1951—2010年大连市气温变化特征

利用1951—2010年大连市气温资料,采用气候趋势系数和气候倾向率、Mann-Kendal1突变分析等方法对年和季平均气温、最高最低气温变化特征进行了分析和突变检验。结果表明：大连市年和季平均气温呈上升趋势,进入21世纪,升温趋势有所减缓;大连市年平均气温的增温速率为0.33/10 a,明显高于近50 a中国平均增温速率0.22/10 a,更高于近50 a全球平均0.13/10 a的增温速率。大连市平均气温的升高主要发生在春季和冬季;年平均最低气温的升温幅度大于年平均最高气温的升温幅度;年、季平均气温存在突变,突变始于1987—1990年前后,突变前后平均气温均值相差较大;年、季平均最高气温和最低气温大都存在突变,但秋季平均最高气温无突变。     

1951—2010年大连市气温变化特征

利用1951—2010年大连市气温资料,采用气候趋势系数和气候倾向率、Mann-Kendal1突变分析等方法对年和季平均气温、最高最低气温变化特征进行了分析和突变检验。结果表明：大连市年和季平均气温呈上升趋势,进入21世纪,升温趋势有所减缓;大连市年平均气温的增温速率为0.33/10 a,明显高于近50 a中国平均增温...     

Spatial and temporal patterns of trends and variability in diurnal temperature ranges of Turkey

Summary Spatial and temporal patterns of trends in the diurnal temperature ranges (DTRs) of the 70 stations and the role of maximum and minimum temperatures on the year-to-year variability and the long-term trends of the DTRs in Turkey have been investigated for the period 1929–1999. The principal results of the study are as follows:(i) The daytime maximum temperatures have shown weak warming and cooling in comparison with significant warming of the night-time minimum temperatures in many regions of Turkey and in most seasons. (ii) The DTRs have significantly decreased at most of the urbanised and rapidly urbanising stations throughout the seasons except partly in winter, without showing an apparent north/south (west–east) and land/sea gradient. (iii) Annual and seasonal DTRs of some stations have shown significant increasing trends. Nevertheless, the spatial distribution of significant increasing trends in the DTR series is geographically incoherent across the country in all seasons and annually, as compared with significantly decreased DTRs. (iv) Autumn and summer DTRs have decreased generally at a higher rate than in winter and spring. (v) Changes in the temperature regime of Turkey towards the more temperate and/or warmer climate conditions are most strongly related with the significant night-time warming in spring and summer. (vi) Magnitudes and signs of correlation coefficients and correlation patterns between the DTRs and the maximum and minimum temperatures have revealed that there is an opposite physical control mechanism on the year-to-year variability and the long-term variations and trends in the DTRs, particularly for the annual, spring and summer series. (vii) Significant increases of the night-time temperatures have most likely led to strong decreasing trends in the DTRs of most stations during the spring and summer seasons and annually and of some stations during winter and autumn. (viii) The asymmetric trends and the symmetric, but with different magnitude, trends in the maximum and minimum temperatures resulted in a significant decrease in the DTRs of many stations and are a considerable signal of ongoing changes in the climatic variability of Turkey.     

半个世纪来惠州气温的变化特征

利用广东省惠州市城市和乡村的气温资料,分析了半个世纪来惠州气温的变化特征和城市热岛效应对气温变化的影响.结果表明:(1) 惠州城市年和四季平均气温都呈显著上升趋势,其中冬季增温最大,Mann-Kendall突变检验显示年和四季都存在增温性突变,t检验表明突变前后均值有显著性差异.(2) 惠州城市年平均最高和最低气温呈非对称变化,最低气温的增温幅度大于最高气温,气温的日变化呈减小趋势;高温日数呈上升趋势,低温日数呈下降趋势.(3) 城乡气温的对比分析表明惠州城市气温的变化不仅受到区域气候变化的影响,城市化、工业化和人类活动引起的城市热岛效应对其也有重要影响,城市热岛效应的增温贡献率为38.1%.     

