共轭大陆边缘工作会议简介

按照板块构造的观点 ,地球上存在 3类大陆边缘 :活动大陆边缘、被动大陆边缘和转换大陆边缘。被动大陆边缘主要分布在大西洋两岸 ,因此也叫大西洋型大陆边缘。经区域地质构造研究表明 ,南海是一个小大西洋 ,它在新生代像大西洋在中、新生代一样 ,是经过大陆岩石圈张裂 (rifting)、破裂分离 (break up)和海底扩张而生成的小洋盆。虽然目前对大西洋的诞生过程比较清楚 ,但对诞生过程中大陆岩石圈在张裂、破裂分离期间岩石圈的变形过程及其特征仍不太了解。为了进行这方面的研究 ,科学家将在破裂分离前连在一起的大西洋两岸大陆边缘 (科学家命…     

IODP344航次——哥斯达黎加地震起源计划

IODP344航次是IODP334航次的后续,航次主要依据IODP537号建议书,哥斯达黎加地震起源计划(CRISP)的关键目标就是理解在剥蚀控制的俯冲带大陆边缘大地震聚集和破裂的物理过程。航次的主要科学目标包括:(1)俯冲带沉积物和基岩的岩性、构造和物理性质特征;(2)俯冲带的剥蚀速率和上部板块的沉降历史;(3)上部板块中流体与岩石的相互作用及地球化学过程;(4)大陆边缘上部斜坡带应力场的演变。     

南极半岛太平洋边缘布兰斯菲尔德海峡地区的构造作用和深部结构

南极半岛是南极洲西部最大的区域,在研究冈瓦纳大陆解体历史方面具有关键作用。在冈瓦纳大陆解体之前,南极半岛是南美洲安地斯山系最南端的部分。冈瓦纳大陆解体之后至今,西南极洲以及邻近的Bellinsghausen海、Drake海道是研究诸如大洋岩石圈扩张与俯冲、与近来岩浆一火山作用相关的大陆边缘裂谷作用等现在正在进行着的构造作用过程的独特的地球动力学实验室。     

大陆岩石圈在张裂和分离时的变形模式

通过对南海南北共轭边缘地壳剖面的对比研究,发现大陆岩石圈的物理性质是分层的：上、中地壳呈脆性,下地壳表现出塑性,而岩石圈上地幔则仍呈脆性。因此,在它受张性应力场作用时,其变形和破裂分离方式也是分层进行的：上、中地壳能发生犁式断裂,产生的断块沿断面转动在地表产生一系列半地堑,并使地壳厚度减薄;如拉张应力继续作用时,上、中地壳将沿犁式断裂被拉开,从而形成上、下板块边缘,并彼此分开。下地壳则发生塑性变形,使地壳厚度减薄,并最终将其拉断。岩石圈上地幔亦可产生陡倾断裂,形成的断块沿断面转动亦使其厚度减薄,并最终沿陡倾断裂被拉断。这就是我们称之为岩石圈变形和破裂分 离时的分层变形及分层破裂分离模式。     

1996年大陆钻探进展

１９９６年大陆钻探进展ＧｒａｎｔＨｅｉｋｅｎ等地球物理调查和大洋钻探主导了２０世纪下半叶的固体地球科学革命。一项针对大陆研究的钻探计划已经确定下来。１９７４年的ＧｈｏｓｔＲａｎｃｈ研讨会为确定这项科学钻探计划进行了有益的探讨。过去２０年的研究对象是地...     

大洋和大陆边缘岩石圈有效弹性厚度的研究意义

大洋岩石圈有效弹性厚度分布在 (45 0± 15 0 )℃等温面内 ,并且随着加载时岩石圈年龄的增加而增加。因此 ,大洋岩石圈的挠曲刚度强烈地依赖岩石圈的热结构。一些海隆下岩石圈有效弹性厚度的降低 ,可能是岩石圈经历过热活化 ,岩石圈热年龄降低的结果。大西洋一些群岛的岩石圈有效弹性厚度小于理论值 ,则反映了岩石圈结构的不同。在海沟 ,板块的挠曲也是影响岩石圈有效弹性厚度的因素 ,它降低了岩石圈的强度。在被动大陆边缘海陆岩石圈交界处 ,向陆的方向 ,岩石圈弹性厚度比同年龄的大陆或大洋岩石圈的小 ,表明强度明显降低 ;向大洋方向 ,岩石圈的弹性厚度与正常的大洋岩石圈弹性厚度吻合。在活动大陆边缘的挠曲前陆盆地和造山带 ,岩石圈有效弹性厚度变化较大 ,部分地区受先前的岩石圈低强度影响 ,而表现出岩石圈强度的弱化。同时 ,这种方法还广泛地用于大洋中脊岩浆侵位、地幔流动、南太平洋超级海隆的动力学机制、大陆边缘的变形和构造演化、新生岩石圈的力学性质和流变学性质的研究     

被动大陆边缘张裂特征与南海北部陆缘构造属性

大陆边缘研究是板块构造运动史重建、地球环境演变研究与矿产资源开发的关键.火山型(volcanic passive margins)与非火山型(magma-poor passive margins)大陆边缘作为被动大陆边缘的2种基本类型,在结构特征、演化过程、洋陆过渡带等方面存在一定的相似之处,但二者在形成机制、构造过程...     

