Stabilization and reactivation of cratonic lithosphere from the lower crustal record in the western Canadian shield

New U–Pb geochronology for an extensive exposure of high-pressure granulites in the East Lake Athabasca region of the western Canadian shield is consistent with a history characterized by 2.55 Ga stabilization of cratonic lithosphere, 650 million years of lower crustal residence and cratonic stability, and 1.9 Ga reactivation of the craton during lithospheric attenuation and asthenospheric upwelling. High precision single-grain and fragment zircon data define distinctive discordia arrays between 2.55 and 1.9 Ga. U–Pb ion microprobe spot analyses yield a similar range of U–Pb dates with no obvious correlation between date and cathodoluminescence zonation. We attribute the complex U–Pb zircon systematics to growth of the primary populations during a 2.55 Ga high-pressure granulite facies event (~1.3 GPa, 850°C) recorded by the dominant mineral assemblage of the mafic granulite gneisses, with subsequent zircon recrystallization and minor secondary zircon growth during a second high-pressure granulite facies event (1.0 GPa, ~800°C) at 1.9 Ga. The occurrence of two discrete granulite facies metamorphic events in the lower crust, separated by an interval of 650 million years that included isobaric cooling for at least some of this time, suggests that the rocks resided at lower crustal depths until 1.9 Ga. We infer that this phase of lower crustal residence and little tectonic activity is coincident with an extended period of cratonic stability. Detailed structural and thermochronological datasets indicate that multistage unroofing of the lower crustal rocks occurred in the following 200 million years. Extended lower crustal residence would logically be the history inferred for lower crust in most cratonic regions, but the unusual aspect of the history in the East Lake Athabasca region is the subsequent lithospheric reactivation that initiated transport of the lower crust to the surface. We suggest that a weakened strength profile related to the 1.9 Ga heating left the lithosphere susceptible to far-field tectonic stresses from bounding orogens that drove the lower crustal exhumation. An ultimate return to cratonic stability is responsible for the preservation of this extensive lower crustal exposure since 1.7 Ga.     

Uplifted crust in parts of western India

During northward movement of the Indian sub-continent, after its breakup from the Gondwanaland in the Late Cretaceous, the western part of India traversed over the Reunion plume. The Saurashtra peninsula and the Cambay Basin are two important geological regions in this part. Two and half dimensional density models, based on the crustal seismic structure, were generated to establish a relationship between these two regions. These models indicate that the crust is 32–33 km thick in the eastern Saurashtra and the northern part of the Cambay Basin. The shallower crust is in a triangular region formed by the extension of the western limb of the Proterozoic Aravalli trend in Saurashtra, its eastern limb and the Narmada fault in the south. Compared to 36–37 km thick crust to the west and 38–40 km to the east of this region the crust in the above triangular region is uplifted by 4 to 6 km. This uplift took place either after the deposition of Mesozoic sediments or was concomitant with the rise of Reunion plume prior to the extrusion of the Deccan volcanics as the region was close to the axis of the plume.     

从全球对比探讨华北克拉通早期地质演化与板块构造过程

板块构造理论为 2 0世纪取得的重大科学成就。如何在新世纪发展板块构造、推动大陆动力学研究成为新的挑战。世界古大陆前寒武纪地质研究在花岗岩绿岩带、高级变质区 ,新太古代造山作用 ,早期大洋地质记录与古板块构造 ,以及超级大陆等方面取得新进展。在此全球构造背景下 ,华北早期地质演化的相关重大问题包括 :新太古代典型造山带地质演化、碰撞过程及其盆山耦合作用。围绕新太古代蛇绿岩的研究 ,特别是豆荚状铬铁矿及地幔岩 ,将提供早期大洋岩石圈性质、扩张运移过程的重要线索 ,并提出早期板块边界划分标志及其洋陆作用过程。华北中部造山带及蛇绿岩混杂带的洲际对比 ,对认识华北与最古老超级大陆聚合过程具有重要意义     

