地下水的分类和基岩裂隙水的基本概念

论文深入地论述了“地下水类型”及“基岩裂隙水”这两个重要概念的认识过程。根据新近的地下水勘探资料,论文指出了目前通用的地下水介质分类存在的问题,提出了地下水介质分类的新方案和基岩裂隙水的新概念。     

Hydrogeology and groundwater ecology: Does each inform the other?

The known, perceived and potential relationships between hydrogeology and groundwater ecology are explored, along with the spatial and temporal scale of these relations, the limit of knowledge and areas in need of research. Issues concerned with the subterranean part of the water cycle are considered from the perspective of the biology of those invertebrate animals that live, of necessity, in groundwater and the microbiological milieu essential for their survival. Groundwater ecosystems are placed in a hydrogeological context including the groundwater evolution along a flowpath, the significance of the biodiversity and of the ecosystem services potentially provided. This is considered against a background of three major components essential to the functioning of groundwater ecosystems, each of which can be affected by activities over which hydrogeologists often have control, and each, in turn, may have implications for groundwater management; these are, a place to live, oxygen and food (energy). New techniques and increasing awareness amongst hydrogeologists of the diversity and broad distribution of groundwater ecosystems offer new opportunities to develop cross disciplinary work between hydrogeologists and groundwater ecologists, already demonstrated to be a field for collaboration with broad benefits.     

试论水文地质纲要图的涵意

随着按图幅开展的1:5万水文地质调查工作的推进,水文地质图的编制愈显重要。如何编制易读、准确的水文地质图是摆在水文地质工作者面前的一个课题。通过多年探索,笔者针对基岩山区提出了水文地质纲要图的概念与内涵,并在沂蒙山区1:5万水文地质图编制中进行了尝试和探索。结果表明,以地下水系统为对象的区域性水文地质纲要图作为水文地质图的镶图,可使读者从地下水系统角度掌握区域水文地质条件及地下水运动规律,并且有助于图幅内容的理解。     

A critical overview of transboundary aquifers shared by South Africa

Transboundary groundwater commonly implies a body of groundwater intersected by a political border with the attendant potential threat of dispute over a shared resource. This definition is inadequate in many parts of southern Africa. Approximately 96% of South Africa’s borders are underlain by low-yielding aquifers and, coupled with a low demand for water attendant on low population density, the risk of over-pumping or pollution leading to dispute is low, and a modified understanding is required. Examples of transboundary aquifers are used to illustrate implications for policy and management of southern African transboundary groundwater resources, where transmissivities are low and, less commonly, where over-pumping may indeed be a problem. The general lack of technical cooperation, data sharing, training and research between the riparian states on hydrogeology hampers a mutual understanding of the resources. The concept of transboundary groundwater must necessarily include aquifers where little cross-border flow occurs, but where cross-border cooperation will help to ensure sustainable cooperative utilisation of shared aquifer resources. This is imperative if future disputes are to be averted. Agreement between scientists is a necessary precursor to broader transnational governance agreements in regard to shared water resources, and recent initiatives by the Orange-Senqu River Commission promise closer integration.     

Socio-hydrogeology and low-income countries: taking science to rural society

Rural societies in low-income, high-population countries often faces scarcity of water of suitable quality for domestic use and agriculture. Hydrogeologists should therefore orientate their research work towards solving practical problems and impart basic knowledge about the hydrogeology of local watersheds to the village councils and communities so as to ensure their participation in better management of groundwater resources. Such cooperation between the hydrogeologists and villagers is the foundation of socio-hydrogeology, which aims at broader dissemination of information and discussions with hydrogeologists at village meetings regarding watershed management such as recharge augmentation, groundwater quality issues and prudent use of groundwater. Socio-hydrogeology implies improved accessibility of rural society to hydrogeological experts and better communication through the use of more appropriate and understandable language.     

The seismicity of southern Africa and incipient rifting

Since the late 1960's the Rhodesian Meteorological Services, using a network of six seismograph stations in Rhodesia and neighbouring countries, have greatly improved the monitoring resolution of the seismicity of southern Africa. These data together with existing data for the period January 1950–December 1976 have been used in this study to delineate the main seismicity zones, in southern Africa, which are considered to be areas of incipient rifting forming the southern continuation of the East African Rift System. Fault-mechanism studies further indicate that crustal extension within these zones is similar to the sense found further north in East Africa.     

