The Rayner Complex of East Antarctica: complex isotopic systematics within a Proterozoic mobile belt

Abstract New isotopic (Rb–Sr, U–Pb zircon and Sm–Nd) and petrological data are presented for part of an extensive Proterozoic mobile belt (locally known as the Rayner Complex) in East Antarctica. Much of the belt is the product of Mid-Proterozoic (∼ 1800–2000 Ma) juvenile crustal formation. Melting of this crust at about 1500 Ma ago produced the felsic magmas from which the dominant orthogneisses of this terrain were subsequently derived. Deformation and transitional granulite-amphibolite facies conditions (which peaked at 750 ± 50°C and 7–8 kbar (0.7–0.8 GPa) produced open to tight folding about E–W axes and syn-tectonic granitoids about 960 Ma ago. Subsequent felsic magmatism occurred at about 770 Ma and not, as has been widely advocated, at 500–550 Ma, which appears to have been a time of widespread upper greenschist facies (400–500°C) metamorphism, localized shearing and faulting. Sm-Nd model ages of 1.65–2.18 Ga disprove a previously favoured hypothesis that the Rayner Complex mostly represents reworked Archaean rocks from the neighbouring craton (Napier Complex). Models that involve rehydration of the Napier Complex are no longer required, since the Rayner Complex was its own source of water. Two episodes of Proterozoic crustal growth are identified, the later of which occurred between about 1200 Ma and 1000 Ma, and was relatively minor. Sedimentation took place only shortly before Late Proterozoic orogenesis. The multiphase history of the Rayner Complex has resulted in complex isotopic behaviour. Three temporally discrete episodes of Pb loss from zircon have been identified, the earliest two of which are responses to the c. 960 Ma and 540 Ma tectonothermal events. Fluid leaching was operative during the later event for there is a good correlation between degree of isotopic discordance and secondary mineral growth. Pb loss during the high-grade event was probably governed by the same process or by lattice annealing. Some zircon suites also document recent Pb loss. Most lower concordia intercepts have no direct geological meaning and are explicable as mixed ages produced by incomplete Pb loss during two or more secondary events. Whereas all zircon separates from the orthogneisses produce U–Pb isotopic alignments, zircons from the only analysed paragneiss produce scattered data, in part reflecting a range of provenance. The 960 Ma event was also associated with the growth of a characteristically low U zircon (∼ 300 μg/g) in rocks of inferred high Zr content. There is ubiquitous evidence for the resetting of Rb–Sr total-rock isochrons. Even samples separated by up to 10 km fail to produce igneous crystallization ages. Minor mineralogical changes produced by the 540 Ma upper greenschist-facies metamorphism were sufficient to almost completely reset some Rb–Sr isochrons and to produce open system conditions on outcrop scale, at least in one location.     

南极大陆超高温变质作用及其大地构造背景

超高温变质作用对认识大地构造- 热演化以及地壳成分分异等具有重要意义。南极大陆发育典型的超高温变质作用，分布于不同的构造域。主要的超高温地质单元包括内皮尔杂岩、茹尔（赖于尔）群岛、拉斯曼丘陵、吕措- 霍尔姆杂岩以及席尔马赫丘陵等。不同地质单元的超高温变质作用分布规模不同，恩德比地内皮尔杂岩的超高温变质作用分布广泛（～15000 km2），而席尔马赫丘陵等地的超高温变质作用分布有限，超高温变质作用规模与出露特征的不同可能暗示了不同的成因机制与热源。各超高温地质单元中发育丰富多样的超高温矿物组合，如假蓝宝石+石英组合、斜方辉石+矽线石组合、尖晶石+石英组合以及含大隅石、刚玉、三元长石或富Al斜方辉石的矿物组合，在变质基性岩中还发育石榴子石+单斜辉石+斜长石±高钛角闪石等矿物组合。丰富多样的矿物组合为研究超高温变质作用矿物反应机制提供了重要基础。不同超高温地质单元，乃至同一超高温地质单元内不同区域的P- T- t轨迹类型不同，如有些超高温变质作用具有显著的近等温减压轨迹，而有些超高温变质作用主要记录近等压降温轨迹，反映了不同的演化历史或构造背景。南极大陆超高温变质作用可分5个期次，包括中太古代晚期（2850 Ma），新太古代末期—古元古代早期（2585～2450 Ma），新元古代早期（格林维尔期，约1000～900 Ma？），新元古代晚期（泛非期早期，650～605 Ma）和新元古代末期—早古生代（泛非期晚期，570～500 Ma），与超大陆（或超级克拉通）演化存在密切联系。不同的超高温变质作用可能与板块构造演化的不同阶段有关，如弧后盆地或造山带垮塌阶段等；但超高温变质作用并不局限于现今板块构造体制。南极大陆多数超高温地质单元的研究程度还相对较低，对其矿物反应机制、变质演化轨迹、形成时代及持续时间、熔融反应及熔体成分演化等还缺乏深入认识，制约了对这些超高温变质作用的热源、动力学机制和构造背景等的准确解释，将来需要加强研究。     

