in time and space.     

台南盆地的地震构造ht

由于发生1906,1941,1946,1994和1999年的破坏性地震，对台南盆地的地震构造有了更全面的了解，并对台湾西南部的活动右旋走滑的义竹断裂有了新的看法. 曾熟知的梅山断裂和新化断裂不是独立的地震断裂，它们均属于义竹断裂的分段. 1994年9月16日，震中在台湾海峡、台南盆地边缘的地震，断层面接近东西向.此地震为台南盆地沉降历史过程中，右旋走滑断裂的活动剪裂所导致. 从1941年和1999年地震的主震和微震记录中发现，这些菱形分布的地震图像，象征走滑断裂双轨构造中的压缩区. 基于上述研究及其它资料表明义竹断裂是台湾西南部重要的构造活动带，并具有引发地震的可能性.      

Seismotectonic model of the Tainan basin, southwestern Taiwan

Introduction In the 20th century, there are 5 destructive earthquakes and their associated earthquake faults happened in the Tainan basin. They are the 1906 Chiayi earthquake and Meishan fault (Omori, 1907), the 1941 Chungpu earthquake and Ichu fault (LIN, et al, 1998), the 1946 Tainan earthquake and Hsinhua fault (ZHANG, et al, 1947), the 1994 Taiwan Strait earthquake and transtenssion zone of Ichu fault (KAO, WU, 1996), the 1999 Chiayi earthquake and the contractional strike-slip d…     

Significant release of shear energy of the North Korean nuclear test on February 12, 2013

On February 12, 2013 the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) carried out an announced nuclear test, which was the third after tests conducted in 2006 and 2009. An important task in discriminating a man-made explosion and a natural tectonic earthquake is the analysis of seismic waveforms. To determine the isotropic and non-isotropic characteristics of the detonation source, I invert long-period seismic data for the full seismic moment tensor to match the observed seismic signals by synthetic waveforms based on a 3D Earth model. Here, I show that the inversion of long-period seismic data of the 2013 test reveals a clear explosive (isotropic) component combined with a significant release of shear energy by the double-couple part of the moment tensor. While the isotropic part of the nuclear test in 2009 was similar to that in 2013, the double-couple part was lower by a factor of 0.55 compared to the explosion in 2013. Moreover, the ratio of the isotropic seismic moments of the 2013 and 2009 nuclear tests is 1.4?±?0.1 and lower than published estimations of the yield ratio, which indicates the importance of considering the release of shear energy. The determined orientation of the double-couple fault plane is parallel to the dominating geologic fault structures NNE-SSW to NE-SW, but the calculated normal faulting mechanism does not correspond to the general tectonic strike-slip regime. Thus, explanations for the enhanced release of shear energy might be induced dip-slip motion pre-stressed by the previous test or near source damaging effects due to a changed containment of the nuclear explosion.     

Moment Tensor Solutions and Triggering Environment for Earthquakes in Koyna-Warna Water Reservoirs Region,India

We consider nine earthquakes in the Koyna-Warna reservoir region on the western side of the Peninsular India. The deviatoric moment tensors of these earthquakes have been evaluated by minimizing the least-squares misfit between observed and synthetic seismograms. We use broadband seismograms of observatories at KARD and PUNE which are at distances of nearly 50 and 150 km, respectively, from the epicenters. Both surface wave inversion and the difference between the arrival times of SH and SV show the presence of an anisotropic crust. However, we have obtained an equivalent isotropic structure by improving the published crustal structures of this area through inversion of surface wave group velocity data. The deviatoric moment tensors of the earthquakes are decomposed into two components: double-couple and compensated linear vector dipoles (CLVD). The double-couple components of all the nine earthquakes show normal faulting with minor strike slip; the T axis is consistently subhorizontal with an average azimuth of 260.6° and the P axis is nearly vertical. The fault planes of six events give average strike direction and dip, respectively as 194.0° and 51.8° and are associated with the main fault of the area. The other three events lie in the southern part of this area and have strike direction between SSE and SE which is parallel to the tectonic features in this part. The CLVD component is generally within 20 percent of the total moment tensor. Recent studies show that anisotropy can produce source mechanism with CLVD up to 30 percent and can also cause high pore fluid pressure leading to fault instability more rapidly compared to conventional mechanism in an isotropic medium. It appears that the anisotropic crust, noted in the present work, is generating the CLVD component and also gives the proper environment to trigger earthquakes by reservoirs through pore fluid pressure.     

