海洋疏浚泥综合利用产业化道路的探索

随着我国临海工业和港口业的飞速发展,海洋疏浚泥的产生量迅速增大,传统的海洋倾倒处置方式不但对海洋造成污染,而且也是资源的浪费.疏浚泥应逐步从目前的海洋倾倒处置向资源化综合利用过渡,并就其产业化营运可行性及其营运机制、技术研发、产业政策、市场化、标准化管理体系建立等方面展开论述.     

疏浚土倾倒后悬浮泥沙扩散输移的数值模拟

疏浚土的处置是航道疏浚整治中需要解决的问题.疏浚土在倾倒区倾倒之后,大部分疏浚土会沉积在抛泥区附近,其余泥沙将在抛泥点的局部区域形成高浓度悬沙,在重力、波浪、潮流、风生流等因素作用下扩散输移.建立了平面二维潮流、悬沙浓度增量输移扩散的数学模型,采用有限单元法离散求解,研究了虾峙门口外航道整治工程中疏浚土倾倒后悬浮泥沙在水体中的扩散输移,以此分析抛泥后不同悬沙浓度增量的悬浮泥沙的扩散范围.虾峙门口外外海处设置了1#、2#、3#倾倒区,模型计算结果表明,各悬沙浓度增量的悬浮泥沙扩散最大面积的最小值及包络线面积的最小值均发生在3#倾倒区抛泥的工况,原因在于3#倾倒区位于外海,水深明显大于1#、2#倾倒区,其倾倒区容积最大.可见,在水动力条件相当的情况下,水深条件形成的各倾倒区容积对悬浮泥沙的扩散和输移是有影响的.倾倒区容积越大,对悬浮泥沙扩散和输移越有利.从经济因素来看,疏浚船的运输距离所发生的运费是不可忽略的,疏浚航道至1#、2#倾倒区的距离要短于至3#倾倒区的距离,把疏浚土运至1#和2#倾倒区的运行费用明显低于运至3#倾倒区的运行费.研究结果建议,选择1#和2#倾倒区为疏浚土倾倒区,并根据潮流方向灵活安排施工作业,可将1#倾倒区作为落潮时疏浚土的倾倒区,2#倾倒区作为涨潮时疏浚土的倾倒区.     

海洋疏浚工程的环境影响及对策措施

以黄骅港航道扩建项目为例,利用二维数值模型模拟分析了航道疏浚产生悬沙对水质的影响,并计算了项目产生悬沙对海洋生态环境的影响。经分析,黄骅港航道扩建项目使约376.1km2的海域水质环境受到悬沙的影响,造成约180t底栖生物、231t浮游动物、1 503t鱼卵和3 757t仔鱼损失。提出了“实现疏浚土的综合利用”、“提高施工效率,缩短施工期限”、“合理安排施工时间”、“对受损的海洋生物进行增殖放流”等措施,以降低航道疏浚工程施工期间对海洋环境的影响。     

关于疏浚土综合利用的效益研究

我国现已成为疏浚土年产量最大的国家,但疏浚土常常不能被综合利用,原因之一在于公众对疏浚土的效益认识不够,文章将对疏浚土综合利用可产生的效益进行全面的分析和探讨,旨在提高公众对疏浚土综合利用的认识,也为从事与疏浚工程相关的工作者提供疏浚土综合利用工程效益计算方法的参考.     