Charnockite composition in relation to the tectonic evolution of East Antarctica

Charnockitic suites in central Dronning Maud Land (DML), Mac.Robertson Land (MRL), and the Bunger Hills area are compositionally varied and probably include both mantle and lower-crustal components. In this paper we present new geological and geochemical data on the DML charnockitic rocks, and compare their geochemistry with that of charnockitic rocks from several other Antarctic high-grade terranes, particularly MRL and the Bunger Hills. These areas have different geological histories and one of the main aims of this study is to investigate possible links between charnockite composition and the tectonic history of their host terranes. Antarctic charnockitic rocks form two distinct compositional groups. 510 Ma DML charnockites are relatively alkalic and ferroan, with high K₂O, Zr, Ga, Fe / Mg, and Ga / Al, and very low MgO, characteristic of A-type (alkaline, commonly anorogenic) granitoids. The more mafic DML rocks, at least, were derived by fractionation of a relatively alkaline high-P–Ti ferrogabbro parent magma. Most other early Palaeozoic charnockitic rocks in Antarctica are of similar composition. In contrast, MRL (c. 980 Ma) and Bunger Hills (c. 1170 Ma) charnockites are mainly calc-alkalic or calcic and magnesian, and the associated mafic components are tholeiitic. MRL and Bunger Hills charnockites are late-orogenic, whereas DML charnockites are post-orogenic, and appear to have been emplaced after post-collision extension and decompression. These two mineralogically and geochemically distinct charnockite groups may thus reflect a compositional trend in an evolving orogen, either accretional or collisional, respectively.     

Xes-Xen thermochronology of the Rayner metamorphic complex,Enderby Land (East Antarctica,Molodezhnaya Station Area)

The Xe_s-Xe_n dating of zircons from rocks of the Rayner Complex of the Enderby Land at the Molodezhnaya Station area (coast of the Alasheyev Bight) yielded age estimates of 550 ± 50 and 1040 ± 30 Ma. The metamorphic rocks of the Rayner Complex record two main events: first, the crystallization of the magmatic protoliths of charnockitic and enderbitic gneisses and, second, superimposed structural and metamorphic alterations under conditions transitional from the amphibolite to granulite facies (metamorphism manifested regionally in the rocks of the Rayner Complex). The most reliable Xe_s-Xe_n age estimates for magmatic zircons from the charnockitic and enderbitic gneisses correspond to the Grenville stage of the development of the Rayner Complex (～1.0 Ga). The Xe isotopic systematics of metamorphic zircons reflect a pan-African stage in the evolution of the Rayner Complex (600–550 Ma). Pan-African events are reflected in the U-Xe isotope system in two cases: if metamorphic zircons crystallized at the same time (which probably resulted in the formation of a plateau in the Xe_s-Xe_n age spectrum) and if the initial isotopic systems were disturbed (which resulted in a decrease in apparent age toward low-temperature gas fractions). It is important that secondary alterations and a decrease in apparent ages to 600–550 Ma affected only those components (i.e., caused xenon release only from those traps) that were unstable under the maximum metamorphic temperatures and yielded T _cl values lower than 750°C (conditions transitional from the amphibolite to granulite facies). At a higher xenon retention, “primary” isotopic systems are preserved. Consequently, the age of metamorphism transitional between the amphibolite and granulite facies can be estimated at 600–550 Ma on the basis of Xe_s-Xe_n dating. In general, the results of our study indicate that the age of regional metamorphism of the Rayner complex at the Molodezhnaya area is approximately 600–550 Ma rather than ～1.0 Ga, as was previously supposed.     