2022年新疆皮山5级震群活动的复杂性探讨

2022年3月17日新疆皮山发生M_S 5.2地震,时隔83天,于6月8日再次发生M_S 5.0地震,2次地震相距约9 km。M_S 5.2地震前10天,震区出现小震群活动,三十里营房地震台记录到671次前震活动,序列活动表现出震群型特征。利用CAP方法计算皮山M_S 5.2、M_S 5.0地震的震源机制解,显示2次地震破裂类型差异较大,其中M_S 5.2地震为逆冲型,M_S 5.0地震为正断兼走滑型。根据2022年皮山5级震群序列特征及2次主要地震事件破裂方式的差异,结合震中附近构造特征,探讨此次震群活动的构造复杂性,认为皮山震群发生在天神达坂断裂和康西瓦断裂之间的次级断裂上,推测在NS向构造应力作用下,康西瓦断裂南北两侧的左旋滑移量部分被西昆仑前缘的逆冲断裂系所吸收,由于构造方式的差异及应力分配的不均匀,其EW向运动速率在不同区段存在一定差异,在局部地区形成近EW向的差应力,进而产生一些拉张性质的破裂。     

2002年8月20日长白山天池火山小震震群研究

2002年7～9月，采用15台宽频带流动地震仪在长白山天池火山区进行了近3个月的地震观测，记录到大量发生在天池火山附近的地震和多次小震群。对2002年8月20日的小震群进行了分析，结果表明这些地震发生在长白山天池内的西南部，震源深度距离天池水面一般小于4km深，震群的震中位置呈北西向线性分布。地震记录的频谱分析表明，该震群为典型的火山构造类型地震。在观测中发现HSZ和DZD台的地震记录低频成份丰富，这可能与台站附近的局部介质变化或低速的断层带有关。我们认为震群可能是由火山深部活动诱发的局部断裂活动所引起。     

Characteristic frequencies for earthquake families and their tectonic implications: Evidence from earthquake swarms in the kanto district,Japan

Through the analyses of waveform and spectrum for two swarm sequences in the Kanto District, including the results from 15 earthquake swarsm obtained previously, the mechanism of the faulting process in earthquake swarms is clarified in more detail. Earthquakes occurring in short time intervals consist mainly of events with similar waveforms andS-P times. These are called “earthquake families,” and many families are observed during a swarm sequence (70–80 percent); for example, 15 families were observed in the 1983 Izu Peninsula earthquake swarm. The source spectra of earthquake families share the same corner frequency, even though their low-frequency levels may differ by a factor as great as 1000, and the value of the corner frequency depends on the size of the largest event in the family. Local variations of corner frequencies within a factor of 25 are found among the earthquake swarms in the Kanto District. These observations suggest the existence of a characteristic fault length depending on the swarm area, and its length may be responsible for the size of the largest event in the family. The characteristic fault length is about 100 m for Ashio, about 400 m for the Izu Peninsula and about 2.5 km for areas off the Chiba Prefecture, and the magnitudes of the largest events expected from these fault lengths are about 2.5, 4, and 6, respectively.     

2007年甘肃部分地震的震源参数反演

2007年甘肃测震台网记录到M_L>3.0的地震43次,本文选取了其中17例,利用垂直向PG波初动波形进行了地震矩张量反演,给出了最佳双力偶解,并对一些地震发震背景和发震机理进行了分析讨论.对地震机理研究及未来地震预报提供了参考依据.     

