A Mineralogical Study of Diatomite in Leizhou Peninsula

In this paper diatomite samples taken from the Leizhou Peninsula have been studied by chemical analysis, DTA, TG, XRD, IR ,SEM and X-ray Energy Spectroscopy.The study shows that the diatomaceous genera and species and their organic contents are variable with buried depth ,from Melosira to Stephanodiscus and then to Cyclotella. Various impurities in the samples, such as quartz, kaolinite and montmorillonite indicate different sedimentary environments. When heated, the diatom would change in shape due to the phase transformation in which amorphous silica crystallized from disordered opal to ordered cristobalite. The temperatures of phase transformation are different for various diatoms due to the presence of different impurities and constituents of diatomaceous genera and species.     

A comparative mineralogical and geochemical study of sulfide mine tailings at two sites in New Mexico, USA

A comparative study of sulfide mine tailings from two sites near Silver City in southwest New Mexico has shown the need for environmental monitoring in a geological context. The Cyprus-Piños Altos and Cleveland deposits consist of Cu and Zn skarn mineralization in the Piños Altos Mountains of New Mexico. Primary ore minerals in both deposits include chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena. The Cyprus-Piños Altos Mine ceased operation in 1995 and the Cleveland Mill closed in 1950. The deposits have similar mineralogical characteristics; however, the tailings are different in terms of age, degree of oxidation and method of disposal. The Cyprus-Piños Altos tailings (CPAT) are stored in a lined, bermed impoundment. They are dominantly water-saturated and exhibit no secondary-phase formation. The grains are not cemented and show no evidence of primary-mineral dissolution. The geochemical data show a predominantly primary signature. The tailings pond water is neutral to slightly alkaline (pH?from 7 to 8.3), partly as a result of processing methods. The Cleveland mill tailings (CMT) were deposited in a valley at the headwaters of an ephemeral stream. They are highly oxidized and differentially cemented. They have undergone numerous wet/dry cycles resulting in extensive oxidation. Secondary minerals predominate, and consist mainly of jarosite, goethite, hematite, and Fe-oxyhydroxides and -oxyhydroxysulfates. The pH of the stream draining the CMT is as high as 2.15. Maximum metal contents in the stream immediately downstream from the tailings are 5305?ppm Zn, 454?ppm Cu, 1.16?ppm Pb, 17.5?ppm Cd, 1.4?ppm As, and 0.01?ppm Hg.     

Geotechnical and mineralogical properties of weak rocks from Central Greece

Thirty bulk samples of hard soils-soft rocks such as marls, originating from Euboea Island and Peloponnesus area, were investigated to evaluate their geotechnical behavior. Specifically, by conducting a series of physical and geotechnical tests, such as liquid limit and plastic limit tests, along with the estimation of the grain size fraction, Slake Durability and Point Load Test. Certain parameters were determined and used for empirical correlations with their mineralogical characteristics. The mineralogical composition was determined by X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric and thermal analysis, succeeded by textural analysis performed by Optical Microscope. With the help of the above mentioned tests, we interpreted the observed geotechnical behavior of the examined weak rocks by means of mineralogical composition and texture. Durability and the unconfined compressive strength was found to be influenced by high percentages in carbonate minerals. In addition, it was found that a decrease in clay content resulted in higher strength and durability values. The concluded empirical correlations verified the influence of these parameters and gave a general overview of the engineering behavior of the examined weak rocks.     

Distribution, lithotypes and mineralogical study of newly formed thermogenic travertines in Northern Euboea and Eastern Central Greece

In the northwestern part of Euboea Island and the neighbouring part of the mainland in eastern central Greece, many hot springs exist. We collected and analysed the newly formed material around the hot springs. The samples were studied at the lab with X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). In all cases the studied materials were thermogenic travertine presenting many different lithotypes. The studied travertine deposits consist mainly of aragonite and calcite, but in some cases, as the main mineral phase, an amorphous hydrous ferric oxyhydroxide, probably ferrihydrite (creating a laminated iron-rich travertine deposit), was identified. The lithotypes that were identified were of great variety (spicular, shrubs, etc). Some of them (pisoliths, rafts and foam rock types) are quite rare and one of them (framework type) is described for the first time. Morphological data and field observations suggest possible inorganic and organic controls on carbonate precipitation. Similar lithotypes have been recorded at Mammoth hot springs, Yellowstone National Park in USA and at Rapolano Terme, Italy.     

