机载干涉雷达数据联合定位及拼接技术研究

针对大区域多航带InSAR(干涉合成孔径雷达)影像定位及拼接时缺少GCP(地面控制点)的问题,提出了一种多航带InSAR影像联合定位的方法。该方法借鉴摄影测量中的光束法平差思想,并利用InSAR干涉定标后得到影像上各点高程值。通过对四川绵阳地区的多航带InSAR实际数据的实验,验证了本方法的可行性,且精度达到了各景影像独立校正的水平。分析了控制点数量、位置、重叠区域范围、地形起伏对平差精度的影响,并给出了控制点布放原则。     

Comparative evaluation of horizontal accuracy of elevations of selected ground control points from ASTER and SRTM DEM with respect to CARTOSAT-1 DEM: a case study of Shahjahanpur district,Uttar Pradesh,India

Digital elevation model (DEM) data of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) are distributed at a horizontal resolution of 90 m (30 m only for US) for the world, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) DEM data provide 30 m horizontal resolution, while CARTOSAT-1 (IRS-P5) gives 2.6 m horizontal resolution for global coverage. SRTM and ASTER data are available freely but 2.6 m CARTOSAT-1 data are costly. Hence, through this study, we found out a horizontal accuracy for selected ground control points (GCPs) from SRTM and ASTER with respect to CARTOSAT-1 DEM to implement this result (observed from horizontal accuracy) for those areas where the 2.6-m horizontal resolution data are not available. In addition to this, the present study helps in providing a benchmark against which the future DEM products (with horizontal resolution less than CARTOSAT-1) with respect to CARTOSAT-1 DEM can be evaluated. The original SRTM image contained voids that were represented digitally as ?140; such voids were initially filled using the measured values of elevation for obtaining accurate DEM. Horizontal accuracy analysis between SRTM- and ASTER-derived DEMs with respect to CARTOSAT-1 (IRS-P5) DEM allowed a qualitative assessment of the horizontal component of the error, and the appropriable statistical measures were used to estimate their horizontal accuracies. The horizontal accuracy for ASTER and SRTM DEM with respect to CARTOSAT-1 were evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE) and relative root mean square error (R-RMSE). The results from this study revealed that the average RMSE of 20 selected GCPs was 2.17 for SRTM and 2.817 for ASTER, which are also validated using R-RMSE test which proves that SRTM data have good horizontal accuracy than ASTER with respect to CARTOSAT-1 because the average R-RMSE of 20 GCPs was 3.7 × 10^?4 and 5.3 × 10^?4 for SRTM and ASTER, respectively.     

考虑定向参数精度信息的TerraSAR-X和SPOT-5HRS影像RFM联合定位

卫星影像的RFM模型具有传感器无关的优点,适用于多源影像的几何定位处理,但在无地面控制点条件下联合定位时存在自主定位优势影像难以发挥主导作用且求解易发散的不足。本文通过将影像的先验自主定位精度和成像线性漂移转化为像方定向参数的精度和权信息,建立考虑影像定向参数精度信息的RFM模型。以12景TerraSAR-X和6对12景覆盖面积约为18万km2的SPOT-5HRS立体长条带影像为数据源,对两类影像定向参数先验精度配置偏差、SAR影像升降轨道方向、SAR影像数目、SAR影像分布等因素对定位精度的影响进行了系列定位试验,少量SAR与大范围HRS联合的影像自主定位平面/高程精度可达6.0m/4.2m。本文RFM平差模型无地面控制点定位精度和定向参数求解稳健性相对于传统模型有显著提升,是卫星影像无控制点1∶10万/1∶5万全球测图的一种潜在方法。     

Change detection of linear features in temporally spaced remotely sensed images using edge-based grid analysis