中国西部三大海相克拉通含油气盆地沉积-构造转换与生储岩

从含油气盆地沉积-构造演化的视角和盆地性质转变的动态观出发,把中国西部的油气盆地划分为4种类型,塔里木、四川和鄂尔多斯3个古生代海相盆地具有相似的地质演化和生储体系。泛大陆解体后,震旦纪—早中奥陶世为被动大陆边缘,中晚奥陶世至志留纪为夭折前陆盆地,代表三大陆块与周边洋盆的盆山转换。构造演化在克拉通上的地质响应表现在3个方面:一是沉积了2套烃源岩,即大陆边缘和“夭折”的前陆盆地阶段的沉积物;二是形成古隆起、古暴露和古岩溶,并在克拉通上有4个盆山转换面;三是晚古生代海侵盆地阶梯式地上超在早古生代海退盆地序列之上,导致下生上储和封隔盖层。     

P-wave tomography and dynamics of the crust and upper mantle beneath western Tibet

The continental collision between the Indian and Asian plates plays a key role in the geologic and tectonic evolution of the Tibetan plateau. In this article we present high-resolution tomographic images of the crust and upper mantle derived from a large number of high-quality seismic data from the ANTILOPE project in western Tibet. Both local and distant earthquakes were used in this study and 35,115 P-wave arrival times were manually picked from the original seismograms. Geological and geochemical results suggested that the subducting Indian plate has reached northward to the Lhasa terrane, whereas our new tomography shows that the Indian plate is currently sub-horizontal and underthrusting to the Jinsha river suture at depths of ~ 100 to ~ 250 km, suggesting that the subduction process has evolved over time. The Asian plate is also imaged clearly from the surface to a depth of ~ 100 km by our tomography, and it is located under the Tarim Basin north of the Altyn Tagh Fault. There is no obvious evidence to show that the Asian plate has subducted beneath western Tibet. The Indian and Asian plates are separated by a prominent low-velocity zone under northern Tibet. We attribute the low-velocity zone to mantle upwelling, which may account for the warm crust and upper mantle beneath that region, and thus explain the different features of magmatism between southern and northern Tibet. But the upwelling may not penetrate through the whole crust. We propose a revised geodynamic model and suggest that the high-velocity zones under Lhasa terrane may reflect a cold crust which has interrupted the crustal flow under the westernmost Tibetan plateau.     

Faulting on the western flank of Mt Etna and magma intrusions in the shallow crust

Surface deformations on the western flank of Mt Etna volcano, spanning 1980–2004, have been analysed as they pertain to stress interactions between magma intrusions within the shallow crust along the S–SE Rift and faulting sensitivity. During this period, an accurate analysis of strain parameters, computed by inversion of SW electro‐optical distance data, suggested that the observed strong displacements on this flank of the edifice can also be related to dextral shear movements along a roughly NE–SW buried fault crossing the area covered by this network, as supported by seismic observations of the 20–24 April 2001 swarm. Moreover, Coulomb stress change model analysis confirms that the displacement along this fault, heralding the July–August 2001 eruption 2 months earlier can be related to major stresses applied by a dike intrusion at depth along the S–SE Rift, as testified by the microseismicity occurring between November 2000 and 19 April 2001.     

乌干达苏库卢碳酸岩风化壳成矿元素地球化学评价指标

碳酸岩是一种特殊的火成岩,常与多种成因类型的矿床密切相关,故引起国内外学者的广泛关注。笔者以乌干达苏库卢碳酸岩风化壳为研究对象,选取区内典型剖面AB和钻孔ZK14(W),应用剖面地球化学异常和钻孔地球化学异常的方法总结了矿床的成矿规律和成因。笔者提出采用[w(Nb_2O_5)*w(REO)*w(TFe)*1000]/w(P_2O_5)累乘比值作为矿体剥蚀的判别指标(K_1),得出:强风化区K_1500,半、弱风化区500K_1100,碳酸岩原岩K_1100。同时,本文首次尝试为地球化学勘查理论适用于风化壳矿床提供勘查实例。     

塔里木盆地克拉通区天然气碳同位素与成熟度关系探讨

气藏中天然气碳同位素的轻重不仅反映了母质继续效应和成熟效应,同时也取决于累积、散失、混合效应。塔里木盆地３个古隆起（中、 塔北和巴楚）区的天然气均主要来自寒武系一下奥陶统烃财。塔中地区保存条件好,天然气聚集时期长,为连续聚气区,其累积效应强,碳同位素普遍偏轻;塔北和 扎塔格地区保存状况相对较差,天然气聚集期短,累积效应弱,碳同位素值重了区。塔中北皮一些奥陶第 藏由于有中上奥陶统生成的低熟气－生物气     