溧阳软玉的岩石矿物学研究

对采自江苏溧阳小梅岭软玉矿区的软玉样品进行了化学成分、扫描电镜、X射线粉晶衍射物相定性和结晶度等分析,确定其主要为透闪石矿物集合体,并具有显微纤维、柱状及片状3种特征结构.将分析结果与新疆软玉进行对比,发现溧阳软玉普遍显示出透闪石含量稍低、透闪石纤维(片晶)定向性良好以及结晶度偏高的特点,这与溧阳软玉矿区动力改造相对较弱密切相关;溧阳软玉显示出ALK含量(>0.51)高于新疆等其他产地(普遍<0.46)的特点,这与其成矿母岩含碱量偏高关系密切.成矿地质条件的不同是造成溧阳与新疆两地所产软玉在上述岩石矿物学特征上巨大差异的根本原因,也是造成溧阳软玉透明度高、油润度不足、工艺加工性能不高的主要原因.     

昌化田黄鸡血石的矿物学特征研究

昌化田黄鸡血石是近年来发现的田黄新品种。人们根据其外观分为两类:冻地田黄鸡血石和刚地田黄鸡血石。本文运用电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射、红外光谱、化学分析等分析手段对浙江玉岩山的昌化田黄鸡血石进行了研究,结果表明,冻地田黄鸡血石以迪开石为主,含有少量的滑石;刚地田黄鸡血石以明矾石为主,含有少量的迪开石、石英、钠长石和滑石。依据田黄的一般概念,笔者认为昌化冻地田黄鸡血石可以称为"田黄鸡血石",而刚地田黄鸡血石只能定义为昌化鸡血石,从矿物学特征上,不能称为田黄。     

Erratum to: Geotechnical and mineralogical properties of weak rocks from Central Greece

The original version of this article was published in Central European Journal of Geosciences volume 1, issue 4 (2009), pp 431–442, DOI:10.2478/v10085-009-0029-0. Unfortunately the original version of this article contains mistakes in authors names which we correct here. Editorial staff of the journal apologise for any inconvenience that may result from the oversight.     

"水墨画"种翡翠的矿物学特征研究

"水墨画"种翡翠是市场上出现的翡翠新品种,得名于其黑色不透明物质在无色的"地"上的不规则分布,形似水墨画。本文运用电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射、红外光谱等分析手段对"水墨画"种翡翠进行了研究,结果表明,"水墨画"种翡翠矿物组成以硬玉和绿辉石为主,含有少量的斜长石、磁铁矿及黑色不透明杂质。黑色杂质和磁铁矿为导致该种翡翠产生黑色和不透明的水墨画状外观的主要原因。     

韩国春川软玉的矿物学研究

采用常规宝石学测试、偏光显微镜观察与电子探针(EPMA)分析对具有矿化分带的韩国春川软玉进行研究。结果表明,春川软玉主要矿物组成为透闪石,其次有透辉石、方解石、白云石、滑石等。矿化分带分为大理岩带、蚀变带、软玉+蚀变带、软玉带,是白云质大理岩经过多次交代与变质作用形成的。     

凡口铅锌矿区闪锌矿的成因矿物学特征研究

通过野外观察、光学显微镜、X射线衍射、扫描电镜及微区能谱分析、流体包裹体成分及盐度测定、稳定同位素(S、O、H)分析等手段,研究了广东凡口铅锌矿区闪锌矿的某些成因矿物学特征.结果表明,凡口矿区闪锌矿具有3个世代,分别形成于铅锌成矿期的3个成矿阶段.各世代闪锌矿在产出特征,表观颜色,结晶形态,解理发育程度,晶体常数,铁含量,流体包裹体的成分、盐度、氢氧同位素组成、硫同位素组成及同与其连生的方铅矿的平衡分馏温度等方面均存在规律性差别.从早期阶段到晚期阶段,成矿流体的演化特征是:成矿温度和成矿流体盐度从低到高再到低,流体包裹体成分从Na+-Ca+-Cl-型到K+-Ca+-Cl-型再到Na+-Ca+-Cl-型,δ18O、δD及δ34S均由高到低变化,但δ18O、δD及δ34S自中期阶段到晚期阶段降幅显著大于从早期阶段到中期阶段的降幅,反映晚期阶段至少有部分δ18O、δD及δ34S均显著较低的岩浆源流体参与成矿.认为凡口铅锌矿成矿流体主要为燕山早期区域岩浆热事件加热的中低温混合源循环热卤水,成矿中晚期有岩浆热液参与成矿.     