Hydrogeological framework and its implication on water level rise in Eastern ArRiyadh, Saudi Arabia

Excessive water usage together with limited capacity of local hydrogeological environment to dispose excess water or waste water has emerged as a problem of water level rise in many parts of ArRiyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia. In the past, groundwater rise to shallow horizons has caused considerable impact on public health, environment and infrastructure. In order to reduce and maintain groundwater to safe level, ArRiyadh Development Authority has constructed a gravity drainage system in the affected areas. During the initiation of the gravity drain project, water level in eastern ArRiyadh was >15 m; therefore, the area was not included in the project but was subjected to regular groundwater monitoring. During the recent decade, eastern ArRiyadh has witnessed quick water level rise, with an average rate of 0.55 m/year. This water level rising trend seems persistent with time which may impart serious damage to the environment and infrastructure. The study shows that the presence of thick clays within eastern alluvium retards hydrodynamic connectivity and inhibits vertical groundwater movement.     

Potable water for a city: a historic perspective from Bruges,Belgium

Contributing to the optimisation of drinking-water supplies is a key responsibility for professional hydrogeologists. Thus, it is interesting to look back and put current-day practices in the framework of historic evolution and past achievements. The water supply of Bruges (Belgium), with an innovative supply system already established by the end of the 13th century, forms an interesting case study. The supply system consisted of an underground network of pipes feeding public and private wells. A special construction, the Water House, was built to overcome a topographical height difference. Population growth and industrial expansion during the 19th century increased the water demand and new solutions were necessary. Tap water became available from 1925 onwards and, as a stopgap measure to meet demand, deep groundwater was used. This invoked a lively debate among the city council, scientists and entrepreneurs, whereby both water quality and quantity were discussed. Although based on a lack of modern understanding of the groundwater system, some arguments, both pro or contra, look very familiar to current-day hydrogeologists.     

Using time series analysis to assess tidal effect on coastal groundwater level in Southern Laizhou Bay,China

Sea water intrusion is an environmental problem cause by the irrational exploitation of coastal groundwater resources and has attracted the attention of many coastal countries. In this study, we used time series monitoring data of groundwater levels and tidal waves to analyze the influence of tide flow on groundwater dynamics in the southern Laizhou Bay. The auto-correlation and cross-correlation coefficients between groundwater level and tidal wave level were calculated specifically to measure the boundary conditions along the coastline. In addition, spectrum analysis was employed to assess the periodicity and hysteresis of various tide and groundwater level fluctuations. The results of time series analysis show that groundwater level fluctuation is noticeably influenced by tides, but the influence is limited to a certain distance and cannot reach the saltwater-freshwater interface in the southern Laizhou Bay. There are three main periodic components of groundwater level in tidal effect range (i.e. 23.804 h, 12.500 h and 12.046 h), the pattern of which is the same as the tides. The affected groundwater level fluctuations lag behind the tides. The dynamic analysis of groundwater indicates that the coastal aquifer has a hydraulic connection with seawater but not in a direct way. Owing to the existence of the groundwater mound between the salty groundwater (brine) and fresh groundwater, the maximum influencing distance of the tide on the groundwater is 8.85 km. Considering that the fresh-saline groundwater interface is about 30 km away from the coastline, modern seawater has a limited contribution to sea-salt water intrusion in Laizhou Bay. The results of this study are expected to provide a reference for the study on sea water intrusion.     

Thirty years(1984–2014) of groundwater science teaching and research in China: A dissertation-based bibliometric survey