RELOCATION OF THE HUTUBI MS6.2 EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE ON 8 DECEMBER 2016 AND ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE

Based on the digital waveforms of Xinjiang Seismic Network, the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake sequence (M_L ≥ 1.0) was relocated precisely by HypoDD.The best double-couple focal mechanisms of the main shock and aftershocks of M_L ≥ 4.0 were determined by the CAP method. We analyzed the characteristics of spatial distribution, focal mechanisms and the seismogenic structure of earthquake sequence. The results show that the main shock is located at 43.775 9°N, 86.363 4°E; the depth of the initial rupture and centriod is about 15.388km and 17km. The earthquake sequence extends unilaterally along NWW direction with an extension length of about 15km and a depth ranging 5~15km. The characteristics of the depth profiles show that the seismogenic fault plane dips northward and the faulting is dominated by thrusting. The nodal planes parameters of the best double-couple focal mechanisms are:strike 292°, dip 62° and rake 80° for nodal plane I, and strike 132°, dip 30° and rake 108° for nodal plane Ⅱ, indicating that the main shock is of thrust faulting. The dip of nodal planeⅠis consistent with the dip of the depth profile, which is inferred to be the fault plane of seismogenic fault of this earthquake. According to the comprehensive analysis of the relocation results, the focal mechanism and geological structure in the source region, it is preliminarily inferred that the seismogenic structure of the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake may be a backthrust on the deeper concealed thrust slope at the south of Qigu anticline. The earthquake is a "folding" earthquake taking place under the stress field of Tianshan expanding towards the Junggar Basin.     

四川木里小震群活动特征研究

本文通过对四川木里地区地震震源位置的重新确定,反演了较大地震震源机制解,结果显示：①重定位后的小震群震中分布成带状,地震震源深度分布在0—12km范围内;②经过对震群空间分布进行仔细分析,认为其发震构造是小金河断裂西侧的一条NWW向分支断裂;③3次4.0级以上地震震源参数存在明显差异,浅源逆冲事件表现有受垂直方向应力（重力）作用的特征,走滑事件表现出与区域应力构造活动有关。     

Seismotectonic deformation of the volcanic edifice prior to the 1998 lava eruption of Volcán de Colima, México

The andesitic stratovolcano Volcán de Colima is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico. The recent eruption of Volcán de Colima began in November 1998 and was preceded by a 12-month period of seismic activity that included five earthquake swarms. About 600 events with magnitudes from -0.5 to 2.7 were located within a 50-km² area extending northward from the crater of Volcán de Colima to the Pleistocene volcano Nevado de Colima. The majority of hypocenters within this area did not exceed 5 km depth below sea level. We investigated earthquake focal mechanisms and seismotectonic deformations of the volcanic edifice. Focal mechanisms during four earthquake swarms indicated normal faulting associated with extensional processes, which is in agreement with the general stress regime near the volcano revealed by field measurements of fault slips. Earthquakes in the fifth swarm had focal mechanisms associated with inverse faulting, showing a significant change in the stress situation just before the beginning of the eruption. The calculated deformations varied from 1.3᎒^-11 to 2.7᎒^-9. The first swarm of November-December 1997 resulted in a N-S horizontal elongation that was two times greater than the E-W horizontal shortening. The volume was also subject to vertical shortening. The second and third swarms, observed in March and May 1998, showed uniform horizontal N-S and E-W elongations accompanied by a vertical elongation of the volume. In June-July 1998, the situation of November-December 1997 was repeated, with N-S horizontal elongation greater than the E-W horizontal shortening of the volume accompanied by intensive vertical shortening. During the last swarm of October-November 1998, slight E-W elongation of the seismic volume was accompanied by strong N-S shortening and very slight vertical shortening. We assume that the seismic activity prior to the 1998 eruption of Volcán de Colima developed along two intersecting tectonic structures, the N-S-trending Colima rift, and the E-W-trending system of faults associated with Tamazula fault. During the first stage (November 1997-July 1998) the passageway for magma was developed along the Tamazula fault system under horizontal extension without any surface manifestation. In October-November 1998, the seismic events began to cluster along the Colima rift structures under predominantly compressional stresses; this condition culminated with the extrusion of andesitic block lava from the summit crater.     