浙江青田石几个新品种的矿物学特征初步研究

青田蓝花钉、蓝花星、紫罗兰、山炮绿属于浙江青田石的新品种。通过X荧光、电子探针、红外吸收光谱、差热、X射线粉晶衍射、扫描电镜等方法分析测试表明，封门青品种主要由较纯叶蜡石组成，化学成分以富碱、富铝、贫硅为特征；蓝花钉品种蓝色团块由微晶刚玉组成；蓝花星品种的粒状矿物主要为富铁蓝线石；紫罗兰品种紫色花星成分为贫铁蓝线石，其中浅粉红色或灰白色斑点矿物主要为红柱石；山炮绿主要矿物为含铬绢云母，次要矿物为石英，且含少量黄铁矿、红柱石、伊利石等，因其色艳质细而成为青田雕刻石的又一新品种。     

A comparative micromechanical analysis of the effective properties of a geomaterial: Effect of mineralogical compositions

In order to provide a physical interpretation of the variation of the mechanical properties of Callovo-Oxfordian argillite with mineral composition, we implement three linear homogenization schemes. The argillite is modeled as a three phase material composed of a clay matrix and inclusions of quartz and calcite. It is shown that, unlike the dilute scheme and the self-consistent scheme, the Mori-Tanaka model describes the in situ experimental data well. The determined properties are finally used in a finite element computation. The aim is to evaluate the effect of mineral composition on the elastic response of the excavation of a vertical shaft in the context of the underground laboratory of Meuse/Haute Marne.     

河南卢氏官坡伟晶岩中锂辉石的矿物学特征研究

对河南卢氏官坡伟晶岩中的锂辉石进行了系统的矿物学特征研究。通过手标本和薄片观察得出含锂辉石伟晶岩的主要矿物组成为锂辉石、石英、长石和白云母。其中锂辉石矿物结晶程度好,颗粒粗大,易于分离。运用X射线粉晶衍射分析、红外光谱分析、X射线荧光光谱分析以及微量元素分析可知,锂辉石中氧化锂的含量为6.56%～6.82%,具有重要的开发价值。锂辉石的稀土元素配分中存在一定程度铕负异常,说明锂辉石是在结晶分异过程中斜长石结晶析出后而逐渐结晶析出的。     

Geochemistry,in-situ Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopes,and mineralogical constraints on origin and magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the Yulong porphyry CuMo deposit,Eastern Tibet

The giant Yulong porphyry CuMo deposit was formed in postsubduction setting in eastern Tibet. Origin of the ore-related Yulong intrusion remains a matter of debate. This study presents new whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry, in-situ apatite SrNd and zircon HfO isotopes, and mineralogical chemistry of the Yulong intrusion. Least-altered samples from the Yulong intrusion have high SiO₂ (66.3–69.5 wt%) and Al₂O₃ (14.9–15.5 wt%) contents, high La/Yb (36.4–68.0) and Sr/Y (46.0–76.3) ratios, and low MgO (0.63–1.24 wt%) and Cr (<30 ppm) contents, similar to adakitic rocks deriving from thick juvenile lower crust. They are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSEs), and show listric REE patterns. In-situ apatite SrNd isotopes show limited variations ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.7060–0.7068, εNd(t) = −4.8–0.2), which plot between Paleo-Tethys ocean-related arc magmas and the ancient crust in eastern Tibet. Zircon grains from this study and published studies have mostly positive yet variable εHf(t) values (−20.6 to +12.2) and young Hf model ages that overlap those of the Paleo-Tethys ocean-related arc magmas. The above Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes, together with the elevated zircon δ¹⁸O values (6.4 to 9.3‰) and arc-like trace element patterns, collectively suggest that the Yulong intrusion may have originated from partial melting of juvenile lower arc crust related to the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys ocean, with incorporation of a small amount of ancient crustal materials.Two generations of amphibole were recognized at Yulong. Their compositions are used to calculate crystallization depths, magmatic oxidation states, and water contents. The caculated results show that the early-stage euhedral high-Al (5.87–8.51 wt%) amphibole phenocrysts may have crystallized in the underlying magma chamber (7.1–12.5 km in depth), whereas the late-stage xenomorphic low-Al (3.47–4.87 wt%) amphibole grains may have crystallized in the porphyritic stock (4.0–5.6 km). Magmatic water contents decrease from early- (3.5–4.6 wt%) to late-stage (2.8–3.5 wt%) amphibole, which is interpreted to indicate fluid exsolution from the magma chamber during emplacement of the Yulong intrusion. Caculated oxidation states increase from early- (ΔNNO = 0.6–1.5) to late-stage (ΔNNO = 1.9–2.3) amphibole. Plagioclase phenocrysts show periodic or reverse core-to-rim zonation of An contents (range up to 25 mol%), which are coupled by FeO contents, probably suggesting magma recharge events. Collectively, we propose that the magma chamber beneath Yulong was recharged by a less evolved magma, and was saturated in fluids to produce intensive alteration and mineralization. The relatively high oxidation states allow the metals to be enriched in the evolving magma, and to be deposited in the hydrothermal alteration stage.     