乐清湾港区“浅水深用”开发方案的可行性分析

从建港条件、港池正常回淤和港池骤淤等方面,综合分析了乐清湾港区采取"浅水深用"开发方案的技术可行性。研究表明,乐清湾港区采取"浅水深用"开发建设是可行的,乐清湾港池骤淤可能性不大。对乐清湾港区"浅水深用"开发方案的几个关键技术问题进行了探讨:一是码头前沿线的确定,这不仅直接关系到码头投资和营运成本,还对今后乐清湾其它工程产生较大的影响。运用全寿命周期成本理念,通过对建设投资、疏浚方量、维护成本、营运成本等方面的比较与分析以及对码头前沿线位置进行模型试验研究和多方案比选后认为,码头前沿线采用400 m栈桥方案是最为经济合理的。二是港池大开挖技术方式合理确定。为减少港池回淤,开挖方式应采取非坑槽开挖,港池与深槽连通,南、北码头区港池疏浚连通。三是港池疏浚土资源综合利用。在港池开挖和维护中,要贯彻循环经济理念,加强对港池疏浚废土的综合利用。结合港区围垦陆域工程的实施、港池疏浚吹填和软基处理,对港池疏浚泥进行资源化利用,既解决沿海大量废弃疏浚泥的处理问题,又可避免疏浚泥对环境的污染。四是港池维护措施的制定。乐清湾港区港池开挖后,港池的骤淤量虽不大,但港池开挖后采取维护措施是必要的,应考虑经济合理的备淤深度,以减少开挖方量和维护量。五是固滩护滩措施的制定。考虑到双屿港开闸泄水对港区回淤的影响,对双屿港南侧滩地采取必要的固滩护滩措施,遏制或减少双屿港开闸泄水对滩地泥沙的掀动作用。六是应结合乐清湾港池疏浚与吹填工程,加强现场监测,进一步验证前期科研成果的准确性和可靠性。监测资料分析表明,前期科研成果的准确性和可靠性是有保证的。     

黄骅港一期工程疏浚物倾倒预选区的浮游生物调查

分析了1995年10月黄骅港一期工程疏浚物倾倒预选区浮游生物调查样品和资料.结果表明,调查区的浮游植物是以圆筛藻(Coscinodiscusspp.)等为优势种的近岸广温生态群,浮游动物是以强壮箭虫(Sagittacrassa)等为优势种的近岸低盐生态群,且浮游生物的种类和数量都很丰富.文中还对疏浚施工提出了加强对疏浚船只倾倒到位率监督,根据海洋生物繁殖季节调整疏浚活动等措施,以最大限度地减小因疏浚施工对生态环境造成的危害.     

珠海市近海水下地形冲淤演变分析

为研究珠海市海域地形演变,基于2005~2014年海图资料提取了两期水深点和等深线,对比选取最优插值方法,构建珠海市海域水下地形变化图,分析研究区的冲淤变化。结果表明:(1)2005~2014年珠海市海域的0m和2m等深线比10m等深线变化剧烈,变化集中在近岸区域,说明人类改造活动占主导地位;(2)经不同区域冲淤统计和代表性断面分析可得,9年间海底淤积量大于冲刷量,淤积区域集中在澳门港至淇澳岛附近,港珠澳大桥建设为主导因素;冲刷区域集中在崖门水道、进海航道和高栏港附近,港口清淤及航道疏浚为主导因素。     

不同疏浚方案下的安海湾整治修复效益评估

为改善安海湾的海洋生态环境,本研究尝试采用底泥疏浚、疏浚土回填造地、红树林种植和人工岛建设相结合的方式进行海湾整治修复,并初步设置5种疏浚方案,分别计算其疏浚总量、采砂量、采砂率及疏浚后安海湾纳潮量、库容量的变化.结果表明不同疏浚方案的总疏浚量、采砂量、采砂程度、库容增加量随疏浚深度增加而增大,海湾纳潮增加量受平均最低潮位的影响,疏浚深度超过1.45 m后,各方案的纳潮增加量不变.通过疏浚物的回填可降低海湾整治修复及海洋资源利用成本,减少海洋倾倒二次污染,为其他海湾生态环境整治修复工程提供示范.     