On the roles of deformation and fluid during rejuvenation of a polymetamorphic terrane: inferences on the geodynamic evolution of the Ruker Province, East Antarctica

Evaluating pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions through mineral equilibria modelling within an amphibolite facies polymetamorphic terrane requires knowledge of the fluid content of the rocks. The Archean‐Palaeoproterozoic basement rocks of the Ruker Province, East Antarctica, preserve evidence of three metamorphic events (M1–M3). Of particular interest is the M3 event, which is constrained to the early Palaeozoic (c. 550–480 Ma). Evaluation of the tectonic setting during this time is important because the Ruker Province is located within a critical region with respect to models of Gondwana assembly. Structural evidence of the early Palaeozoic event is preserved as large (up to ～500 m wide) high strain zones that cut the orthogneiss‐metasedimentary basement (Tingey Complex) of the Ruker Province. Rocks within these zones have been thoroughly recrystallized and preserve a dominant shear fabric and M3 mineral assemblages that formed at P–T conditions of 4.0–5.2 kbar and 565–640 °C. Distal to these zones, rocks preserve more complex petrographic relationships with S1 and S2 foliations, being incompletely overgrown by M3 retrograde assemblages. We show that the mineral assemblages preserved during the M3 event are highly dependent on the availability of fluid H₂O, which is strongly influenced by the structural setting (i.e. proximity to the high‐strain zones). P–T structural and fluid flow constraints support a model of basin inversion during early Palaeozoic crustal rejuvenation in the Ruker Province.     

湖南香花岭花岗岩岩石化学特征及其构造环境

湖南南部燕山早期香花岭岩体主要由铁锂云母二长花岗岩组成。岩石SiO：和K2O平均含量分别为73．72％和4．78％,Na2O＋KO平均8．47％,K2O／Na2O比值平均为1．40,A1：03平均为13．81％。总体属强过饱和铝质钙碱性一碱性花岗岩类。氧化物构造环境判别图解及区域构造演化背景反映香花岭岩体形成于后造山构造环境。     

湘西南兰蓉岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造背景

湘西南兰蓉岩体为一加里东期小侵入体,由黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩组成.(443.5±8.1)Ma的锆石SHRIMP U Pb年龄表明花岗岩形成于早志留世早期.主量元素组成表明岩体总体属钙碱性高钾钙碱性系列强过铝质花岗岩类.该侵入体Ba、(Ta+Nb)、Sr、P、Ti强烈亏损,Rb、(Th+U+K)、(La+Ce)、Nd、(Zr+Hf+Sm)、(Y+Yb+Lu)等相对富集;稀土元素含量较高、轻稀土富集明显、Eu显著亏损;Isr值为0.71299,εSr(t)值为120,εNd (t)值为 8.11和-8.89,t2DM为1.82和1.84Ga.C/MF-A/MF图解显示其源岩为泥质岩和砂屑岩.上述地球化学特征表明兰蓉岩体为陆壳碎屑岩石部分熔融形成的S型花岗岩.基于岩石成因、构造环境判别以及区域构造演化过程,推断兰蓉岩体的具体形成机制为:奥陶纪末志留纪初的北流运动(板内造山运动)导致地壳增厚、升温,尔后在挤压减弱、应力松弛的后碰撞减压构造环境下,中、上地壳酸性岩石发生部分熔融并向上侵位而形成兰蓉岩体.     