The Geochemical Evolution of the Proterozoic Continental Crust in Northwestern Jiangxi and Western Zhejiang,China

The pertochemistry and Sm-Nd isotopic compositions and the geochemical characteristics of REE,U,Th,etc..in the Late Proterozoix and Early Palaeozoic strata in northwestern Jiangxi and western Zhejiang provinces are described in this paper.It seems to be sure that the middle Proterozoic strata of southeastern China are low in the degree of matrration .The strata contain much mantle-derived material.At the end of Late Proterozoic there was an abrupt turn with respect to the crustal geochemical evolution of the eastern part of South China .Since then ,the geochemical environment has undergone a change from a simple reducing environment to a complex oxidizing-reducing environ-ment, which would be geochemically beneficial to the formation of Late Sinian to Early Cambrian U-bearing formations.     

Evolution of the middle crust beneath the western Pannonian Basin: a xenolith study

Felsic to mafic granulite xenoliths from late Neogene basalt pyroclastics in four localities of the western Pannonian Basin (Beistein, Kapfenstein, Szigliget and Káptalantóti (Sabar-hegy) were studied to find out their metamorphic and fluid history. The characteristic mineral assemblage of the granulites consists of Pl + Opx + Qtz ± Cpx ± Bt ± Grt ± Kfs. Based on abundant magmatic relic microstructural domains occurring in these rocks, the potential precursors might have been predominantly felsic igneous or high to ultrahigh temperature rocks. Ternary feldspar thermometry provides a rough estimate of temperatures of about 920–1070 °C. The first fluid invasion event, which is linked with this early high to ultrahigh temperature stage is characterised by primary pure CO₂ inclusions in apatite and zircon. The densest primary CO₂ inclusions indicate 0.52–0.64 GPa pressure at the estimated temperature range of crystallization. According to mineral equilibria and geothermobarometry, the high to ultrahigh temperature rock cooled and crystallized to granulite of predominantly felsic composition at about 750–870 °C and 0.50–0.75 GPa in the middle crust, between 20 and 29 km depths. The second fluid invasion event is recorded by primary CO₂-rich fluid inclusions hosted in the granulitic mineral assemblage (plagioclase, quartz and orthopyroxene). In addition to CO₂, Raman spectroscopy revealed the presence of minor N₂, H₂S, CO and H₂O in these inclusions. Partial melting of biotite-bearing assemblages could be connected to the next fluid invasion shown by secondary CO₂-rich fluids recorded along with healed fractures in plagioclase, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. This event could have happened at depths similar to the previous ones. The final step in the granulite evolution was the sampling in the middle crust and transportation to the surface in form of xenoliths by mafic melt. This event generated temperature increase and pressure decrease and thus, limited melting of the xenoliths. The youngest fluid inclusion generation, observed mostly in healed fractures of felsic minerals, could be associated with this event.     

Geological and geochemical characteristics in the paleo-weathering crust sedimentary type REE deposits,western Guizhou,China

A supergene REE deposit closely interrelated with the weathering of the Emeishan basalt formation was produced in the Xuanwei formation, the overlying stratum of the late Permian Emeishan basalt formation in West Guizhou, China. The host strata consist primarily of offwhite kaolinite clay rock and/or grayish black carbonaceous shale. Mineralogical analyses reveal that kaolinites are the major minerals in REE ores with small amounts of smectite, illite, boehmite, hornblende, pyrophyllite, calcite, dolomite and/or iron-bearing minerals, with a certain proportion of feldspar, quartz crystal debris and noncrystal debris. Geochemical analyses reveal high enrichment of trace elements like Cu, Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf. The host strata feature considerable lithological variability, close interrelation of the REE grade with the lithology and uneven spatial distribution of the REE ores, which are mostly found in Lufang, Maojiaping and Zhangsigou profiles of Weining County and can be as thick as 20 m. Of the five stratigraphic profiles, 48% have their whole-rock ∑REE higher than 1000 ppm. The REE in this framework consists primarily of ion adsorbed phases and REE-rich residual independent mineral phases. Comprehensive analyses suggest that the source may not only include the Emeishan basalt, but the intermediate acid volcanic rocks evolved from the Emeishan basalt in the later periods; the hydrothermal alteration subsequently imposed on the host strata might have boosted the mineralization of the rare earth. The preliminary genetic model should have been: the denudation product from the weathering of the parent rock was migrated to the sea-continental margin at the continent side carrying huge quantities of REE with it and was preserved by the quick marine transgression. The host strata consist primarily of kaolinite clay rock and/or carbonaceous shale, which are so far believed to be a sedimentary type REE deposit closely interrelated with weathering effect.     