过铝质花岗岩中Nb-Ta的分异反映了岩浆-热液的转化过程

<正>过铝质花岗岩在成因上一般与S型花岗岩和高分异花岗岩有关,在演化后期往往出熔大量的流体,可以形成伟晶岩脉、石英脉或云英岩等。这些流体通常导致元素的活化转移,而且往往与稀有金属矿床(如铌钽、钨锡和锂铍等)密切相关。Na-Ta是一对具有相似地球化学性质的亲石元素,在大多数地质过程中通常不发生分馏。但在花岗岩中,Nd/Ta比值的范围却变化很大(从2至25)。花岗岩浆的分异一般导致     

A mineralogical Raman spectroscopy study on eclogitic garnet inclusions in diamonds from Argyle

In an attempt to better define the depths of formation of eclogitic-paragenesis diamonds from the Argyle lamproite pipe, we have employed a Laser Raman microprobe to determine the Raman peak shift of a garnet inclusion (extracted from diamond) with pressure in a diamond-anvil pressure cell. On the basis of these data, we further found that the in situ garnet inclusions record near-atmospheric pressures within the limits of experimental uncertainty. Data on the compressibility and thermal expansivity of both diamond and garnet were used to define a P-T curve for the entrapment of garnet in diamond. A window within the range 47 kbar at 1100° C (150 km) to 93 kbar at 1500° C (280 km) for the formation of syngenetic garnet inclusions in diamond is defined by the intersection of the continental geotherm with the diamond-graphite boundary and the entrapment curve determined in the present study. This P-T window is consistent with the constraints imposed by other petrological studies of co-existing inclusions. Most of eclogitic-paragenesis diamonds from Argyle are estimated to have formed at a depth less than 250 km, if temperature estimates from petrological study are used.     

A mineralogical and geochemical study of polymict eucrite discovered in Sahara of southwest Algeria

NWA2268 is a polymict eucrite discovered in the Sahara, at southwest Algeria, close to the region of Tindouf. This meteorite weighs 65 g and presents a thin black fusion crust. The rock is fine- to medium-grained breccia and contains mineral fragments of plagioclases, pyroxenes, spinel, olivine and silica. The rock contains some basaltic fragments with sub-ophitic or cumulative textures, constituted by plagioclases and exsolved pigeonite. Pyroxferroite grains are present and locally destabilised in an association of hedenbergite, fayalite and silica. It also presents unequilibrated eucritic clast with heterogeneous pyroxenes and plagioclases compositions. Pyroxenes in the all of the other clasts have equilibrated composition, with exolved pigeonites with augite lamellaes. This polymict eucrite contains also partially devitrified glass that represents impact melts linked to impact event. None recrystallization of this glass confirms a lack of post-brecciation metamorphism. Diogenitic fragments are less abundant than 10 %. The oxygen isotopic composition of NWA2268 is Δ¹⁷O (?0.43). This meteorite is interpreted as belonging to the HED group attributed to the 4-Vesta asteroid.     