Automatic change detection of land cover features using high-resolution satellite images, is a challenging problem in the field of intelligent remote sensing data interpretation, and is becoming more and more effective for its applications viz. urban planning and monitoring, disaster assessment etc. In the present study, a change in detection approach based on the image morphology that analyses change in the local image grids is proposed. In this approach, edges from both the images are extracted and grid wise comparison is made by probabilistic thresholding and power spectral density analysis for identifying change area. One of the advantages of the proposed methodology is that the temporal images used in the change analysis need not be radiometrically corrected as analysis is based on edge extractions. The grid-based analysis further reduces the error, which might have been introduced by image mis-registration. The proposed methodology is validated by finding the temporal changes in the linear land cover features in parts of Kolkata city, India using three different image data-sets from LISS IV, Cartosat-1 and Google earth having varied spatial resolutions of 5.8 m, 2.5 m and about 1 m, respectively. The overall accuracy in identifying changes is found to be 64.82, 73.86 and 80.93% for LISS IV, Cartosat-1 and Google earth data-set, respectively.     

稀少控制的多平台星载SAR联合几何定标方法

几何定标采用地面控制点获取距离-多普勒模型中的精确几何参数,用于完成星载SAR影像高精度几何定位。但在广域范围内,特别是高山地区域,控制点极难获取。此外,传统定标方法仅面向单一平台SAR影像,尚不能实现多平台影像的联合几何定标。针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于稀少控制的多平台星载SAR联合几何定标方法。该方法从包含实测控制点的主影像出发,使用点位追踪算法获取主影像与从影像之间的连接点,并以连接点为桥梁逐级完成从影像的几何定标。本文采用京津冀地区南北向分布共计235 km的3景TerraSAR-X、3景TanDEM-X、5景高分三号影像进行联合几何定标试验,仅使用5个控制点即完成了所有影像的几何定标,并利用SF-3050星站差分GNSS接收机采集实测GPS点进行精度评价。结果表明使用稀少控制点定标后的TSX/TDX影像的几何定位精度优于3 m,GF-3影像的几何定位精度优于7.5 m,验证了该方法的有效性和正确性。     

CBERS-02B卫星遥感影像的区域网平差

针对中巴资源一号卫星(CBERS-02B)卫星遥感影像姿态角误差较大的特点,提出了利用区域网平差方法提高其对地目标定位精度的策略和具体计算过程。首先对参与平差的每景影像选取4个地面控制点进行影像姿态角常差检校,然后采用与地形无关方案解求各自的RPC参数,最后选取带仿射变换项的有理函数模型(RFM)进行多重覆盖影像的区域网平差。对两个地区的0级CBERS-02B单条CCD立体影像对的区域网平差试验表明,对地目标定位的平面和高程精度均达到了±3个像元的水平,且高程精度明显优于平面精度。相对于常规的卫星遥感影像区域网平差方法,平面和高程精度均有明显提升,几乎达到国外同等高分辨率卫星遥感影像的几何定位精度。这说明中国卫星遥感影像亦具有较好的几何定位潜力,在区域网平差之前进行系统误差预改正是必要和可行的。     

First Experience with Figure Condition Analysis Aided Bias Compensated Rational Function Model for Georeferencing of High Resolution Satellite Images

Georeferencing of high resolution satellite images using sensor-dependent Rational Function Model (RFM) is a common approach in the remote sensing community since the turn of the millennium. In the case of mono image evaluation, the georeferencing is performed using the ground control points (GCPs), and the image-wide georeferencing accuracy is estimated at the independent check points (ICPs). Nevertheless, such an accuracy assessment approach has some disadvantages and must be overcomed by a proper method as suggested by the figure condition analysis (FCA). Considering various bias compensation methods, the FCA is adopted to RFM and a case study is performed on three high resolution satellite images (HRSIs), IKONOS Geo, QuickBird OrthoReady Standard and OrbView-3 Basic, covering undulating and mountainous Zonguldak test site. The results demonstrate that a bias compensation is required for all images, and IKONOS has the highest accuracy both at GCPs and figure condition points (FCPs) where OrbView-3 has the lowest accuracy. The innovative characteristics of FCA and further research issues are also discussed.     