山东省鲁西金刚石的类型、源区及区域壳幔演化背景

山东省鲁西地区具有工业价值的金刚石矿有原生金刚石矿和金刚石砂矿两种类型,前者的母岩类型主要有金伯利岩型和煌斑岩型;后者的母岩类型有砾岩型和砂岩型,产于第四纪小埠岭组和于泉组中。寒武纪李官组、石炭纪本溪组、侏罗纪三台组、古近纪官庄群和新近纪白彦组也是金刚石的储集层,但均达不到工业利用的要求。这些储集层中所含的金刚石比较而言,蒙阴和费县等地的本溪组中的粒度最大,平邑—泗水地区白彦组中的含量最富,临沂金雀山三台组中的完整晶型者占比最高,枣庄上泥河和泗水踅庄地区李官组中的金刚石熔蚀、磨圆最严重。不同层位和类型的金刚石,其源区、形成时代和构造背景不同。岩相古地理分析表明,李官组金刚石来源于其西南侧马山—四海山一带早前寒武纪结晶基底中的超镁铁质岩,这些超镁铁质岩形成于新太古代,元古宙末早前寒武纪结晶基底隆起、超镁铁质岩遭受剥蚀,少量金刚石沉积于寒武纪底部的李官组砾岩中;本溪组和三台组金刚石的分布和特征指示其源区为蒙阴金伯利岩,蒙阴金伯利岩形成于早—中奥陶世,金伯利岩形成之后发生的加里东运动和印支运动—早燕山运动造成鲁西中部的徂徕山—蒙山一带隆起,金伯利岩被抬升至地表遭受剥蚀,金刚石分别沉积于本溪组...     

A-type leucogranite magmatism in the evolution of continental crust on the western margin of the Siberian craton

We discuss problems of the origin, settings, and age of Neoproterozoic A-type leucogranites widespread in the Yenisei Ridge. Combined analysis of geological, petrological, and geochemical (including isotope) data shows that some granitoids (Glushikha complex) were formed at the postcollisional stage (750–720 Ma), and others (Tatarka complex), in an anorogenic environment (680–630 Ma). The anorogenic complex contains diverse igneous rocks, including alkaline varieties and carbonatites. Leucogranites form separate plutons within different igneous complexes. They have high contents of potassium (up to ultrapotassic composition in the Glushikha complex), iron, and fluorine and are depleted in europium. Postcollisional granitoids show the highest concentrations of Rb, Th, and U, extremely low concentrations of Ba and Sr, whereas anorogenic granitoids are rich in Ta, Nb, Y, Sm, and HREE. The obtained data point to the augmented mantle contribution to the formation of continental crust of the Yenisei Ridge between 750 and 630 Ma. We also report new results of U-Pb zircon dating, including SHRIMP and Ar-Ar data.     

Coupling between fluids and rock deformation in the continental crust:Preface

正1.Introduction Fluids are essential and widespread components of the Earth crust.They regulate the main process of mass and energy transport,conditioning the geochemical and geophysical evolution of the crust (Bredehoeft and Norton.1990) and,consequently,its properties and mechanical behavior.The coupling between fluids,rock deformation,and heat are crucial engines for plate tectonics,playing a leading role in the rheology and evolution of the lithosphere(e.g.Jamtveit et al.,2000;Kennedy and van Soest,2007;Thompson,2010;Miller.2013;Yardley and Bodnar,2014:Hirauchi et al.,2016:     