疏浚物倾抛对海洋环境影响的研究述评

从当前国内外对疏浚物倾倒海洋后所产生的环境影响研究现状出发,就研究历史产生影响的生物、物理、化学过程,现场监测技术,疏浚物处理新技术的应用等方面的研究作了全面评述,这对港口、航道部门的疏浚土处理和防止海洋污染具有参考应用价值。     

淇澳岛东南拋泥区对珠海九洲港航道的影响

应用~(46)Sc放射性示踪沙技术,根据1989年4月的现场测试结果探讨了淇澳岛东南抛泥区泥沙的运移扩散规律及其对珠海经济特区九洲港航道的淤积影响。实验证明,该抛泥区所抛疏浚泥沙的运移扩散主方向恰是九洲港航道所在的方向。对伶仃水道的疏浚而言,该抛泥地的选择是合理的,但对九洲港航道来说,则存在一定的淤积影响,应采取相应的防淤和减淤措施,以提高港口的经济效益。     

疏浚物倾倒现状与转化为再生资源的研究--中国海洋倾废面临的困难和对策

介绍了我国海洋倾废的历史和现状,分析了疏浚泥海洋倾倒面临的困难,这些困难将是今后相当长时期困扰和阻碍港口、航道和海岸海洋工程建设和发展的巨大障碍。只有将疏浚泥转化为再生资源,才能从根本上缓解海洋工程建设中疏浚泥的出路问题。把疏浚泥转化为再生资源的方法主要有3种：(1)将疏浚泥干燥、脱水后直接用于填海造地;(2)利用固化处理的化学方法,将疏浚泥转化为围海造地的填充料;(3)利用热处理的方法通过烧结将疏浚泥转化为生产轻型建筑材料和建筑陶瓷的原料。     

One-dimensional electrokinetic stabilization of dredged mud

Reuse of dredged marine sediments for land reclamation is a sustainable method for disposing the large quantities of dredged spoil, accumulating every year worldwide. However, due to their high water content and low permeability, dewatering and self-sedimentation of the material takes a long time to be completed. Therefore, different methods, such as prefabricated vertical drains and vacuum preloading, are used to improve the consolidation properties of the dredged mud at the port of Brisbane. Among these stabilization methods, vacuum preloading is determined as the most effective method to increase the consolidation of the dredged mud. However, clogging during vacuum consolidation is undesirable. Therefore, electrokinetic stabilization draws attention since it is an environmentally friendly and time efficient method to dewater and consolidate dredged mud significantly. The effectiveness of the electrokinetic stabilization depends on the properties of the soil and the electrode configurations. One-dimensional and two-dimensional electrode configurations are the most popular configurations. In this study, the effect of one-dimensional electrode configuration, which is installation of electrodes in arrays of anodes and cathodes on consolidation parameters of dredged mud, is investigated. Based on this study, the dredged mud sediments can be stabilized using one-dimensional electrokinetic stabilization which resulted in improving compression index and coefficient of volume compressibility and reduction of soil plasticity index.     

Nematodes as Sensitive Indicators of Change at Dredged Material Disposal Sites

Demonstration of the recovery of marine habitats from perturbation, or of the effectiveness of protective measures, is dependent on the sensitivity of the target group in responding to change. This paper highlights the utility of the nematode component of the meiofauna as a tool for assessing disturbance from dredgings disposal. Transect surveys were conducted at three major dredged material disposal sites around the U.K. coast. Both gross effects due to the direct impact of dredgings within the disposal sites and lesser consequences arising from the transport of material away from the sites were evident with nematode community analyses. The same nematode species, Sabatieria pulchra group (both breviseta andpunctata ) and Daptonema tenuispiculum were found to dominate at all disposal sites, despite appreciable environmental differences between locations and variability in the nature of the deposited dredged material.These studies have established that nematode communities can provide a sensitive indicator of change in response to dredged material disposal at a variety of locations and have introduced a new monitoring tool for a practice that has a wide significance around the U.K. coast. The implications of the findings for the future monitoring of dredged material disposal and other waste inputs are discussed.     

港口疏浚泥在海涂围垦工程中资源化利用研究

针对巴艚渔港和华润浙江苍南发电厂工程产生的大量疏浚量,提出疏浚量在江南海涂围垦工程资源化利用方案.通过对巴艚渔港工程地质条件和粒度成分分析,并进行疏浚泥落淤试验,提出了疏浚泥吹填软基真空预压联合堆载加固实施方案,并利用有限元技术对真空预压联合堆载处理软基进行沉降计算,结果表明:本工程疏浚泥可以在海涂围垦工程中资源化利用...     