长江三峡库区秭归杨林桥镇震群成因

对三峡数字地震台网记录的2016年3—6月三峡工程库区秭归库段杨林桥镇小震群进行双差精定位,通过Snoke方法计算该震群中较大地震的震源机制解,并结合野外宏观调查等方法,分析震源参数的时空变化特征。结果表明:杨林桥镇小震群密集分布在2 km×3 km矩形范围内,有较明显的展布方向,但与邻近的仙女山断裂、九畹溪断裂和天阳坪断裂走向不一致;震群距长江干流超过10 km,与三峡水库无水利联系,无相关性;震群展布方向上有岩溶洞分布,且降雨丰富,初步判断成因类型为岩溶塌陷型。     

利用反演方法确定新疆伽师地震的定位

运用一种广义反演方法 ,在任意垂向非均匀介质中 ,根据近震P ,S波到时来确定地震事件空间位置的概率分布 ,应用此方法对新疆伽师地区临时数字地震台网的资料进行了定位处理 ,发现所定位的地震在平面图上呈明显的NNW向和NNE向线性分布 ,其中NNW向趋势略为明显。同时讨论了伽师地震的深部构造背景 ,对伽师地区天然地震的定位结果显示了地震与断裂的密切关联 ,该震群的形成与震源区附近的隐伏断裂有关 ,这可能是塔里木盆地北缘的地壳剧烈变形及现今构造运动所造成的结果 ,这些复杂的构造格局和特殊环境为伽师强震群的孕育和发生提供了条件     

Earthquake swarms and volcanism in New Zealand

The term « swarm » is used to describe a group of related earthquakes, concentrated in space and time, without an obvious principal event. Large shallow earthquakes are often followed by aftershocks, but the pattern in which aftershocks occur differs in detail from that of a swarm. Sequences of New Zealand earthquakes that have been called swarms differ markedly from one another. The most vigorous of them, near Taupo in 1922, appears to have been an ordinary tectonic earthquake accompanied by foreshocks and aftershocks, and by surface faulting. No fault movements accompanied the 1964 swarm in the same area. Other localities that have experienced swarms include Great Barrier Island, Matamata, Kawerau, and Opunake. Swarms are considered by some writers to be characteristic of volcanic regions. Although all New Zealand swarms have occurred in areas of Quaternary volcanism, there are still no observations showing what part, if any, volcanism plays in the generation of earthquake swarms.     

1976年盐源—宁蒗地震序列的破裂特征

使用地震活动图象和震源机制资料的构造分析方法，研究盐源－宁蒗地震序列的破裂特征。结果认为：６．７级地震破裂面是北北东向左旋走滑断层，５．６级６．４级地震破裂面是两条北西西向右旋走滑断层，构成以北北东向断为主干的共轭破裂组合，该序列受弥渡－木里地壳深部活动断裂带控制。     

