汶川地震的天文背景

比较系统地分析了汶川地震发生时的天体位置、月亮白赤交角、太阳活动与地球自转等天文因素的影响,结果表明,无论从地震的孕育还是从发生来看这些天文因素的影响都是不可忽视的,是值得进一步深入研究的.     

地球自转变化与中国大陆地震活动关系的初步分析

本文利用天文观测的日长变化时间序列和我国地震资料，统计分析了地球自转十年尺度变化、年限变化和季节性变化与中国大陆地震活动间的相关性。结果表明，中国大陆地震活动与地球自转变化在时间尺度上存在着一定的全局性联系，地球自转变化引起的附加应力可能对中国大陆地震活动起一定的触发作用，中国大陆地震活动与地球自转变化在空间尺度上存在着一定的地区性联系，以东西向的天山地震带与日长变化的相关性最为显著，南北向的中轴地震带和东西向的燕山地震带次之，而北北东向的山西地震带跟日长变化则没有确定的对应关系。分析结果表明，天文观测的地球自转资料可以为我国大陆地震预测提供一种参考依据。     

天文潮汐与地震

从三个方面综述了天文潮汐与地震关纱的研究，内容包括，日、月、地球的相对位置与地震，天文潮汐的周期，相位与地震，天文潮汐应力与地震，日、月、地球的相对位置与地震和天文潮汐周期与地城的研究均属于从体积力的角度考虑问题，主要是从宏观角度揭示地震发生时的日月位置分布有何规律性，揭示地震发生时间丛集在潮汐周期变化过程中的相位或时段以及地城牟潮汐周期，天文潮汐应力与震的研究从引潮力在地震内部地震源处产生的潮汐应力角度出发，着重研究不同类型性质的发震断层与潮汐应力触发的关系，从物理意义上讲，该研究较深 次地切入了问题的实质，分析了采用某些方法和样本研究结果不一致性的原因，并提出了进一步研究的方向。     

地球自转极移近120天准周期变化的小波分析及其大气激发机制

本文利用小波变换这一新的频谱分析方法研究了地球自转极移近１２０天准周期变化的时频特征，证实了在极移序列中存在显著的近１２０天准周期振荡，得到了极移准周期变化的周期与振幅随时间变化的规律．以地球自转动力学为基础，在时域内分析了大气变化对自转极移季节内变化的激发．表明大气激发在本文所研究的频段内是极移短周期变化的主要激发源。并发现在极移近１２０天准周期振荡平静时期，发生ＥＬＮｉｎｏ事件，同时日长变化近１２０天准周期变化增强．     

SLR资料解算地球自转短周期变化的协方差分析

采用统计定轨理论中的协方差分析方法讨论了卫星激光测距资料解乍地球自转的短周期变化（sub-daily）可达到的内符和外符精度,建立协方差分析的Givens-Gentlemen正交变换算法,并将精密定轨和参数解算理论中的多级复弧法推广到协方差分析中,同时考察不解算地球自转的短周期变化时,其误差对精密定轨和解算地球自转参数的影响。     

地震引起地球自转速率变化的分析

由地震引起地球内部质量重新分布将影响地球惯量矩的变化，从而引起地球自转速率的变化，即日长的变化。一般说，大地震产生大的附加位移场。它对地球自转特性有较强的影响。本文采用Ｈａｒｖａｒｄ目录中１９７７－１９９４年间的地震有关参数，和根据地震激发地球自转的变化理论及Ｄａｈｌｅｎ和Ｌａｍ－ｂｅｃｋ推出有关公式计算了地震引起地球轴向惯量矩的变化。结果表明：由单个地震引起的日长变化要比观测值小几个量级，它的累积效应表现出长期的变化即日长减小，就是地震活动加速地球自转。地震使地球自转能量随时间稳定地增加。并表明，虽地震活动影响日长，但它不是十年尺度变化的主要原因，它可能是地球自转非潮汐加速机制之一     

RS CVn型双星的自转测量和研究(Ⅱ)

我们用美国McDonald天文台2.1米反光镜Coude Reticon观测,对31个RS CVn型双星系统的37颗子星的自转进行了测量。并结合以前测得的38颗子星的数据,对RS CVn型星是否同步作了统计分析,结果表明,绝大多数都显示出同步自转性质;但无论是短周期、正常周期还是长周期组的,都有少数与同步自转不一致的例子。这与过去认为短周期和正常周期的呈同步自转,而长周期的呈非同步自转的结论不一致。     

国内天文地球动力学中的潮汐研究

简要说明了天文地球动力学范畴内所研究的潮汐现象，包括由日月引潮力引起的固体潮、海洋潮、大气潮和由于地球自转轴的极移引起的极潮，以及这些潮汐对地球自转和地球自转的测量产生的效应。重点阐述中国天文学界在这一领域里的研究成果。这些研究涉及潮汐影响地球自转的机制，也就是各种潮汐效应与极移、自转速率变化和章动的关系，包括构建这类关系的理论模型，分析潮汐对它们的影响，利用中国古代丰富的天象记录计算地球自转的长期减慢，计算弹性或滞弹地球的洛夫数，依据某一地球模型计算潮汐效应或章动序列等等。研究也涉及在测量地球自转参数的不同技术中各种潮汐效应对测量结果产生的影响及其改正，并涉及与潮汐有关的观测方法的优化和数据处理过程的改进。最后介绍了中国学者所发现的脉冲星的周期和周期变率测量中的潮汐效应，尽管它们的量级甚微，但不容忽视。     

固体潮对测定地球自转的影响及改正(摘要)

一、基本原理经典天文测定地球自转是以垂线为依据的。垂线在南北方向的变化影响纬度测定,东西方向的变化影响地球自转速率的测定、固体潮使地球发生周期性形变,因而测站的垂线方向也有周期性变化,即在测定地球自转中有固体潮影响。在地面观测站P点,由日月引力产生的引潮位可表示为:     

天文因素对自然灾害的影响

本文综述太阳活动、太阳系天体的行为与自然灾害的关系,阐明天文因素对自然灾害的诱导、触发或调制作用是明显的。指出利用太阳活动和地球自转资料不仅可以预测某些灾害发生的趋势,而且通过监测其变化也可能预测某些灾害的发生。同时指出,行星和月球的运动及其变化对自然灾害的影响仍需继续研究。     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

正~~     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.     

我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器研制进展

数字化是目前设备研制发展的趋势,介绍了中国科学院上海天文台利用超大规模集成电路结合软件无线电技术,自主研发的我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器(Chinese Data Acquisition System,简称CDAS).文中描述了设备的工作原理及其组成,并以VLBI观测实验数据证明其可行性.与原有的模拟设备(Anal...