高州水库优势轮虫的种群分布

高州水库(1988)发现的44种轮虫中有8种为优势种。它们是螺形龟甲轮虫、针簇多肢轮虫、圆筒异尾轮虫、奇异巨腕轮虫、裂痕龟纹轮虫、卡顿圆筒异尾轮虫、卵形彩胃轮虫和真翅多肢轮虫。它们中除奇异巨腕轮虫、裂痕龟纹轮虫和真翅多肢轮虫外,其余的种类全年出现。8种的种群密度为46.1个/升。它们的个体数量占轮虫总量的83.8%。一年中以夏、秋密度最高,分别占41.2%和39.6%,而春、冬密度最低,各为10.7%和8.5%。文中还讨论了这八种轮虫各种高峰形成的量适温幅以及它们的分布与水质的关系。     

远海梭子蟹幼体饵料初步研究

分别选用轮虫、轮虫＋卤虫、轮虫＋卤虫＋扁藻、卤虫、扁藻为饵料,将刚孵化的远海梭子蟹／蚤状幼体培育至幼蟹第二期。结果发现：轮虫＋卤虫＋扁藻的效果最好,幼蟹第二期的成活率为15％,轮虫＋菌虫的成海率为11％,卤虫的成活率为10％。而轮虫组仅能培育与蚤状幼体第三期,没有蚤状幼体第四期幼体出现;扁藻最差,仅能培育至蚤状幼体第一期,没有蚤状幼体第二期个体出现。同时发现,轮虫＋卤虫组与卤虫组培育时间均比轮虫卤虫＋扁藻组长;各期幼体的阶段成活率比较而言,蚤状幼体第一期最高,而蚤状幼体第五期最低。     

罗非鱼开口饵料的初步研究

研究了配合饵料、轮虫、蛋黄、轮虫+人工配合饵料(3～12日龄投喂轮虫,13日龄起投喂配合饵料)等4种开口饵料对奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼生长、发育和存活影响。结果表明,1)投喂不同饵料对奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼生长具有显著影响(P<0.05),轮虫+配合饵料组生长较快,绝对增重率和特定增重率分别为0.011g/d和17.18%d-1;蛋黄组生长最慢,绝对增重率和特定增重率与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05)。2)轮虫+配合饵料与轮虫组的仔鱼成活率较高,分别为90.3%和89.7%,2组差异不显著(P>0.05),且仔鱼发育较好,大部分个体进入稚鱼阶段;蛋黄组成活率最低,只有40.7%,个体发育较为缓慢,与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05)。可见,投喂鲜活的天然饵料(轮虫)+配合饵料是罗非鱼苗种培育的最佳开口饵料。     

察尔汗盐湖晶间卤水水化学垂直分带及其形成机理

察尔汗盐湖是一个现代内陆盐湖钾矿床,富含钾的晶间卤水是该矿床的主要开发利用对象。在其比较均一的石盐层中,卤水化学组分垂直分带明显、在国内外盐湖中较为少见(表1)。原来平均含钾量中等的晶间卤水,由于垂直分异,钾富集在卤水层上部,利于开发利用。自1956年以来,先后有青海地质局第一地质队、中国科学院盐湖调查队、中国科学院盐     

远海梭子蟹幼体饵料初步研究

分别选用轮虫、轮虫 卤虫、轮虫 卤虫 扁藻、卤虫、扁藻为饵料 ,将刚孵化的远海梭子蟹氵蚤状幼体培育至幼蟹第二期。结果发现 :轮虫 卤虫 扁藻的效果最好 ,幼蟹第二期的成活率为 15% ,轮虫 卤虫的成活率为 11% ,卤虫的成活率为 10 %。而轮虫组仅能培育至 氵蚤状幼体第三期 ,没有氵蚤状幼体第四期幼体出现 ;扁藻最差 ,仅能培育至氵蚤状幼体第一期 ,没有氵蚤状幼体第二期个体出现。同时发现 ,轮虫 卤虫组与卤虫组培育时间均比轮虫卤虫 扁藻组长 ;各期幼体的阶段成活率比较而言 ,氵蚤状幼体第一期最高 ,而氵蚤状幼体幼体第五期最低     