龙门山断裂带的分段性特征——来自密集震源机制解的约束

龙门山断裂带沿倾向和走向具有明显的分带性和分段性特征,通常以4条主干断裂为界将龙门山断裂带自西向东分为5条构造带,但是对沿走向的分段性特征仍未达成共识.本文利用四川区域地震台网记录的汶川地震后近10年的波形数据,采用全波形反演获取了龙门山断裂带1495个M≥3的震源机制解.通过“滑动窗”扫描方法提取不同地震类型的数量沿龙门山断裂带走向的变化曲线,据此将龙门山断裂带的震源区划分为S1—S9段.根据反演的震源机制解,进一步采用阻尼线性反演技术求取龙门山断裂带高分辨率的构造应力场信息,从地震类型、断面结构和构造应力场等角度探讨龙门山断裂带的分段性特征.结果表明:(1)地震类型存在明显的分段性特征.其中S1的逆冲型地震比例最高,S8的走滑型地震比例最高,S9的正断型地震比例最高.汶川地震后龙门山断裂带可能存在差异性断层调整运动,且余震晚期沿断裂带走向普遍存在应力的补充和协调,芦山地震的发生可能还对S2造成了应力扰动.汶川主震附近及余震区远端经历了更长的震后调整过程,且余震区远端S9具有更复杂、强度更高的震后调整过程.(2)断面结构存在明显的分段性特征.断面结构揭示汶川主震附近和余震区远端的隐伏断裂,以及虎牙断裂南端参与了汶川余震活动.断面倾角与走滑分量具有较好的一致性,在具有明显逆冲分量的分段断面倾角主要分布在50°~70°,而在具有明显走滑分量的分段断面倾角基本在60°以上,且断面倾角增大与汶川余震带宽度收缩变窄相吻合.(3)龙门山断裂带的应力环境非常复杂.σ1方向的分段性差异导致了汶川—芦山地震空区的地壳撕裂和地幔物质上涌、汶川主震附近和余震区远端的隐伏断裂活动以及虎牙断裂南端大量的逆冲型地震.结合构造应力场与大地测量资料认为,龙门山的隆升主要是受构造应力场作用下的上地壳缩短增厚所致.     

2014年三峡秭归M4.5、M4.7震群序列定位及震源区三维P波速度结构研究

采用双差层析成像方法,对2014年3月27日M4.7和3月30日M4.5秭归震群重定位显示:0～5 km深度层P波高速区分布在仙女山断裂北中段和九畹溪断裂北段,天阳坪断裂一带为低速区;8 km深度层高速区分布在九畹溪断裂东侧,仙女山断裂较低;11 km层高速区仅分布在高桥断裂和周家山—牛口断裂之间地带。在地震集中区的下方(即8～12 km处)存在分布较为稳定的低速区,较大地震事件主要分布在高速区或高低速区交界地带,低速区内则很少有地震分布。局部高速体的存在为岩石发生瞬间破裂提供了物质基础,其与低速体间的梯度带是发震构造常发育的区域。研究区内的仙女山断裂北段、九畹溪断裂正是在该梯度带内发育的两条活动断裂。本地震序列的自地表至5 km和5～10 km深度范围内均有大量破裂存在表明,浅层地震仍在水库渗透范围内,而深部地震则与流体渗透无关。此次地震活动同时存在水库诱发地震和构造地震存在。     

Shear-tensile crack as a tool for reliable estimates of the non-double-couple mechanism: West Bohemia-Vogtland earthquake 1997 swarm

Shear-tensile crack is a model for an earthquake mechanism that is more constrained than the moment tensor but that can still describe a non-shear focus. As such, the shear-tensile crack model is more robust than the moment tensor model and yields more reliable estimates for the earthquake mechanism. Such an advantage verifies the credibility of the non-double-couple component found for some events of the 1997 West Bohemia-Vogtland earthquake swarm. As expected, in several cases, a significantly resolved non-double-couple component was obtained where the moment tensor approach failed. Additionally, for non-shear sources, the shear-tensile crack model offers optimization of the Poisson number within the focus, concurrently with retrieval of the mechanism. However, results obtained for the joint inversion of the 1997 swarm indicate that resolution is low. A series of synthetic experiments indicated that limited observations during 1997 were not the cause. Rather, hypothetical experiments of both very good and extremely poor network configurations similarly yielded a low resolution for the Poisson number. Applying this method to data for recent swarms is irrelevant because the small non-double-couple components detected within the inversion are spurious and, thus, the events are pure double-couple phenomena.     

紫坪铺水库区小地震震源机制研究

用紫坪铺水库专用台网的地震记录测定紫坪铺水库区262次小震震源机制参数,结果表明:节面I的优势方向与断裂走向展布一致性很好;库区地震断层有逆断层、正断层、左旋和右旋走滑断层,走滑断层占45%;库区断层66%陡峻,35%几近直立;受水库蓄水的影响,2006年7月1日后以走滑断层活动方式明显增多,水库地震群时段走滑断层活动方式表现突出