古生代中国中西部三大陆块古地理位置重建与演变

针对古生代中国中西部华北、华南和塔里木三大陆块在全球洋-陆格局中的古地理位置还存在的争议问题,本论文以国际最新的古地理位置重建研究方法和思路,在对中国三大陆块盆地(鄂尔多斯、四川和塔里木盆地)古生界钻井岩心的古地磁实测研究、全球古生代古地磁数据收集与有效性筛选处理、全球主要地质事件约束等多参数融合分析的基础上,采用最新的 GPlates 板块重建方法,对中国华北、华南和塔里木三大陆块在全球洋-陆格局中的古地理位置进行了重建和定位。研究结果表明:古生代三大陆块主要在全球 ±30° 之间的南北中低纬度之间迁移;三大陆块在古生代至少发生了 3 次不同的顺时针旋转和方位角转换;三大陆块运移速率至少经历了 3 次以上不同高、低速度间的转换与变化过程;响应于古生代全球洋-陆形成与演化,中国三大陆块古构造格局总体上经历了洋盆扩张下的“多岛洋”离散、俯冲碰撞下的离散-汇聚并存、俯冲消减下的差异汇聚隆升、新旧洋盆转换下的差异汇聚-离散、拼合与地幔柱控制下的差异汇聚-离散内部拉张的差异性演变过程。古生代中国三大陆块在全球洋-陆格局中的位置与差异性演变,奠定了中国三大陆块古生代不同性质盆地的形成与演化、不同层系油气烃源、储集原始物质差异性发育的基础。     

扬子西缘泛非造山与绵阳－长宁克拉通裂陷的沉积充填过程研究

四川盆地安岳震旦—寒武系特大型气田的发现,掀起了探索四川盆地深层油气勘探新领域的热潮。然而对于川西北深层原型盆地沉积充填过程及其动力学机制的认识尚处于探索阶段。本文通过对扬子西北缘及盆内典型钻井震旦—寒武纪地层序列的综合调查与区域对比研究,基于关键事件序列的系统厘定,重建了扬子西北缘及邻区新元古代—寒武纪原型盆地沉积充填格架;对比全球冈瓦纳大陆汇聚与泛非造山过程,系统厘定了泛非运动在扬子西缘的沉积－构造－岩浆作用记录,进一步明确了华南扬子克拉通为新元古代末期冈瓦纳大陆的一部分。同时,结合盆内最新深层钻井和二维地震资料解析,研究认为绵阳－长宁克拉通边缘裂陷的成生、发展、充填与折返隆升过程主要受控于扬子西缘的泛非期弧后伸展、弧陆碰撞及陆陆碰撞造山过程,研究提出绵阳－长宁克拉通边缘裂陷经历了如下6个演化阶段：①陡山沱早期克拉通边缘裂陷开启,表现为克拉通边缘的裂陷与快速沉降;②陡山沱晚期—灯影早期为克拉通裂陷的持续沉降与克拉通碳酸盐台地的补偿性生长,区域沉积分异明显;③灯影晚期为克拉通裂陷扩展、定型与碳酸盐台地的活化与重建;④麦地坪期为克拉通边缘的差异隆升与碳酸盐台地的风化剥蚀;⑤筇竹寺期为克拉通增生陆块边缘的构造活化与克拉通边缘的挤压挠曲沉降;⑥沧浪铺期为陆陆碰撞造山与克拉通边缘裂陷的快速充填。至沧浪铺末期,绵阳－长宁克拉通裂陷沉积充填结束,并快速折返隆升为天井山－川中古隆起。因此,本文对扬子西缘克拉通边缘裂陷的盆地动力学过程重塑,不仅为华南板块在冈瓦纳古大陆重建中的构造定位提供了新资料,亦将对探索川西北乃至四川盆地深层油气勘探新领域、新方向具有重要的启示意义。     

Relationship between seismicity in the northern Pribaikalye and the block structure of the crust

The character of seismic activity in the northern Pribaikalye is considered in connection with the block structure of the crust. It is supposed that presence of structural elements of different scale levels and density heterogeneities in the crust gives ground for earthquake clustering and prevents large (M > 6.0) seismic events. The representativeness of clusters and the character of stress discharge in sources change gradually as you move away from the conditional axis of the rift zone to the S-E demonstrating a weak influence of rift processes in the area of the Ikat Range.