滇西保山地区晚寒武世火山岩的发现及其构造意义

滇西保山地区上岩箐—白岩凹林场一带的晚寒武世火山岩虽不甚发育,但分布广泛。早期为拉斑玄武岩、碱性玄武岩,晚期为钙碱性玄武岩。岩石地球化学特征表明,早期火山岩形成于伸展环境,晚期火山岩为消减作用产物。保山地体构造背景在晚寒武世由伸展环境向挤压环境转换,并形成寒武系与奥陶系之间的不整合,为东冈瓦纳大陆北缘由被动大陆边缘向主动大陆边缘转换提供了岩石学证据。     

吉南地区古元古代地层层序及构造背景

依据变质岩石组合特征及其在地层序列中的堆叠关系, 吉南地区古元古代集安岩群自下而上可划分为蚂蚁河岩组、荒岔沟岩组、大东岔岩组, 其沉积时限为2 350～2 150 Ma, 经历了低压相系高角闪岩相的变质作用, 并被晚期花岗岩侵入(2 160 Ma) ; 老岭群自下而上可划分为达台山组/林家沟组、珍珠门组、花山组、临江组、大栗子组, 其沉积时限为1 900～1 800 Ma, 经历了中压相系低角闪岩相的变质作用。集安岩群伏于老岭群之下, 原岩建造为一套大陆拉斑玄武岩-蒸发岩-(钙质)硬砂岩-复理石组合, 属裂谷环境沉积; 老岭群的原岩建造为一套石英砂岩-白云岩-页岩组合, 属陆内坳陷沉积。     

东昆仑五龙沟花岗岩特征及其构造背景

根据岩石学、地球化学等特征及MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,对东昆仑五龙沟地区花岗岩进行了构造环境研究。黄龙沟中粒正长花岗岩具有高硅、高碱、相对富铝、高FeOt/MgO和104Ga/Al值、富集轻稀土、明显的Eu负异常、相对原始地幔明显富集Zr、Ga、Y和Hf等高场强元素并强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P和Ti元素的特征,为A型花岗岩。锆石U-Pb法获得206Pb/238U值加权平均年龄为416.9±1.3 Ma,是早古生代晚志留世造山旋回末后造山碰撞产物,标志晚志留世东昆仑造山旋回进入造山后碰撞阶段。岩金沟矿区东花岗闪长岩为典型准铝质钙碱性花岗岩,具有I型花岗岩稀土元素特征,为I型花岗岩,形成年龄为258.9±2.1 Ma,属于昆南断裂结束后、于晚二叠世开始南区巴颜喀拉地体与昆中区南昆仑地体间发生强烈的壳幔剪切作用的产物。     

Compositional variations of Cretaceous pumpellyites along the western margin of South America and their relation to an extensional geodynamic setting

Abstract Pumpellyites in pervasively altered basic to intermediate rocks from three Cretaceous Andean volcanic sequences, the Colombian Diabasic Group, the Ecuadorian-Peruvian Celica Formation/Casma Group and the Chilean Ocoite Group, were studied to test their compositional behaviour in relation to changes in geodynamic setting. They occur mostly in assemblages of the prehnite-pumpellyite facies filling amygdules and inside plagioclase phenocrysts.
(a) Pumpellyites from the three geodynamic settings define three distinct compositional fields in AFM space: (i) those in the Diabasic Group plot closer to the Fe corner; (ii) those in the Ocoite Group plot closer to the Al corner; (iii) those in the Celica Formation/Casma group plot between, and partly overlapping, fields (i) and (ii).
(b) Pumpellyites in group (i) formed in T-MORB like, K-poor tholeiites (high Fe/Al), affected by ocean-floor metamorphism in an oceanic back-arc basin. Pumpellyites in group (ii) generated in K-rich, calc-alkaline (low Fe/Al) to shoshonitic metabasites affected by burial metamorphism in an ensialic, aborted, marginal basin with moderate attenuation of the continental crust. Pumpellyites in group (iii) formed in basic and intermediate, calc-alkaline to tholeiitic rocks, metamorphosed in ensialic marginal basins with various degrees of continental crust thinning, from splitting to moderate attenuation. A correlation between pumpellyite and host-rock composition is suggested by these characteristics.
(c) Pumpellyites in prehnite-pumpellyite facies assemblages of some of the units studied plot inside higher (and lower) grade reference fields (AFM space) corresponding to different geodynamic settings elsewhere. This anomaly is attributed to the changing characteristics of the marginal basins at the South American margin and emphasizes the need to compare equal facies referred to equal settings.     