In order to track the footprint of groundwater science teaching and research in China during the past years, a bibliometric analysis was conducted based on the database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), which covered the time span from 1984 to present and included more than 2.6 million master and doctoral dissertations from hundreds of institutions of Mainland China. The bibliometric analysis summarized output, geographical, and institutional patterns, as well as research directions and hotspots in groundwater studies in China in the period of 1984-2014. A total of 1 396 groundwater-related dissertations including 1 161 master dissertations and 235 doctoral dissertations, contributed by 128 institutions distributed in 53 cities nationwide, were searched out in the database. It can be seen obviously that, the groundwater science teaching and research in China has experienced a notable growth in the past three decades especially during 2000-2014. Groundwater modeling, resource, and exploitation were the top three major subject categories; China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Jilin University and Chang’an University were the top three productive institutions together accounting for more than one third of the total dissertations and 50% of the doctoral dissertations, which further prompted the cities (Beijing, Changchun, and Xi’an) to become the top three productive cities. The dissertations generally covered all the international research topics, which indicated that hydrogeologists in China have tracked the international frontier closely during the past decades. The keywords analysis revealed that, (1) numerical modeling was still the hottest topic and PHREEQC, MODFLOW, GMS, and FEFLOW were the four most used softwares; (2) the topics related with groundwater pollution and quality developed steadily and rapidly; (3) environmental isotopes and GIS were frequently used tools for hydrogeological condition analysis, and spatial data processing respectively; and (4) the unsaturated zone as an integral part of aquifers attracted more and more attentions from hydrogeologists focus on saturated zone.     

济南城近郊区地下水头动态特征及原因分析

文章在研究济南城近郊区地下水头动态监测资料的基础上,将研究区分为市区、东郊、西郊和南郊,分别对四个区的地下水动态特征进行研究,得出地下水开采和有效降水入渗补给是影响地下水动态变化的主要因素。     

African, southern Indian and South American cratons were not part of the Rodinia supercontinent: evidence from field relationships and geochronology

We discuss the question whether the late Mesoproterozoic and early Neoproterozoic rocks of eastern, central and southern Africa, Madagascar, southern India, Sri Lanka and South America have played any role in the formation and dispersal of the supercontinent Rodinia, believed to have existed between about 1000 and 750 Ma ago. First, there is little evidence for the production of significant volumes of ˜1.4–1.0 Ga (Kibaran or Grenvillian age) continental crust in the Mozambique belt (MB) of East Africa, except, perhaps, in parts of northern Mozambique. This is also valid for most terranes related to West Gondwana, which are made up of basement rocks older than Mesoproterozoic, reworked in the Brasiliano/Pan-African orogenic cycle. This crust cannot be conclusively related to either magmatic accretion processes on the active margin of Rodinia or continental collision leading to amalgamation of the supercontinent. So far, no 1.4–1.0 Ga rocks have been identified in Madagascar. Secondly, there is no conclusive evidence for a ˜1.0 Ga high-grade metamorphic event in the MB, although such metamorphism has been recorded in the presumed continuation of the MB in East Antarctica. In South America, even the Sunsas mobile belt, which is correlated with the Grenville belt of North America, does not include high-grade metamorphic rocks. All terranes with Mesoproterozoic ages seem to have evolved within extensional, aulacogen-type structures, and their compressional deformation, where observed, is normally much younger and is related to amalgamation of Gondwana. This is also valid for the Trans-Saharan and West Congo belts of West Africa.Third, there is also no evidence for post-1000 Ma sedimentary sequences that were deposited on the passive margin(s) of Rodinia. In contrast, the MB of East Africa and Madagascar is characterized by extensive structural reworking and metamorphic overprinting of Archaean rocks, particularly in Tanzania and Madagascar, and these rocks either constitute marginal parts of cratonic domains or represent crustal blocks (terranes or microcontinents?) of unknown derivation. This is also the case for most terranes included in the Borborema/Trans-Saharan belt of northeastern Brazil and west-central Africa, as well as those of the Central Goíás Massif in central Brazil and the Mantiqueira province of eastern and southeastern Brazil.Furthermore, there is evidence for extensive granitoid magmatism in the period ˜840 to <600 Ma whose predominant calc-alkaline chemistry suggests subduction-related active margin processes during the assembly of the supercontinent Gondwana. The location of the main Neoproterozoic magmatic arcs suggests that a large oceanic domain separated the core of Rodinia, namely Laurentia plus Amazonia, Baltica and West Africa, from several continental masses and fragments now in the southern hemisphere, such as the São Francisco/Congo, Kalahari and Rio de La Plata cratons, as well as the Borborema/Trans-Saharan, Central Goiás Massif and Paraná blocks. Moreover, many extensional tectonic events detected in the southern hemisphere continental masses, but also many radiometric ages of granitois that are already associated with the process of amalgamation of Gondwana, are comprised within the 800–1000 age interval. This seems incompatible with current views on the time of disintegration of Rodinia, assumed to have occurred at around 750 Ma.     