近45年拉萨深层地温变化趋势分析

利用1961—2005年拉萨0.8 m, 1.6 m和3.2 m逐月平均地温, 采用气候倾向率、累积距平、信噪比等气候诊断方法, 分析了近45年拉萨深层平均地温的变化趋势, 以及异常、突变等气候特征。结果表明:近45年拉萨0.8 m和1.6 m年平均地温呈极显著的增温趋势, 倾向率为 (0.58~0.69 ℃)/10a;0.8 m和1.6 m平均地温倾向率春季最大, 秋季最小; 3.2 m平均地温却以夏季升幅最大, 冬季最小; 与同时期平均气温的增温幅度比较, 地温增幅更大; 20世纪60—90年代0.8 m和1.6 m年平均地温呈明显的逐年代升高趋势; 季平均地温20世纪60—70年代均偏低, 80年代大部分季节仍略偏低, 90年代都表现为正距平; 0.8 m, 1.6 m和3.2 m年平均地温均在1999年出现了异常偏暖, 异常偏冷现象仅发生在1.6 m土层上, 时间为1963年; 夏季深层平均地温异常偏暖均发生在1999年; 冬季0.8 m和1.6 m平均地温多异常偏冷年份, 主要发生在20世纪60年代; 1999, 2002—2005年冬季3.2 m平均地温异常偏暖; 夏、秋季和年平均地温的气候突变都出现在1986年, 冬、春季发生在1983年。     

云南近50 年来的气候变化

利用1961—2008 年云南省124 站及其相邻省市区的37 个地面站的逐日平均气温、降水量资料,客观分析了考虑气温垂直递减率的气温细网格数据。在此基础上,分析研究了云南近50 年来的气候变化。(1)云南近50 年来的气温变化,趋势上与北半球和全国一致,但气候变暖的速率相对缓慢;(2) 云南气候带面积有明显变化,北热带和南亚热带面积增加,而中亚热带、北亚热带和温带的面积减少;(3) 云南冬季是气温上升幅度最大的季节,然后依次是秋季、夏季和春季,虽然近50 年来云南大部分区域气温呈上升趋势,但少数区域气温却呈下降趋势,这些降温区主要集中在低海拔河谷地区;(4) 云南近50 年来降水量年平均变化不大,但季节和空间分布的变化却比较明显,雨季和主汛期降水量呈下降趋势,干季呈上升趋势;在空间分布上,滇东地区呈一致性下降趋势,滇中呈一致性上升趋势;滇西和滇南地区降水量的增减趋势呈交错分布。      

1980～2014年中国生态脆弱区气候变化特征分析

为了全面把握20世纪80年代以来中国生态脆弱区气候变化的特征,利用基于全国2000多个站点的格点化逐月资料,对中国典型生态脆弱区1980～2014年的日平均气温、日最高和最低气温、降水、相对湿度、风速和蒸发皿蒸发量的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:（1）中国生态脆弱区日平均气温、日最高和最低气温几乎都呈上升趋势;日平均气温增幅北方大于南方;北方生态脆弱区日平均气温、日最高和最低气温、南方生态脆弱区日最低气温的季节增幅多为春季最大,秋季或冬季最小。（2）全区平均降水变化趋势不明显;生态脆弱区降水距平百分率春季多为增长趋势,夏季多为减少趋势,秋、冬季和年北方多为增长趋势,南方多为减少趋势。（3）相对湿度以减少趋势为主,只有黄土高原南部脆弱区秋、冬季和干旱半干旱区脆弱区冬季相对湿度距平百分率的趋势为正,这几个正值区同时也是降水增长大值区。（4）风速基本为减少趋势,春季减少趋势最大。（5）全区平均蒸发皿蒸发量春、夏季和年为减少趋势,冬季为增长趋势;北方生态脆弱区蒸发皿蒸发量四季和年多呈减少趋势;南方生态脆弱区蒸发皿蒸发量春、夏季以减少趋势为主,秋、冬季和年呈增长趋势。     

INFLUENCE OF SPRING EQUATORIAL EASTERN PACIFIC SSTA ON THE SEASONAL CHANGE FROM SPRING TO SUMMER OF EASTERN ASIAN CIRCULATION

Based on the analysis of NCEP height, wind and OLR data, the influence of spring equatorial eastern Pacific SSTA on the seasonal change from spring to summer of eastern Asian circulation has been investigated. Results show that related to the warm (cold) spring SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacific, the anomalous anticyclone (cyclone) circulation emerges around the South China Sea and the Philippines, the strong (weak) west Pacific subtropical high locates to the west (east) of its normal position, which induces to the late (early) onset of the South China Sea monsoon. The numerical simulations have also shown that the remarkable influence of spring SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacific on the spring seasonal change of eastern Asian circulation will last till summer.     