四川地区44年来气候季节划分及变化特征的研究

利用四川地区135个台站的逐日温度资料和曾庆存等[1]提出的季节划分方法讨论了四川各区域的气候季节划分和季节变化,结果表明:(1)1961～2004年期间,四川地区季节的四季分配很不均匀,冬夏季偏长,春秋季偏短;并且四川不同区域间的季节划分差异主要表现在春秋两季的时间长度上.(2)季节划分的年际变化表现为春季西部高原地区有两次时间长度增加和两次减少的变化特征,在两次时间长度增加的过程中出现了一次明显的季节长度突变;高原与盆地过渡区1996年以后春季长度年际差异显著减小,东部盆地地区近年来春季时间长度明显增加.(3)季节强度指数表明,冬季西部高原和中部高原与盆地的过渡地区变暖、夏季在1960～1970年代变冷的趋势;东部盆地冬季在1970年代中后期至1980年代强度变化剧烈、夏季则显示出1982年以前逐渐变冷、以后逐渐变暖的特征.(4)成都城市群表现出春秋过渡季节更加短暂、四季分配更不均匀、气候变化幅度增大的特征.     

口虾蛄幼体开口饵料及早期生长的初步研究

【目的】研究不同开口饵料对口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)幼体存活和生长的影响。【方法】选用轮虫、轮虫+卤虫无节幼体、卤虫无节幼体、枝角类、小球藻等为开口饵料培养口虾蛄幼体20d。用卤虫无节幼体作为单一饵料进行口虾蛄幼体的早期生长研究。【结果】幼体开口后6 d(Z4期),单独投喂小球藻、轮虫、枝角类的口虾蛄幼体成活率为0%,而投喂轮虫+卤虫无节幼体、卤虫无节幼体的口虾蛄幼体成活率则相对较高,分别为89%和87%,两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);在实验7～19 d内(Z5-Z8期),轮虫+卤虫无节幼体组成活率最佳,达71%,卤虫无节幼体组幼体成活率则为50%。单一投喂卤虫无节幼体0～15 d(Z2―Z7期)内口虾蛄幼体持续生长,15 d(Z7期)后口虾蛄不再生长,其体长与头胸甲长、腹部长、尾扇长等存在显著的线性回归关系(P0.01)。【结论】基于实验结果和口虾蛄幼体的摄食特性,建议口虾蛄幼体的开口投喂方案为幼体开口后的0～15d内(Z2―Z7期)主要投喂轮虫+卤虫无节幼体饵料,15 d后(Z7期)逐渐转至其他生物饵料。     

流沙湾浮游生物的群落结构与时空分布

于2008年3月至2009年2月对流沙湾浮游生物的群落结构及其动态变化特征进行了研究,结果表明,流沙湾共有浮游植物27属,隶属于5个门,其中硅藻门20属,绿藻门3属,蓝藻门2属,金藻门1属,甲藻门1属,角毛藻(Chaetoceros)、骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和菱形藻(Nitzschia sp.)为优势种;浮游植物生物量变化在0.11～23.63 mg L-1之间,平均为3.72 mg L-1,细胞密度平均为1.324 7×104个L-1。流沙湾共有浮游动物19种,其中原生动物10种,桡足类6种,枝角类、多毛类和轮虫类各1种,优势种类为原生动物中的拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis)、薄铃虫(Leprotintinnus),桡足类中的哲水蚤(Calanus),浮游幼体中的无节幼体(Nauplius);浮游动物生物量在0.08～7.24 mg L-1之间,平均为2.04 mg L-1,密度平均为8 186个L-1。水体交换能力差、大规模贝类养殖以及养殖造成的水体污染等因素,导致流沙湾浮游生物量、物种多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数均处于较低水平,但有明显的水平分布和月变化。     