Assessment of Consolidation Behavior of Golden Horn Marine Dredged Material

Polluted sea bottom sediments from Golden Horn in Istanbul have been dredged and stored on land at a disposal site. Reclamation of the disposal site was highly dependent on prediction of self-weight consolidation behavior of the dredged material, which is analyzed numerically using software which employs a nonlinear finite strain solution algorithm (Fox and Berles 1997). The material parameters needed for the numerical model are determined using a seepage-induced consolidation testing system and prediction of the numerical model is tested against experimental observations in a slurry consolidation model tank. The numerical modeling of the field behavior at the disposal site could be successfully accomplished using sediment property data from the seepage-induced consolidation test.     

长江口北槽抛泥流速和悬沙浓度时空分布观测

河口泥沙运动有其独特的规律,需要采用高分辨率的观测手段进行系统的现场观测,以此发现河口流速和泥沙分布结构,进而探讨其形成机制,应用声学多普勒流速剖面仪和声学悬浮泥沙观测系统,通过定点和走航式观测长江河口不同潮型和流态下流速和悬浮泥沙浓度时空分布发现:(1)不同潮型出现高浓度“事件”的次数和成因存在差异,中潮型出现高浓度“事件”的可能性最大;(2)抛泥泥沙浓度垂向分布至少有3种结构类型,即上小下大的“L”型、指数型和上大下小的“漂浮”型;(3)受抛泥泥沙输移的影响,断面流场形成低流速区,它们的强度随落潮流的扩散逐渐减弱;(4)不同潮型的落潮流表现出不同的输移行为,大、小潮型落潮流偏北,中潮型落潮流偏南;(5)在落潮流和颗粒重力共同作用下抛泥泥沙同时存在输移扩散和沉降过程,小潮型抛泥泥沙主要就近扩散和沉降,中潮和大潮型抛泥泥沙输移扩散范围较远。     

A new mixing technique for solidifier and dredged fill in coastal area

One of the major drawbacks of the conventional method of land reclamation, which involves mixing cement with the dredged soils at the disposal site, is the high cost associated with its manufacturing and transportation. In this study, a new solidified dredged fill (SDF) technique and a new additive are proposed and their practical applications are discussed. Unlike the conventional approach, the dredged marine soils were mixed with the solidifiers using a newly designed mixing technique prior to its transport to site, which would significantly reduce the cost of site machinery and effectively reclaim land with adequate engineering properties necessary for the construction of infrastructure. To evaluate the performance of the reclaimed land using the proposed technique, a series of laboratory and field tests (namely, static and dynamic cone penetration tests, and plate load tests) were conducted on grounds filled with and without solidified dredged marine soils, respectively. The results showed that the engineering behavior of the reclaimed land with dredged marine soils using SDF technique had significantly improved. The SDF technique combined with the newly designed mixing system improved the performance of ground and has thus proved to be both cost-effective and safe.     

Vertical migration and mortality of benthos in dredged material—part I: Mollusca

Benthic invertebrates have many characteristics which make them prime candidates for burial studies in dredged material. A major concern in dredging and disposal projects is the effect of burial on the survival of benthic invertebrates. The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to determine the ability of estuarine benthos—in particular three species of molluscs (Mercenaria mercenaria, Nucula proxima and Ilyanassa obsoleta)—to migrate vertically in natural and exotic sediments and to determine the survival of benthos when exposed to particular amounts of simulated dredged material.Mortalities generally increased with increased sediment depth, with increased burial time and with overlying sediments whose particle size distribution differed from that of the species native sediment. Temperature affected mortalities and vertical migration. It was concluded that vertical migration is a viable process which can significantly affect rehabilitation of a dredged disposal area. Under certain conditions, vertical migration should be considered, together with larval settling and immigration from outside impacted areas, as a mechanism of recruiting a dredgedump site.