车尔臣河流域1955-2010年气候变化特征分析

摘 要：利用车尔臣河流域1955-2010年气温、降水、云量、浮尘、沙尘暴和大风等气象资料,分析了近56a来流域气候变化特征。结果表明:(1)车尔臣河流域年、季平均气温均呈明显上升趋势,以冬季增暖最显著;且在1990年前后出现了冷暖突变,2001-2010年是近56a来最暖的时期。(2)年、季降水量呈小幅增加趋势,春季降水增加趋势达显著水平;降水在1962年出现干湿突变,而1980s后降水增加则趋于平稳。(3)年、季平均总云量呈增加趋势,其中夏季云量的增加最明显。(4)年浮尘、沙尘暴和大风日数呈显著减少趋势,但值得注意的是2005年以后沙尘日数不降反升。总体上看,近56a车尔臣河流域气候朝暖湿方向发展,生态环境明显改善。     

云南地区季降水量和气温的潜在可预报性分析

利用云南地区42年气候资料,使用低频白噪声延伸法和方差分析方法,估计了该地区季节降水量和季节气温的气候噪声方差和潜在可预报性。分析结果表明：（1）云南季降水量的气候噪声方差随着季节降水量的增加而增加,空间上主要是由南往北减小,夏季降水量的气候噪声方差显著大于其他季节,季气温的气候噪声方差则随着季节气温的减小而增加,空间上春、冬季由东往西减小而夏、秋季由南往北增加;冬季气温的气候噪声方差显著大于其他季节;（2）云南季降水量和季气温的潜在可预报性同样具有显著的季节变化和空间变化,云南春季的降水量和气温的潜在可预报性均显著大于其他季节,夏季降水量和气温的潜在可预报性均较其他三个季节小;春、秋季降水量潜在可预报性西部大于东部,夏季北部大于南部,冬季则是南部大于北部,云南季气温除夏季外均是西部大于东部。（3）季风和冷空气活动可能对云南地区的季降水量和气温的潜在可预报性有重要影响。     

珠峰地区浅层地温的变化特征——以定日县为例

基于西藏定日气象站1980～2019年逐月平均气温、0～20cm浅层地温资料,应用气候统计方法,分析了近40a定日浅层地温的变化特征.结果表明:40年来,定日各层(除5cm外)年平均地温均呈升温趋势,升温幅度为0.03～0.187℃/10a,0cm升温率最大,15cm升温率最小,5cm地温呈不明显的下降趋势,春、冬季各...     

A century of climate and ecosystem change in Western Montana: what do temperature trends portend?

The physical science linking human-induced increases in greenhouse gasses to the warming of the global climate system is well established, but the implications of this warming for ecosystem processes and services at regional scales is still poorly understood. Thus, the objectives of this work were to: (1) describe rates of change in temperature averages and extremes for western Montana, a region containing sensitive resources and ecosystems, (2) investigate associations between Montana temperature change to hemispheric and global temperature change, (3) provide climate analysis tools for land and resource managers responsible for researching and maintaining renewable resources, habitat, and threatened/endangered species and (4) integrate our findings into a more general assessment of climate impacts on ecosystem processes and services over the past century. Over 100 years of daily and monthly temperature data collected in western Montana, USA are analyzed for long-term changes in seasonal averages and daily extremes. In particular, variability and trends in temperature above or below ecologically and socially meaningful thresholds within this region (e.g., ?17.8°C (0°F), 0°C (32°F), and 32.2°C (90°F)) are assessed. The daily temperature time series reveal extremely cold days (≤??17.8°C) terminate on average 20 days earlier and decline in number, whereas extremely hot days (≥32°C) show a three-fold increase in number and a 24-day increase in seasonal window during which they occur. Results show that regionally important thresholds have been exceeded, the most recent of which include the timing and number of the 0°C freeze/thaw temperatures during spring and fall. Finally, we close with a discussion on the implications for Montana’s ecosystems. Special attention is given to critical processes that respond non-linearly as temperatures exceed critical thresholds, and have positive feedbacks that amplify the changes.     