东天山古生代斑岩铜矿床成矿规律和构造背景

东天山铜成矿带是中亚成矿域的重要组成部分, 发育土屋、延东大型铜矿, 三岔口、玉海中型铜矿, 赤湖、福兴、灵龙、玉带和四顶黑山等小型铜矿床。其中的斑岩铜矿带主要沿大南湖-头苏泉岛弧带近东西向展布, 其成岩作用集中于志留纪和石炭纪, 而成矿峰期为石炭纪。东天山斑岩铜矿带赋矿围岩包括火山岩、花岗岩和沉积岩, 围岩蚀变主要有黑云母-磁铁矿化、绢英岩化和青磐岩化, 钾化相对较弱。成矿岩体主要为中酸性钙碱性花岗岩, 富集大离子亲石元素, 亏损高场强元素, 具有高Sr/Y比值, 显示典型的岛弧岩浆岩和埃达克质特征。成矿流体早阶段发育大量含子晶的高盐度包裹体, 为H₂O-NaCl±CO₂体系, 氢氧硫同位素显示明显的岩浆热液特征。锶钕铪同位素表明成矿岩体具有新生地壳和亏损地幔混合来源。东天山斑岩铜矿带形成于古天山洋的多期次俯冲造山, 因而具有多期叠加成矿的特征。石炭纪钙碱性岩浆岩是下一步找矿的主要目标, 后期构造叠加可能导致富矿体的形成。

     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵地区变质杂岩的层序与构造变形过程

东南极拉斯曼丘陵地区位于兰伯特裂谷东缘普里兹湾东岸,该地区主要出露一套麻粒岩相变质岩,前期对原岩时代、变质过程等进行了详细研究,但是对于变质杂岩的层序和变形过程研究相对薄弱。文章通过大比例尺地质填图,发现拉斯曼丘陵地区变质杂岩总体成层有序,在此基础上建立拉斯曼岩群,并将其划分成6个岩组,原岩形成时代为中元古代。拉斯曼岩群经历了格林维尔期和泛非期变质作用的叠加,变质程度均达到高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相。拉斯曼丘陵地区主体构造线方向为北东东—南西西方向,总体上构成往北东东方向翘起的复式向斜构造,几个岩组的分布也显示由东向西逐渐变新。东部米洛半岛一带明显叠加了北北西—南南东向的构造变形。研究表明,拉斯曼岩群经历了6次重要的构造变形,包括新元古代格林维尔期(D1)、新元古代—早古生代泛非期变质变形作用(D2,D3,D4,D5)以及中新生代伸展作用(D6)。目前岩石中保存的主变形面理是格林维尔期和泛非期两次构造热事件的复合型面理,主要是泛非事件形成,格林维尔期变形面理呈残留状。综合拉斯曼岩群变质年龄及早古生代进步花岗岩体形成时代,认为D2~D5变形时代为550~500 Ma左右。因此,拉斯曼丘陵地区变质变形特征显示,中元古代拉斯曼岩群经历了格林维尔期和泛非期两次重要的造山作用,以及冈瓦纳大陆的裂解。     

辽宁省清源县放牛沟含榴白云母花岗岩地质特征及构造环境探讨

辽宁省清源县放牛沟发现一含榴白云母花岗岩岩体,其锆石(U Pb)年龄为261±20M a,时代中二叠世,其岩石化学以富S iO2、富碱为特征,具Ⅰ型花岗岩特征,属晚华力两期同碰撞造山花岗岩晚期分异产物。     

Geochemistry of the volcanoplutonic association of the Shaw massif (East Antarctica): Composition,genesis, and geodynamic interpretation

