天然气水合物测井与评价技术进展

随着天然气水合物勘探工作的不断深入,钻井已成为勘探的必需手段。近年来,针对天然气水合物的钻探工作已在全球范围内开展,如ODP164航次、日本南海海槽的天然气水合物钻探、ODP204航次、加拿大马更些河三角洲地区、IODP311航次及印度的天然气水合物钻探,这些钻探工作都伴随着地球物理测井,不同地区的钻探由于钻探目的层的地质条件及地质任务不同,分别采用了不同的测井方法,在储层测井评价方面也使用了各种各样的手段,对天然气水合物的识别和精细评价起到了十分积极的作用。主要从测井方法与资料评价两个方面介绍天然气水合物测井领域的新进展。     

天然气水合物的地球物理识别标志

地球物理标志是天然气水合物识别标志的重要组成部分,包括测井识别标志和地震识别标志两个方面。系统地总结了含天然气水合物沉积层在电阻、电位、井径、声波、密度、中子和成像测井等方面的测井异常,常规剖面和属性剖面上的地震响应异常,以及东海海域的地球物理异常特征,旨在为我国天然气水合物地球物理识别技术的研究提供基础材料。     

海洋天然气水合物的地球物理勘探技术

天然气水合物将成为21世纪的替代能源，地球物理方法是勘探天然气水合物的重要手段。本文比较全面地分析和总结了天然气水合物的各种地球物理识别技术以及地震资料的特殊处理和分析方法，详细地介绍了水平地震剖面、垂直地震剖面、测井以及旁侧声纳剖面上天然气水合物的表现和识别方法。特别地，针对海洋地震资料的特点以及天然气水合物在地震剖面上的识别标志BSR、振幅空白带等特征，文章引入了真振幅处理、子波处理以及多项式拟合等处理方法来提高天然气水合物识别标志在地震剖面上的显示效果。最后，为了全面了解海底天然气水合物的分布 以及微细结构，文章介绍了AVO分析、全波形反演速率分析、叠加速度分析和走时反演等正、反演技术。     

地震反射技术在水合物调查评价中的应用前景及设想

在研究了天然气水合物沉积层其上下围岩（层）的地球物理特征和模型正演分析的基础上，指出了地震反射技术在天然气水合物调查评价中有着广阔的应用前景，并提出了地震反射技术在天然气水合物调查中的技术设想。     

利用地震谱反演技术圈定南海神狐海域天然气水合物储集层

地震谱反演是近年发展起来的一种新的地震方法,可利用地震数据构建反射系数剖面,极大地提高地震资料的分辨率。利用谱反演方法对南海神狐海域天然气水合物赋存区的地震资料进行了处理,获得该区海底地层的反射系数剖面,结合BSR和测井资料,确定了该区天然气水合物储集层的顶界和底界,从而圈定了该区天然气水合物储集层。     

地震反射技术在水合物调查评价中的应用前景及设1想

在研究了天然气水合物沉积层及其上下围岩(层)的地球物理特征和模型正演分析的基础上,指出了地震反射技术在天然气水合物调查评价中有着广阔的应用前景,并提出了地震反射技术在天然气水合物调查中的技术设想.     

AVO技术在水合物调查评价的应用中应注意的问题

利用AVO技术进行真假BSR识别和水合物储集层预测时应注意的问题是：①是否搞清了水合物沉积层与其上下围岩（层）之间的地球物理特征（尤其是纵、横波速度）差异以及不同的岩性组合带来的AVO效应的差异；②是否搞清了水合物沉积层与其它能引起类似于BSR反射特征的岩石（如火山岩）之间的地球物理特征（尤其是纵、横波速度）差异。只有搞清这些问题，在应用AVO技术进行真假BSR识别和储集层预测时才能有的放矢，辩别真假，避免AVO技术在应用到石油天然气勘探的早期所出现的应用“陷阱”。     

天然气水合物的地球物理识别技术

地球物理识别技术是天然气水合物识别技术中的重要技术,即以自然界天然气水合物的赋存模型为指导,以含天然气水合物沉积层的岩石物性分析为基础,以地质、地球物理模式为桥梁,以现代计算机技术为手段,用地震正、反演的方法系统地、定量地研究各种天然气水合物地震标志(如BSR)的形成原因和形成机理,为天然气水合物的地球物理识别提供科学依据。     

测井技术在水合物储层识别中的应用前景

海洋天然气水合物是一种潜在的巨大能源。地球物理测井在天然气水合物探测与储量评价领域发挥了重要作用,并且随着以勘探天然气水合物为目的的钻井数量的增多日益受到重视。主要介绍了常规测井方法、成像测井和核磁测井在识别天然气水合物储层中的应用,发展海洋天然气水合物的识别技术,准确了解天然气水合物的分布与蕴藏量,对我国海洋天然气水合物产业的建立具有关键作用。     

南海北部陆坡天然气水合物成藏机理研究：意义、现状与问题

天然气水合物是近三十多年重视起来的一种新型能源，被誉为21世纪洁净替代燃料，已逐步引起越来越多国家政府、企业、科学家的广泛关注和高度重视。以南海北部陆坡作为研究案例，充分利用我国海域天然气水合物调查评价和钻探工程资料的优势，重点开展天然气水合物成藏机理和分布规律理论研究，通过成藏理论创新，提高成藏预测能力，具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。 围绕海洋天然气水合物成藏系统，国际上在物质来源及成因机理、物理化学特征、形成环境及成藏模式、分布规律和资源评价等方面取得了显著进展。我国南海北部陆坡天然气水合物调查评价发现了一系列天然气水合物存在的地质、地球物理、地球化学和生物证据，钻探发现并取得了天然气水合物实物样品，但尚有许多关键科学问题需要解决，包括天然气水合物成藏系统中气、水、沉积物和水合物间的相互作用，天然气水合物的物理、化学响应机理及构造运动和沉积作用对我国海域天然气水合物的控矿机理等。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.