巴基斯坦近40a气温时空变化特征分析

基于巴基斯坦不同气候区4个代表站(卡拉奇、雅各布阿巴德、奎达、德罗什)1979—2018年地面观测资料和ERA-Interim气温资料,利用一元线性回归、Mann-Kendall突变检验和Morlet小波分析,分析其气温时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)巴基斯坦过去40 a经历了先降温后增温的过程,除北部山区年平均气温增温趋势显著,四季总体都有增温,春秋两季增温趋势显著。巴基斯坦于1998年左右发生气温突变,年平均气温存在4~5、12、20~22和32 a的周期。(2)ERAInterim再分析资料与地面观测数据拟合分析显示两者相关性达到极显著水平,除北部山区外,在大部分区域误差较小,能够较好地反映巴基斯坦气温的变化特征。(3)巴基斯坦年、季平均气温空间分布地带性明显,高温区位于南部印度河平原、三角洲地区,低温区分布在北部山区,年、春季、秋季平均气温变化在空间上总体均呈现明显增长趋势.     

我国南方春季低温冷害气候及其大气环流特征

利用我国南方6省45个站1951－1995年2－4月的月平均气温资料分析该地区春季低温冷害气候特征，发现有7个低温冷害年，1957，1968，1969，1970，1984，1985和1988年，最严重的年份是1968和1988年，严重低温冷害主要发生在3，4月份，严重低温冷害最为频繁的地区是江南南部，南方春季低温冷害年际变化有着明显的阶段性和群发性，80年代我国南方春季低温冷害频繁，50年代次之，60，70年代较少，90年代前期几乎没有，典型的春季低温和高温年份，严洲中高纬度大气环流，西太洋平洋副热带高压以及太平洋热带海洋状况都有显著的差异，特别是，亚洲极涡，纬向环流指数，西太平洋副热带高压比界位置及太平洋暖池的海表面温度等因子均通过了95％（90％）信度水平检验。     

Interrelationship of rainfall,temperature and reference evapotranspiration trends and their net response to the climate change in Central India

The monthly rainfall data from 1901 to 2011 and maximum and minimum temperature data from 1901 to 2005 are used along with the reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) to analyze the climate trend of 45 stations of Madhya Pradesh. ET₀ is calculated by the Hargreaves method from 1901 to 2005 and the computed data is then used for trend analysis. The temporal variation and the spatial distribution of trend are studied for seasonal and annual series with the Mann-Kendall (MK) test and Sen’s estimator of slope. The percentage of change is used to find the rate of change in 111 years (rainfall) and 105 years (temperatures and ET₀). Interrelationships among these variables are analyzed to see the dependency of one variable on the other. The results indicate a decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures and ET₀ trend. A similar pattern is noticeable in all seasons except for monsoon season in temperature and ET₀ trend analysis. The highest increase of temperature is noticed during post-monsoon and winter. Rainfall shows a notable decrease in the monsoon season. The entire state of Madhya Pradesh is considered as a single unit, and the calculation of overall net change in the amount of the rainfall, temperatures (maximum and minimum) and ET₀ is done to estimate the total loss or gain in monthly, seasonal and annual series. The results show net loss or deficit in the amount of rainfall and the net gain or excess in the temperature and ET₀ amount.     

DIAGNOSES OF THE SEVERE DROUGHT OVER YUNNAN AREA IN THE EARLY SUMMER OF 2005

High temperature and drought occurred in Yunnan province during the late spring and early summer in 2005, which was the most severe event in this region since 1950’s. Based on the observational data and relevant diagnoses, this extreme weather event was studied and discussed. The results show that the occurrence of this event could be due to the following observational facts that happened in 2005. (1) The seasonal adjustment of middle-high-leveled atmospheric circulation was delayed. (2) The cold air activity center was deviated north. (3) The onset of summer monsoon over South China Sea was delayed. (4) The tropical convection activity was much weaker than usual. (5) The subtropical high over the western Pacific was located southwestwards and relatively strong.     