Groundwater supply and demand from southern Africa’s crystalline basement aquifer: evidence from Malawi

Failure of borehole sources in weathered and fractured crystalline basement aquifers in Malawi in southern Africa has been linked with poor borehole design, mechanical failure and badly sited boreholes. However, recent work in Malawi indicates that demand may now exceed long-term resource potential in some places and that this is also a cause of water point failure. An 11-year climate cycle (including a wet and dry period) necessitates overdraft from groundwater storage during the dry-cycle years before episodic rainfall events in the wetter part of the cycle again recharge the aquifers. Data, particularly groundwater hydrograph data, are sparse, but sufficient to evaluate the long-term renewable groundwater potential for both fractured and weathered basement-aquifer types in each of the 15 management areas in Malawi. The groundwater potential or long-term renewable resource (recharge) is given by the sum of Darcian throughflow and dry-season depletion of storage. Estimated rural demand exceeds the renewable resource in the fractured-rock aquifer in two management units and in the weathered-rock aquifer in two other units. Although there is inherent uncertainty in the water-balance estimates, the likelihood that rural demand is exceeding long-term average recharge in some areas is cause for concern.     

宁夏南部“南北古脊梁”岩溶裂隙水流系统分析

运用构造控水分析、水化学同位素等方法,对宁南“南北古脊梁”岩溶裂隙水系统进行了深入的分析与讨论。该区储水空间以岩溶裂隙为主,岩溶水的空间分布明显受SN向大型断裂构造控制。岩溶地下水以大气降水起源为主,并表现为多元水混合而成。水质分布呈现南优北劣的分带特征,北部水一岩相互作用形式为溶滤一蒸发浓缩型,呈高矿化咸水,南部为溶滤一混合型,呈低矿化淡水。根据水动力场和水化学场特征,划分了3个相对独立的岩溶水子系统。     

Failure of rural schemes in South Africa to provide potable water

The impact of water-borne disease in South Africa is significant. An estimated 43,000 deaths per annum, including 20% of deaths in the 1-5 years age group, are directly attributable to diarrhoeal diseases. Drinking water quality provision in many rural areas is substandard. This paper describes the results of sampling drinking water supplies in rural communities in the Western and Eastern Cape, South Africa. The majority of samples collected failed microbial drinking water quality standards. Overall, schemes dependent on groundwater provided a worse quality water at point of use than surface-water-dependant schemes. This is thought to be the result of pump breakdown, deterioration of the storage and reticulation system, and insufficient monitoring and management of the schemes. Importantly, it is shown that the implementation of well-considered, community accepted drinking-water quality management procedures can effectively change an unacceptable water quality to one that satisfies drinking-water specifications.     

The age of the Tashinga Formation (Karoo Supergroup) in the Mid-Zambezi Basin,Zimbabwe and the first phytosaur from mainland sub-Saharan Africa

Correlations between continental sequences within the Karoo-aged basins of southern and eastern Africa are difficult due to the dearth of shared index fossils and a lack of radioisotopic dates for key formations. Here we describe four sites along the southeastern shoreline of Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe, within the Mid-Zambezi Basin, that yield material of phytosaurs (Archosauromorpha: Phytosauria) from within the informal Tashinga Formation (Upper Karoo Group). These phytosaur remains are the first to be recovered from sub-Saharan mainland Africa, representing a major geographic range extension for this group into high southern latitudes. Furthermore, an LA-ICPMS maximum depositional age of 209.2 ± 4.5 Ma (late Norian/early Rhaetian) derived from detrital zircons provides the first absolute age estimate for any of these sites. The phytosaurs are associated with lungfish and metoposaurid amphibians, forming part of a terrestrial-aquatic dominated biota, a previously undocumented biome from the Late Triassic of southern Africa.     

Review: Groundwater management and groundwater/surface-water interaction in the context of South African water policy

Groundwater/surface-water interaction is receiving increasing focus in Africa due to its importance to ecologic systems and sustainability. In South Africa??s 1998 National Water Act (NWA), water-use licenses, including groundwater, are granted only after defining the Reserve, the amount of water needed to supply basic human needs and preserve some ecological integrity. Accurate quantification of groundwater contributions to ecosystems for successful implementation of the NWA proves challenging; many of South Africa??s aquifers are in heterogeneous and anisotropic fractured-rock settings. This paper reviews the current conceptualizations and investigative approaches regarding groundwater/surface-water interactions in the context of South African policies. Some selected pitfall experiences are emphasized. The most common approach in South Africa is estimation of average annual fluxes at the scale of fourth-order catchments (??500 km²) with baseflow separation techniques and then subtracting the groundwater discharge rate from the recharge rate. This approach might be a good start, but it ignores spatial and temporal variability, potentially missing local impacts associated with production-well placement. As South Africa??s NWA has already been emulated in many countries including Zambia, Zimbabwe and Kenya, the successes and failures of the South African experience dealing with the groundwater/surface-water interaction will be analyzed to guide future policy directions.     