月鳢个体发育早期4种同工酶的初步研究

采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对月鳢早期(从未受精卵至卵黄吸尽期)8个发育阶段的LDH、MDH、ADH、EST同工酶进行研究。结果表明:月鳢的早期发育阶段ADH酶谱相对稳定,均有两条谱带;LDH、MDH和EST三种同工酶的酶谱在神经胚期前均无明显变化,此后随发育进程逐渐复杂。     

珠江口海域营养盐和叶绿素a的时空分布特征

【目的】研究珠江口海域营养物和叶绿素a的时空分布特征。【方法】根据2015年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和10月(秋季)3个季节的现场调查资料,通过对3个季节浮游植物Chl-a以及包括氮磷比在内的营养结构进行综合分析,深入探讨珠江口海域浮游植物Chl-a的时空变化调控机制。【结果】珠江口海域各季节营养盐呈高氮低磷分布,3个季节N︰P均值49.6。叶绿素a季节差异明显,夏季叶绿素a含量是春季的2倍、秋季的9倍。【结论】春季浮游植物生长受温度影响较大,夏、秋两季由于外海水的入侵导致磷限制比较显著;DIN能满足各季节浮游植物生长的需要,珠江口海域浮游植物生长对于磷营养盐的响应要优于氮营养盐。     

利用HVSR法探测渭河盆地浅部构造

利用渭河盆地眉县至扶风段地震测线的连续地震背景噪声数据,基于噪声水平和垂直向谱比（HVSR）法,得到各台站HVSR曲线;再通过频率与深度的转换关系,获得测线下方近地表第四系沉积层结构埋深。结果显示,盆地第四系沉积层厚度呈U型分布,由盆地两侧向中间腹部逐渐变厚,两侧厚度为100~400 m,中部厚度为400~600 m;沉积层深度剖面在距测线起点25 km和33 km处明显表现出沉积界面间断跳跃特征,该变化与岐山-马召断裂和扶风-乾县断裂在空间位置上有较好的一致性。     

频率域航空电磁法水资源探测深度及应用研究

为了了解频率域航空电磁法在水资源勘查中的应用条件和勘查效果，以层状介质模型为基础，计算了多种水文地电模型、多种电磁系统装置的频率域航空电磁响应。通过分析吊舱式直升机频率域航空电磁系统、固定翼频率域航空电磁系统在不同水文地电模型的电磁响应特征和衰减规律，分析了这2套系统在不同水文地电模型条件下的探测深度，即在盐渍化地区，频率域航空电磁系统最大勘探深度为60 m，在非盐渍化地区最大勘探深度为130 m。在综合分析频率域航空电磁法在水资源勘查应用前景的的基础上，通过国内外应用实例表明，频率域航空电磁法在中国东部沿海地区，以及内陆干旱地区寻找浅层淡水是有效的。该项成果对今后利用频率域航空电磁法进行水资源调查具有重要意义。      

中国及邻区岩石层大地水准面正演模拟

依据地震层析成像、地震测深和大地电磁测深结果给出的地球内部结构和物性分布 ,模拟了中国及邻区岩石圈中短波长大地水准面起伏。正演模拟结果显示 :地形起伏引起的大地水准面异常巨大 ,幅值变化可达 2 10 m,最大值在青藏高原 ,达 150余 m。沉积层底面起伏产生的大地水准面异常非常小 ,幅值只有 6.5m,表现出短波长特征。岩石层底面起伏产生的大地水准面异常极为平缓 ,约为 2 0 m。莫霍面产生的大地水准面异常形态与地形起伏引起的大地水准面异常形态相近 ,异常幅值只有后者的 2 / 3,在青藏高原只有后者的一半。岩石层内密度不均匀引起的大地水准面异常的幅值约为 75m。     