基于困难地区的无人机影像像控点布设研究

近几年来,GPS/INS组合的导航系统——POS系统已逐步成熟,并应用于无人机飞控系统,虽然POS精度不是很高,但是其实现了影像外方位元素的直接获取,并且摆脱了传统摄影测量对大量地面控制点的严重依赖,方便了影像像控点的布设。同时,为了使成果DOM精度达到项目要求,少量控制点的布设仍不可避免,为此,如何合理选取困难地区像控点布设方案成为工程项目中急需解决的问题。为了获取针对困难地区的像控点合理布设方案,本文基于甘肃陇南地区土地确权项目,通过对测区无人机影像采用不同的像控点布设方案进行空三平差处理,分析正射影像图的平面精度情况来选取适合当地的布设方案。实验结果表明,在满足生产精度的前提下,适当放宽国家规范的像控点布设要求的同时,给出困难地形的像控点布设方案,能极大提高像控点测量野外作业效率,并且可以在其他测区推广使用。     

区域网平面平差超控外推定位技术验证

以资源三号卫星影像数据为例,基于RPC模型提出利用SRTM辅助的卫星影像区域网平面平差的方法进行超长距离控制外推,来提高无控地区的影像几何定位精度。试验表明,影像原始RPC直接定位精度含有明显的系统误差。在起算影像区域内布设一个控制点进行区域网平面平差,沿轨外推11景(491.62 km)、垂轨外推6景(282.36 km)后,相比原始影像13.335 m的平均定位精度,其外推区域影像的几何定位精度可优于7.5 m,无控区域的整体定位精度有明显提升,验证了该方法的有效性。     

GF-4卫星不同成像状态下影像定位误差特性分析

高分四号（GF-4）卫星作为我国高分对地观测系统中一颗高分辨率面阵成像的静止轨道卫星,其在不同成像状态下的影像几何定位精度一直是科研人员和应用部门所关注的。本文以谷歌地球数据为几何参考,通过对比GF-4卫星影像和谷歌地球影像上同名点位置信息,分析了GF-4卫星在凝视、俯仰、滚动成像状态下的影像定位特性。结果表明,单幅影像内部均出现了明显的系统误差,凝视成像过程中同一点位的影像定位误差波动较小,俯仰/滚动姿态影像定位误差与俯仰角/滚动角成正比关系。该结论可为地面数据处理部门和用户在数据校正和应用时提供参考。     

不同无人机航测影像处理方案效果对比

基于无人机航空影像摄影技术,提出单独控制点影像处理、优化POS(定位定姿系统,Position and Orientation System)影像处理和优化POS结合控制点处理三类共计6种影像处理方案,对比分析了6种影像处理方案的效果,结果表明:采用单独控制点影像处理的效果最佳,其次为优化POS结合控制点影像处理,最差的为原始POS数据影像处理;单独控制点和多基准CORS(连续运行参考站,Gontinuously Operating Reference Stations)基站优化POS数据+3控制点处理方案的精度满足1∶500比例尺精度要求,具有较高的影响处理精度,但是单独控制点需要在野外布设大量的像控点,不利于航测工作效率,在设备和环境条件允许下,推荐采用CORS基站优化POS数据+控制点方式进行影像处理。     

Estimation of antenna phase center offset for BDS IGSO and MEO satellites

The BeiDou satellite navigation system (BDS) is different from other global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) because of its special constellation, which consists of satellites in geostationary earth orbit, inclined geosynchronous earth orbit (IGSO), and medium earth orbit (MEO). Compared to MEO satellites, the observations of IGSO satellites cover only a small range of nadir angles. Therefore, the estimation of phase center offsets (PCOs) suffers from high correlation with other estimation parameters. We have estimated the phase center offsets for BeiDou IGSO and MEO satellites with a direct PCO parameters model, and constraints are applied to cope with the correlation between the PCOs and other parameters. Validation shows that the estimated PCO parameters could be used to improve the accuracy of orbit and clock offset overlaps. Compared with the Multi-GNSS Experiment antenna phase center correction model, the average improvements of the proposed method for along-track, cross-track, and radial components are 19 mm (31%), 5 mm (14%), and 2 mm (15%) for MEO satellites, and 13 mm (17%), 12 mm (21%), and 5 mm (19%) for IGSO satellites. For clock offset overlaps, average improvements of standard deviation and root mean square (RMS) are 0.03 ns (20%) and 0.03 ns (12%), respectively. The RMS of precise coordinates in the BDS-only positioning was also improved significantly with a level of 24 mm (30%) in the up-direction. Finally, the overall uncertainty of the estimated results is discussed.     