岩浆-热液系统中铁的富集机制探讨

与岩浆-热液系统有关的铁矿类型有岩浆型钒钛磁铁矿床、玢岩铁矿、矽卡岩型铁矿和海相火山岩型铁矿,与这些铁矿有关的岩浆岩从基性-超基性、中性到中酸性岩均有,其中岩浆型钒钛磁铁矿床与基性-超基性深成侵入岩有关,形成于岩浆阶段,主要与分离结晶作用有关,但是厚大的富铁矿石的形成则可归结于原始的富铁钛苦橄质岩浆、分离结晶作用、多期次的岩浆补充以及流动分异等联合过程。钒钛磁铁矿石产于岩体下部还是上部与母岩浆的氧逸度有关:高的氧逸度导致磁铁矿早期结晶而使得其堆积于岩体的下部,相反,低氧逸度则导致低品位的浸染状矿石产于岩体的上部。虽然野外一些证据表明,元古宙斜长岩中的磷铁矿石可能是不混溶作用形成的,但是目前尚无实验证据。某些玢岩铁矿的一些磷灰石-磁铁矿石可能与闪长质岩浆同化混染了地壳中的磷导致的不混溶作用有关。除此之外,其他各类与岩浆作用有关的铁矿床均与岩浆后期的岩浆-热液作用有关。这些不同类型铁矿床的蚀变和矿化过程具有相似性,反映了它们形成过程具有相似的物理化学条件。成矿实验以及流体包裹体研究表明,岩浆-流体转换过程中出溶流体的数量以及成分受多种因素控制,其中岩浆分离结晶作用以及碳酸盐地层和膏盐层的混染可导致出溶的流体中Cl浓度的升高。早期高氧逸度环境可以使得硫以SO42-形式存在,抑制硫与铁的结合形成黄铁矿,有利于铁在早期以Cl的络合物发生迁移。大型富铁矿的形成需要一个长期稳定的流体对流循环系统,而岩浆的多期侵位或岩浆房以及在相对封闭的环境中(需要一个不透水层)一个有利于流体循环的断裂/裂隙系统是形成一个长期稳定的流体对流循环系统的必要条件。但是由于不同地质环境,流体中铁的卸载方式和位置会有明显差别,由此导致不同的矿石结构构造和不同的矿体产状。     

A preliminary study on mineralogical and chemical compositions of some chondrites falling in China

Samples are available from 37 stony meteorites falling in China. Twenty-two chondrites are examined in terms of chemical and mineral compositions, cosmogenic nuclides, formation and exposure ages, impact effect and chondrule textures. On the basis of chemical-petrologic features these chondrites are classified asE ₄ (Qingzhen),H ₅ (Jilin, Changde, Shuangyang, Anlong, Xinyi and Yangjang),L ₆ (Renqiu, Junan, Heze, Rugao and Nei Monggol) andLL ₆ (Dongtai). E ₄ is characterized by high iron and sulfur, with the former occurring mainly as Fe^o and FeS. FromH ₅ throughH ₆ toLL ₆, iron and nickel decrease gradually while FeO and the ratio of Fe silicate to total iron increase gradually. indicating a general increase in the orderE-H-L-LL in the degree of oxidation at the time of formation. E ₄ consists mainly of enstatite and, to much less extent, free SiO₂ but olivine is hardly to be found. The olivine proportions amount to 29.07, 41.98 and 51.36 percent inH ₅,L ₆ andLL ₆ respectively, with Fa increasing from 17 to 27 percent. Recrystallization has been noticed to different degrees inH ₄,H ₅,L ₆ andLL ₆ chondrites. The extent to which the original structure disappears and the boundaries of chondrules become indistinct decreases from type 6 through type 5 to type 4, reflecting different degrees of thermal metamorphism. Major minerals in the meteorites all exhibit signs of low to medium shock metamorphism. Specific activity, depth effect and orbit effect are also measured on some chondrites that have fallen in recent years and some new information has been obtained with respect to the orbit and source region for meteorite parent bodies in space. This results show that the environment of formation ofE group may be nearer to Mars than that ofO group. Each chemical group of chondrites has its own evolutionary history, and chondritets of different chemical groups may have originated from parent bodies of different compositions. Or owing to the differentiation caused by thermal melamorphism, various kinds of meteorites may be derived from a common parent body. From this argument it is suggested that five stages may be recognized during the formation process of chondrites.