Study of Dissolved Chlorofluorocarbons in Lake Washington

Measurements of three chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) :trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11),dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) and trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113), along with methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were made in water samples from Lake Washington,using Electron Capture-Gas Chromatography (EC-GC).The samples were collected in mid-autumn, a period when the lake‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘s upper layer undergoes rapid cooling,At the time of sam-pling,a strong vertical temperature gradient was present in the lake,with surface temperatures of -14℃,and near bottom(50 meters) temperatures of -8℃ ,The concentrations of dissolved CFC-12 and CFC-11 increased with depht ,as expected from the higher solubilities of these gases at lower temperatures ,Atmospheric measurements made at the sampling site at the time of the cruise ,showed that CFC-11 and CFC-12 saturations in the near surface samples were 100% and 106%,respectively,For the deepest sample (52 meters)CFC-11 and CFC-12 saturations were 102% and 126%,Because the surface layer of the lake respondes to changes in atmospheric CFCs on a time scale of several weeks ,the highere than equilibrium concentrations of CFC-12 observed at the time of sampling may reflect earlier episodes of elevated levels of atmospheric CFC-12 in this urban area.High concentrations of dissolved CFCs in runoff or industrial effluent might also lead to elevated CFC levels in the lake. The cold ,deep water of Lake Wahington is realtively isolated from the effects of surface gas exchange except during winter ,and the supersaturations observed in the deep layer may reflect pe-riods of elevated atmospheric CFC-12 levels from the previous winter season.These results were compared to summertime profiles of CFC-11 and CFC-12 made in 1994.     

Depth classification of underwater targets based on complex acoustic intensity of normal modes

In order to solve the problem of depth classification of the underwater target in a very low frequency acoustic field, the active component of cross spectra of particle pressure and horizontal velocity (ACCSPPHV) is adopted to distinguish the surface vessel and the underwater target. According to the effective depth of a Pekeris waveguide, the placing depth forecasting equations of passive vertical double vector hydrophones are proposed. Numerical examples show that when the sum of depths of two hydrophones is the effective depth, the sign distribution of ACCSPPHV has nothing to do with horizontal distance; in addition, the sum of the first critical surface and the second critical surface is equal to the effective depth. By setting the first critical surface less than the difference between the effective water depth and the actual water depth, that is, the second critical surface is greater than the actual depth, the three positive and negative regions of the whole ocean volume are equivalent to two positive and negative regions and therefore the depth classification of the underwater target is obtained. Besides, when the 20 m water depth is taken as the first critical surface in the simulation of underwater targets (40 Hz, 50 Hz, and 60 Hz respectively), the effectiveness of the algorithm and the correctness of relevant conclusions are verified, and the analysis of the corresponding forecasting performance is conducted.     

Upper layer waters and their northward extension from Prydz Bay in summer

In this paper, CTD observational data obtained during the 15th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-15) in the Southern Ocean are used to analyse and study water mass distribution in the Prydz Bay and its adjacent seas. The area, depth, and the thermohaline characteristics are identified for the Prydz Bay summer coastal surface water, the Prydz Bay winter water, the Prydz Bay shelf water, and the circumpolar deep water. Based on the above discussion, the northward extention of the Prydz Bay shelf water are found. Then the thermodynamic and the dynamic characteristics are further discussed, dealing with the inversion layer depth of the water temperature, the locations of the minima of the vertical temperature distribution and the temperature vertical gradient in the water column, the baraclinicity, and the effect of Coriolis deflection force.     