Comparison of Planimetric and Thematic Accuracy of OrbView-3 and IKONOS Images

Spatial mapping from space using high-resolution satellite sensor data instead of conventional data collection techniques widely gained popularity. This study aims to analyze the planimetric and thematic accuracy of high-resolution OrbView-3 and IKONOS orthoimages. OrbView-3 and IKONOS images of a test area were acquired and these images were geometrically corrected using rational polynomial functions to conduct accuracy assessment. 40 Ground Control Points (GCPs) generated from static Global Positioning System (GPS) survey were used in the orthorectification procedure. 182 Test Points (TPs) produced from terrestrial surveying technique were used to analyze the accuracy of orthorectifications. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values obtained for GCPs and TPs were used to determine the planimetric accuracy of these images. Thematic accuracy analyses were conducted in radiometric and spatial base. Transects, lines and polygons were created to analyze the radiometric quality of data sets and to determine minimum distinguishable distance and distinguishable area. Both planimetric and thematic accuracy analyses illustrated that OrbView-3 and IKONOS images could be used to create 1:10000 scale map of the concerned region with appropriate planimetric and thematic quality.     

SPOT5单景卫星遥感影像区域网平差试验

随着相关技术的飞速发展,高分辨率卫星遥感影像越来越多地用于地理信息产品生产。本文通过生产试验,讨论在已有DEM数据的前提下,利用少量地面控制点结合卫星影像自带的轨道参数,依靠卫星影像单片区域网平差技术来生产1:50000 DOM产品,以解决地面控制点数量不足、分布不好的问题。试验结果产品精度满足规范要求。     

ICESat激光高程点辅助的天绘一号卫星影像立体区域网平差

无地面控制点（简称无控）区域网平差是实现卫星影像无控测图的一项重要技术,对于境外和外业测控困难区域的测图具有重要意义。然而,无控区域网平差的定位精度一般难以满足对应比例尺测图规范要求。利用公开、可稳定获取的公众地理信息数据辅助区域网平差,是提高卫星影像无控定位精度的有效途径,其中ICESat激光高程点便是一种良好的高程控制数据。为了提高天绘一号卫星影像无控定位精度,本文提出ICESat激光高程点辅助的卫星影像模型法立体区域网平差方法。首先,以30 m分辨率SRTM估算的地形坡度作为限制条件,结合激光高程点自身质量评价信息,自动提取高质量ICESat激光高程点;其次,利用自动匹配的连接点进行模型法自由网平差,实现卫星影像几何定位精度的相对一致性（内部一致性）;最后,将激光高程点自动量测至卫星影像作为控制点,其平面坐标根据自由网平差结果前方交会计算而得,高程坐标取自激光点高程,再次进行区域网平差精化定向参数,提高卫星影像的绝对高程精度。最后本文利用山东全省的天绘一号卫星影像进行试验,验证了本文方法的有效性和可行性。     

Remote Sensing Data Reveals Eco-Environmental Changes in Urban Areas of Klang Valley, Malaysia: Contribution from Object Based Analysis