Regional climate change experiments over southern South America. I: present climate

We present an analysis of a regional simulation of present-day climate (1981–1990) over southern South America. The regional model MM5 was nested within time-slice global atmospheric model experiments conducted by the HadAM3H model. We evaluate the capability of the model in simulating the observed climate with emphasis on low-level circulation patterns and surface variables, such as precipitation and surface air mean, maximum and minimum temperatures. The regional model performance was evaluated in terms of seasonal means, seasonal cycles, interannual variability and extreme events. Overall, the regional model is able to capture the main features of the observed mean surface climate over South America, its seasonal evolution and the regional detail due to topographic forcing. The observed regional patterns of surface air temperatures (mean, maxima and minima) are well reproduced. Biases are mostly within 3°C, temperature being overestimated over central Argentina and underestimated in mountainous regions during all seasons. Biases in northeastern Argentina and southeastern Brazil are positive during austral spring season and negative in other seasons. In general, maximum temperatures are better represented than minimum temperatures. Warm bias is larger during austral summer for maximum temperature and during austral winter for minimum temperature, mainly over central Argentina. The broad spatial pattern of precipitation and its seasonal evolution are well captured; however, the regional model overestimates the precipitation over the Andes region in all seasons and in southern Brazil during summer. Precipitation amounts are underestimated over the La Plata basin from fall to spring. Extremes of precipitation are better reproduced by the regional model compared with the driving model. Interannual variability is well reproduced too, but strongly regulated by boundary conditions, particularly during summer months. Overall, taking into account the quality of the simulation, we can conclude that the regional model is capable in reproducing the main regional patterns and seasonal cycle of surface variables. The present reference simulation constitutes the basis to examine the climate change simulations resulting from the A2 and B2 forcing scenarios which are being reported in a separate study.     

青藏高原植物返青期变化及其对气候变化的响应

基于连续的植被指数（NDVI）、气温和降水数据,提取了1982—2009年青藏高原典型台站邻近区域的植物返青期以及0℃和5℃旬均温始期的时序数据,分析了其时空变化特征,探讨了青藏高原冬、春季的气温、降水变化对植物返青期的影响。结果表明：1) 青藏高原典型台站邻近区域植物返青期多年平均值在东西向和南北向上存在显著差异;1982—2009年间,青藏高原典型台站邻近区域植物返青期整体呈提前趋势。2) 青藏高原典型台站0℃和5℃旬均温始期整体呈提前趋势,5℃旬均温始期提前趋势更为显著。3) 青藏高原植物返青期随着冬、春季气温升高和降水增加而提前。与降水相比,返青期与气温的相关程度更高。冬季气温比春季气温对植物返青期的影响更大。     

洞庭湖区近百年气温序列构建及其变化特征

采用统计方法并结合气象台站历史沿革信息,对1910-2010年洞庭湖区气温观测资料进行均一性检验和订正,并利用洞庭湖区周边气象台站资料对洞庭湖区1951年以前缺测的气温资料进行插补,构成完整的气温序列。基于洞庭湖区完整气温序列,构建洞庭湖区近百年气温序列并分析其变化特征。结果表明：1910-2010年洞庭湖区年平均气温呈显著上升趋势,其中冬季和春季平均气温上升幅度最大,秋季次之,夏季变化趋势不显著;气温变化存在明显的冷暖交替,冷暖期交替比中国地区更频繁;近百年洞庭湖区年和冬季、春季、秋季平均气温均存在一个显著增暖的突变点;小波分析表明,近百年洞庭湖区年和四季平均气温均经历了冷-暖-冷-暖4个阶段的交替。     

Lapwings in Newfoundland

Abstract

Weather observations made at Eureka, on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian High Arctic, have been archived since 1953. The time series, averages, and seasonal cycles of surface temperature, pressure, dew point, relative humidity, cloud cover, wind speed, and direction are presented for the period from 1954 to 2007. Also shown are the time series and averages for the 500 mb temperature, 900 to 500 mb thickness, 500 mb wind speed, and various boundary‐layer stability parameters. Some of the main trends found are 1) an annual average surface warming of 3.2°C since 1972, with summer exhibiting the least warming, 2) a reduction in the frequency of strong anticyclonic events in the winter, 3) a reduction in surface wind speeds except in the summer, 4) a 1.0°C warming in the 500 mb temperature since 1961, with the greatest warming occurring in the spring and summer, and 5) a 10% increase in precipitable water all year round since 1961 but dominated by the spring, summer, and autumn seasons. The importance of open water in the Arctic Ocean for summer temperatures and humidity, of the North Atlantic Oscillation for winter interannual pressure variability, and of precipitable water for winter temperatures are highlighted in this climatology.