Circulation and Heat Flux along the Western Boundary of the North Pacific

On the basis of the conductivity temperature depth(CTD)observation data off the coast of the Philippines(7.5°–18°N,130°E–the east coast of the Philippines)in the fall of 2005,the water mass distribution,geostrophic flow field,and heat budget are examined.Four water masses are present:the North Pacific Tropical Surface Water,the North Pacific Sub-surface Water,the North Pacific Intermediate Water,and the Antarctic Intermediate Water(AAIW).The previous three corresponded with the North Equatorial Current(NEC),the Kuroshio Current(KC),and the Mindanao Current(MC),respectively.AAIW is the source of the Mindanao Undercurrent.The mass transport of NEC,KC,and MC is 58.7,15,and 27.95Sv,respectively(relative to 1500db).NEC can be balanced by the transport across the whole transect 18°N(31.81 Sv)and 7.5°N(26.11 Sv)but not simply by KC and MC.Direct calculation is used to study the heat flux.In sum,1.45PW heat is transported outwards the observed region,which is much more than that released from the ocean to the air at the surface(0.05PW).The net heat lost decreased the water temperature by 0.75℃each month on average,and the trend agreed well with the SST change.Vertically,the heat transported by the currents is mainly completed in the upper 500 m.     

最小二乘法估算Pearson-Ⅲ型分布参数的改进

Pearson-Ⅲ曲线分布在气象、水文和农业等领域有广泛的应用,其概率密度函数包含形状参数\begin{array}{c}\left(\alpha \right)\end{array}、尺度参数\begin{array}{c}\left(\beta \right)\end{array}和起始值\begin{array}{c}\left({\alpha }_0\right)\end{array}3个待估计参数。应用Pearson-Ⅲ分布来估算强度的关键在于这3个参数估算的精度。由于原有最小二乘法在估算参数时未考虑各参数的有效区间,参数\begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_0\end{array}可能小于0,并导致估算强度出现负值,从而使雨强、水速、水位等强度估算出现异常值。经理论推导证明,若Pearson-Ⅲ概率密度函数中的参数\begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_0\end{array}非负,则估算出的强度值不会出现负值。以该推导为基础,提出了一种改进的Pearson-Ⅲ分布三参数估算算法。首先根据最小二乘法估算迭代计算一系列参数组合;然后按离差平方和的大小排列各组参数;接着利用各组参数分别计算\begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_0\end{array}值,过滤使\begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_0\end{array}小于0的参数组合;最后在剩下的参数中选取离差平方和最小的一组作为最优参数。以估算暴雨风险值作算法测试实验,结果表明改进算法模拟得到的\begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_0\end{array}值始终大于等于0,估算出的暴雨风险值均在合理范围之内。对比改进算法与传统算法的参数分布拟合检验结果,发现改进算法能使更多的气象站点通过了置信度为0.05的分布拟合检验。因此,利用改进后的算法估算出的Pearson-Ⅲ概率密度函数参数更合理,且强度估算结果更准确,对编制城市暴雨强度公式有一定的参考价值。     

Responses of Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass to Typhoon Bolaven

A two-month seabed-mounted observation(YSG1 area) was carried out in the western Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) using an RDI-300 K acoustic Doppler current profiler(ADCP) placed at a water depth of 38 m in late summer, 2012. On August 2012, Typhoon Bolaven passed east of YSG1 with a maximum wind speed of 20 m s-1. The water depth, bottom temperature, and profile current velocities(including u, v and w components) were measured, and the results showed that the typhoon could induce horizontal current with speed greater than 70 cm s-1 in the water column, which is especially rare at below 20 meters above bottom(mab). The deepening velocity shear layer had an intense shear velocity of around 10 cm s-1 m-1, which indicated the deepening of the upper mixed layer. In the upper water column(above 20 mab), westward de-tide current with velocity greater than 30 cm s-1 was generated with the typhoon's onshore surge, and the direction of current movement shifted to become southward. In the lower water column, a possible pattern of eastward compensation current and delayed typhoon-driven current was demonstrated. During the typhoon, bottom temperature variation was changed into diurnal pattern because of the combined influence of typhoon and tidal current. The passage of Bolaven greatly intensified local sediment resuspension in the bottom layer. In addition, low-density particles constituted the suspended particulate matter(SPM) around 10 mab, which may be transported from the central South Yellow Sea by the typhoon. Overall, the intensive external force of the Typhoon Bolaven did not completely destroy the local thermocline, and most re-suspended sediments during the typhoon were restricted within the YSCWM.