Numerical analysis of the groundwater regime in the western Dead Sea escarpment, Israel + West Bank

Water is scarce in the semi-arid to arid regions around the Dead Sea, where water supply mostly relies on restricted groundwater resources. Due to increasing population in this region, the regional aquifer system is exposed to additional stress. This results in the continuous decrease in water level of the adjacent Dead Sea. The interaction of an increasing demand for water due to population growth and the decrease of groundwater resources will intensify in the near future. Thus, the water supply situation could worsen significantly unless sustainable water resource management is conducted. In this study, we develop a regional groundwater flow model of the eastern and southern Judea Group Aquifer to investigate the groundwater regime in the western Dead Sea drainage basin of Israel and the West Bank. An extensive geological database was developed and consequently a high-resolution structural model was derived. This structural model was the basis for various groundwater flow scenarios. The objective was to capture the spatial heterogeneity of the aquifer system and to apply these results to the southern part of the study area, which has not been studied in detail until now. As a result we analyzed quantitatively the flow regime, the groundwater mass balance and the hydraulic characteristics (hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic head) of the cretaceous aquifer system and calibrated them with PEST. The calibrated groundwater flow model can be used for integrated groundwater water management purposes in the Dead Sea area, especially within the framework of the SUMAR-Project.     

Hydrogeology and sustainable agriculture

 The world's population continues to grow and to require more and more food. Attempts by modern high output agriculture to meet this need have led to serious environmental problems. A more sustainable balance is now required and is being sought in a variety of ways. Hydrogeologists should continue to highlight the threat posed by agriculture to groundwater, particularly since groundwater is a hidden resource and its degradation and rehabilitation often take place slowly. But the time has come for groundwater specialists to go further and become actively involved in helping to provide practical and sustainable solutions. The agriculture of the future requires a holistic approach which balances the essential economics of food production with equally valid environmental needs, including those of groundwater. Such an approach demands cross-sectoral collaboration involving multidisciplinary research and action within an integrated policy framework. This paper reviews the current groundwater/agriculture interface and some of the attempts being made to achieve a more truly sustainable agriculture with particular emphasis on European experience. It aims to stimulate greater interest and involvement by hydrogeologists in helping to bring about realistic solutions that will enable future generations to enjoy adequate good quality food and water. Received: 9 August 1996 / Accepted: 11 November 1996     

淮北平原浅层地下水多年动态变化及监测统测评估

【研究目的】变化环境下地下水时空规律的研究有助于水资源精细化管理和区域水资源安全保障。【研究方法】本文基于淮北平原区典型气象站1953—2019年月降雨数据,采用小波分析及M-K检验法,研究多年尺度降雨周期性变化及趋势规律;结合395个国家级监测井及地下水统测数据,采用主成分分析法进行监测井优化评价。【研究结果】淮北平原多年降雨量呈现多时空尺度变化特征,南部地区主周期较北部地区偏小,但周期尺度较多,变化更为复杂;西北部的浅层地下水位持续下降,其余区域水位处于有升有降的波动状态;南部区域浅层地下水水位在1970年、2003年及2019年3个时段呈现出先降低再恢复,北部部分区域地下水水位则呈现先升高再降低的特征,研究区水位总体存在下降趋势,但2000年以来水位总体有所回升;经主成分分析优化后的277个监测井（221个水利井和56个自然资源井）能代表395个原国家监测井的总体水位变化情况。【结论】国家地下水监测工程长序列监测数据能够很好地服务于流域尺度水资源评价及管理,但省市级尺度或重点区域还需要进行优化和加密,地下水位统测可有效填补,该工作应在重要河湖两侧、淮河北岸一带、东北部山前平原等高水力梯度区域进行加密。