Understanding the growth and changes in urban environments are the most dynamic system on the earth’s surface is critical for urban planning and sustainable management. This study attempts to present a space-borne satellite-based approach to demonstrate the urban change and its relation with land surface temperature (LST) variation in urban areas of Klang valley, Malaysia. For this purpose an object-based nearest neighbour classifier (S-NN) approach was first applied on SPOT 5 data acquired on 2003 and 2010 and subsequently five land cover categories were extracted. The overall accuracies of the classified maps of 2003 and 2010 were 90.5 % and 91 % respectively. The classified maps were then used as inputs to perform the post classification change detection. The results revealed that the post-classification object-based change detection analysis performed reasonably well with an overall accuracy of 87.5 %, with Kappa statistic of 0.81 %. The changes represented that the urban expanded by 10 % over the period, whereas the urban expansion had caused reduction in soil (1.4 %) and vegetation (11.4 %), and growth in oil palm (2 %), and water (0.7 %). Additionally decision tree method was used to derive the surface heat fluxes from thermal infrared Landsat TM and ETM+bands. Subsequently, a comparison was made with classified result from SPOT 5 images. Results showed high correlation between urban growth and LST.     

An Evaluation of Four Different Wavelet Decomposition Procedures for Spatial Feature Discrimination in Urban Areas

Texture or spatial arrangement of neighborhood objects and features plays an important role in the human visual system for pattern recognition and image classification. The traditional spectral–based image processing techniques have proven inadequate for urban land use and land cover mapping from images acquired by the current generation of fine–resolution satellites. This is because of the high frequency spatial arrangements or complex nature of urban features. There is a need for an effective algorithm to digitally classify urban land use and land cover categories using high–resolution image data. Recent studies using wavelet transforms for texture analysis have generally reported better accuracy. Based on a high–resolution ATLAS image, this study illustrates four different wavelet decomposition procedures – the standard, horizontal, vertical, and diagonal decompositions – for urban land use and land cover feature extraction with the use of 33×33 pixel samples. The standard decomposition approach was found to be the most efficient approach in urban texture analysis and classification. For comparison purposes and to better evaluate the accuracy of wavelet approaches in image classification, spatial autocorrelation techniques (Moran's I and Geary's C ) and the spatial co–occurrence matrix method were also examined. The results suggest that the wavelet transform approach is superior to all other approaches.     

SPOT5城区影像几何精校正点位和面积精度研究

为深入研究二维多项式校正SPOT5城区影像(2.5m)的点位和面积精度,本文分别使用不同精度(GPS点和1∶10000地形图获取的点),不同数量(25和6)的地面控制点校正影像。并利用另外的10个GPS点作为检核点分别检核四种校正结果的点位和面积精度。     

资源三号02星激光测高精度分析与验证

资源三号02星搭载了我国首台对地观测的卫星激光测高试验性载荷,对该载荷的精度进行了理论分析,并采用多个区域进行了实际精度验证,同时对其在航天测绘中的应用进行了试验。资源三号02星激光测高仪在平坦地区(坡度≤2°)的理论高程精度为0.85m、平面精度14.2m。试验表明,资源三号02星激光测高仪获得的有效测高数据约占23.89%,检校场区域其高程精度为0.89m,平面精度为14.76m;华北地区高精度DSM地形数据验证其高程精度为1.09m,内陆渤海海面上的激光高程精度为0.47m。将激光足印点作为高程控制点时,在陕西渭南试验区能将资源三号02星立体影像无地面控制的高程精度从11.54m提高到1.90m。虽然资源三号02星激光测高仪为试验性载荷,但试验结果证实国产卫星激光测高数据能有效提高立体影像无地面控制的高程精度,在全球测图工程中具有推广应用价值,建议后续立体测图卫星搭载业务化应用的激光测高仪。     

基于SIFT的多时相星载SAR图像特征点自动匹配

SAR图像配准是实现多时相图像监测的前提,但是由于SAR图像的斑点噪声、成像机理的特殊性,使得采用常规的特征匹配方法很难实现SAR图像的自动配准。本文在介绍旋转尺度不变特征(SIFT)提取特征点原理的基础上,利用SIFT方法对两个时相星载SAR图像存在不同的旋转角和分辨率存在差异进行了特征点提取和自动匹配试验,图像特征点自动匹配的有效率达到70%以上,结果表明提取SIFT特征点进行多时相SAR图像自动匹配是基本可行的。