This paper reports the first petrological and geochemical evidence for the Meso-Neoproterozoic metamorphic and metaintrusive rocks of the Shaw Mountain massif (Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica). It was shown that the orthogneisses (plagiogneisses) and metabasites of the massif were formed as constituents of a volcanoplutonic complex, which included a variety of igneous rocks of normal and subalkaline groups, from ultrabasic to silicic and was assigned to the volcanic tholeiite basalt-andesite-rhyolite, plutonic peridotite-gabbro, and late (?) calc-alkaline gabbro-diorite-plagiogranite associations. The distribution of major and compatible trace elements indicates the fractionation of the primary melts that produced the volcanoplutonic association of the Shaw massif. With respect to the distribution of REE and trace elements and some trace element ratios, the metabasic rocks of the Shaw massif correspond mainly to enriched and normal basalts of mid-ocean ridges, continental rifts, and ocean islands, which suggests a contribution from a plume mantle source. It was found that the region of the Shaw massif is a high-grade metamorphosed margin of the Fisher volcanoplutonic complex, a Mesoproterozoic structure of single geodynamic nature. This is supported by the spatial proximity of the Shaw and Fisher regions, the similar behaviors of most major elements and distribution patterns of trace elements and REE in comparable magmatic associations, and the similar ages of some plutonic associations. Based on the petrological and geochemical data, an alternative geotectonic model was proposed for this region. According to this model, the Fisher complex was formed in a setting of continental rifting coupled with the processes of mantle diapirism, which was subsequently changed by the compression stage. During rifting, the structure could experience significant opening accompanied by ultrabasic-basic tholeiitic magmatism with a significant contribution of mantle material. A subsequent inversion resulted in that the rift structure underwent considerable horizontal compression accompanied by calc-alkaline magmatism and the formation of narrow intracratonic fold zones. The cyclic character of rifting processes and superposition of young rift systems on older ones was also established in the Phanerozoic geotectonic history of the region of the Prince Charles Mountains.     

Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Roman Volcanic Province, Italy

The volcanism in the Roman Province of Italy can be modelled by the partial melting of heterogeneously enriched mantle sources. The heterogeneity was created by materials derived from a subducted slab which can still be traced geophysically beneath the central Apennines.

New petrographical and chemical data are presented for the high-K calc-alkaline and the shoshonitic volcanics of the Campania region. Primary magmas are present only locally. The existence of spatial zonation in the volcanism of Campania is documented for the first time. The shoshonitic, leucite-basanitic and leucititic volcanics of the Phlegraean Fields-Procida-Ischia and the Somma-Vesuvius areas are, at similar degrees of evolution, about two times richer in Nb and Ba than those of northwestern Campania and the Latium part of the Roman Province. Accordingly, distinct north-western and south-eastern subprovinces can be defined. The evaluation of enrichment factors, that is the abundance ratio between the average contents of each element in the relatively primitive lavas of the low K- and the high K suites, shows that the mantle sources prior to K-metasomatism were different in the two sub-provinces of the Roman Province. In the north-western one, they resembled the sources of ocean-island tholeiites and moderately enriched MOR-basalts. In the south-east they were similar to those of ocean island alkaline lavas and enriched MORB's.

Modelling based on K, P, Ce, Sr, Rb, Ba, Th, Sm, Eu, Gd, Y, Nb and 87Sr/86Sr was carried out. It indicates that the range of mantle sources of the volcanics in northwestern Campania and Latium can be modelled by the addition of 3 to 20% of materials derived by partial melting of carbonaceous pelites to a Sr-enriched mantle wedge comparable to the Honolulu mantle source least enriched in Nb.

The production of Sr-enriched mantle wedge requires either the action of fluids produced by dehydration of subducted oceanic crust, or a small amount of metasomatism caused by the presence of carbonatite melts.

The near absence of Ti, Ta, Nb, Yb and the highly fractionated REE in the metasomatizing component requires the presence of residual garnet and accessory Ti-rich minerals during the partial melting of the subducted sediments. The writers propose that the mantle wedge overlying the subducted slab was hybridized by melts produced by partial fusion of subducted material derived from the continental crust, probably sediments. This process played a dominant role in the generation of the mantle sources from which the high-K calc-alkaline, shoshonitic, leucite-basanitic and leucititic magmas of the Roman Province were derived.     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵夕线石榴二长片麻岩的格林威尔期变质作用和构造意义

东南极拉斯曼丘陵出露的中-高级变质岩是普里兹湾基底岩系的主要组成部分,是研究普里兹湾高级区组成与演化的理想对象。本文对拉斯曼丘陵米洛半岛地区的夕线石榴二长片麻岩进行了岩石学、相平衡模拟和地质年代学研究。研究结果表明拉斯曼丘陵夕线石榴二长片麻岩矿物组合为石榴子石+堇青石+斜长石+钛铁矿+夕线石+石英±黑云母±钾长石,经历了格林威尔期(~980Ma)高温变质,其峰期阶段(M1)的矿物组合为石榴子石+斜长石+钾长石+钛铁矿+夕线石+石英,变质温压条件为:~820℃、~9.6kbar。夕线石榴二长片麻岩的岩浆锆石比变质锆石具有更低的LREE和更高的HREE含量,其原岩的沉积年龄不早于~1073Ma,物源主要为中元古代岩浆岩(S-型花岗岩)。拉斯曼丘陵在格林威尔期经历了陆-陆碰撞,进而快速折返、剥蚀作用的过程。     

西南极岩浆作用及构造演化

西南极主要由哈格冰原岛峰群、南极半岛、瑟斯顿岛、玛丽·伯德地和埃尔斯沃思-惠特莫尔山脉五个各具特色的地壳块体组成。通过综述上述各块体主要的岩浆事件及其构造意义,旨在了解西南极的地质演化过程。西南极最古老的岩石为哈格冰原岛峰群地块的前寒武纪正片麻岩,时代为1238 Ma,记录了中元古代弧岩浆作用,其余四个地块记录了~500 Ma以来的地质演化过程。古生代时期,埃尔斯沃思-惠特莫尔山脉地块处于快速沉降的陆相断陷盆地环境,岩浆活动稀少,与罗斯造山运动形成的弧后伸展有关;玛丽·伯德地地块中—晚古生代发育一套与板块汇聚有关的岩浆作用,形成于活动大陆边缘环境;而南极半岛-瑟斯顿岛地块记录了石炭纪—二叠纪时期弧的发育。各地块的构造背景从侏罗纪开始明显分化,埃尔斯沃思-惠特莫尔山脉地块记录了侏罗纪板内岩浆作用,可能与大火成岩省有关;玛丽·伯德地地块发育的侏罗纪—早白垩世Ⅰ型弧岩浆岩随时间转变为白垩纪中期的A型碱性岩浆岩,经历了由俯冲向裂解机制的转变;南极半岛-瑟斯顿岛地块侏罗纪—白垩纪为弧岩浆活动活跃期,同时也有大火成岩省火山活动的记录,是持续俯冲和裂解相互作用的产物。新生代岩浆作用以南极半岛地块为代表,弧岩浆作用持续到始新世,其时空分布特征与左行错断扩张脊的分段俯冲和碰撞有关。     

皖南新元古代花岗闪长岩地球化学特征及构造环境

皖南新元古代花岗闪长岩沿祁门-歙县-三阳深断裂呈串珠状出露。本文在对其岩石学、地球化学细致分析的基础上,探讨了岩体的岩石成因和产出环境。皖南新元古代花岗闪长岩主要由石英、钾长石和斜长石组成,普遍含富铝矿物黑云母和堇青石,副矿物包括锆石、磷灰石、钛铁矿、独居石、磷钇矿、极少的磁铁矿等。地球化学分析数据显示,岩石总体具高硅、高钾、高铝和低钠、低镁、低钙的特征;岩石富碱(ALK=6.63%),高K2O/Na2O比值(1.33)。里特曼指数δ为0.8~2.91,碱度率AR为1.56~3.14,属高钾钙碱性系列。岩石铝饱和指数(A/CNK-1.31)大于1.1,具强过铝质S型花岗岩的特征。岩石稀土元素呈轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的特征,∑LREE/∑HREE比值为5.36~8.36,具较强的负铕异常(δEu=0.39~0.7),配分模式为右倾“V”字形态;微量元素明显富集Rb、Th而亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr等,为低Sr高Yb型花岗岩。地球化学特征显示其岩浆源于围岩-中元古代牛屋组浅变质千枚岩的部分熔融,反映陆-陆碰撞挤压造山环境,为晋宁运动晚期华夏板块向北俯冲与扬子板块碰撞造山的火山弧产物。