活动大陆边缘的板片窗构造

正俯冲的洋中脊的持续扩张作用将会使该洋中脊两侧的洋壳板片之间形成一个持续加宽的间隙,这个间隙称为板片窗。板片窗往往形成于小于10Ma左右具浮力的大洋岩石圈俯冲时期。板片窗形态依赖于3个主要因素：板块的相对运动、俯冲前的洋脊一转换断层组合样式、俯冲角度。影响板片窗形态的次要因素还有热侵蚀、相变等因素。在板片窗出现的活动大陆边缘,软流圈、岩石圈、大气圈、水圈发生独特的多圈层相互作用,是地球系统最为活跃的地带。由于该地带的洋底消减往往与生长轴呈一定角度相交,不仅引起盆地的不对称消减,而且使得板片窗之上的活动大陆边缘的构造、岩浆、成矿和热效应明显不同于洋中脊平行于俯冲带的消减作用产生的构造、岩浆、成矿和热效应。     

南海北部大陆边缘从裂谷到扩张的演化过程

由于南海是西太平洋区域众多边缘海的主要组成部分，故了解南海从同裂谷到海底扩张的发展史对阐明西太平洋的构造演化是非常重要的。本文阐述了通过综合利用新获得的和已有的地球物理资料研究南海北部大陆边缘从裂谷到扩张过程的变迁。南海的最北部地区是中日合作项目(JCCP)一部分，该项目分1993年和1994年两个阶段。JCCP调查的目的是揭示大陆壳和深海盆间的过渡地区的地震与磁力特征。南海磁力和海洋重力资料表明了其张裂陆壳和汇聚边缘过去与现在的构造特征。全磁和三维磁力资料清楚表明海盆的线型磁异常特征和变化的海盆边缘磁异常特征。南海重、磁及地震资料和其他地球物理、地质的分析可以得出如下结论： (1)N-s向海底扩张始于早始新世。它至少有四个独立的演化阶段，其扩张的方向和速率是不稳定的．扩张从32Ma一直持续到17Ma； (2)陆洋边界(COB)的东西两边在现代构造形式上的明显差异暗示东部陆壳的破裂受走滑断裂的控制； (3)下地壳的地震高速层似乎被俯冲到伸展的陆壳下； (4)最上层的沉积和覆在第三纪火山上的下地壳的上部以大陆边缘区的磁力异常体为基底； (5)位于大陆边缘的磁力平静带(MQZ)对应COB； (6)无磁或弱磁层可能导致MQZ，地磁退磁的一个原因是当高温地幔物质被俯冲时地热的变化．另一种解释是每个往返磁极玄武岩的横向连续消失在上部合成磁场。 我们正建立一个包含地震数据、潜在油田、地壳和地热结构与其它地球物理数据的人工数据库系统。以便更好地对过去、现在和将来环日本的深海环境的变化进行研究，即海沟、海槽、俯冲带、边缘盆地和岛弧。该数据库的一些特征是对来源不同的全球数据的多方面研究和有目的定向搜集资料。     

被动大陆边缘伸展–破裂过程研究进展

深地震探测、大洋钻探及野外露头观测等技术方法的联合运用,极大地推动了对大陆边缘地质过程的认识。目前对大陆边缘,尤其是对被动大陆边缘的结构、演化和发育机制的认识,正在经历一场前所未有的变革。文章从基本的概念和分类开始,综述了全球已探测到的几种主要大陆边缘类型的盆地结构、深地壳?岩石圈结构、圈层速度、沉降特点和破裂方式的研究进展,讨论了被动大陆边缘的发育和演化的机制。综合已有研究进展,指出富岩浆型和贫岩浆型陆缘在裂前和裂陷期具有相似的岩石组成和裂陷结构特征,只是在破裂前后由于岩浆量的不同而发生了结构的分异。贫岩浆型陆缘中的全岩石圈断裂型、上地壳过渡型、下地壳剥露型、上地幔剥露型,甚至下地壳+上地幔剥露的组合类型陆缘,是被动陆缘在张裂期由于岩石圈各层流变结构等因素的差异发生分异演化的结果。贫岩浆型陆缘下地壳高速体主要来源于地幔蛇纹岩化,而富岩浆型陆缘则主要来源于高温地幔熔融产生的底侵或侵入,局部可能继承了前张裂期的高速变质岩体。上述大陆边缘研究成果为研究南海的结构和演化提供了很好的对比和借鉴。     

The role of rifting in the development of the continental margins of the southwest subbasin,South China Sea: Insights from an OBS experiment

The continental margins of the southwest subbasin in the South China Sea mark a unique transition from multi-stages magma-poor continental rifting to seafloor spreading. We used reflection and refraction profiles across the margins to investigate the rifting process of the crust. Combining with the other seismic profiles acquired earlier, we focused on the comparative geological interpretation from the result of multichannel seismic analysis and wide-angle seismic tomography. Our result provides the evidence of upper crustal layer with abundant fractures below the acoustic basement with a P-wave velocity from 4.0 to 5.5 km s^?1. It indicates extensive deformation of the brittle crust during the continental rifting and can make a good explanation for the observed extension discrepancy in the rift margins of the South China Sea. The seismic chronostratigraphic result shows the possibility of the intra-continental extension center stayed focused for quite a long time in Eocene. Additionally, our evidence suggested that continental margin of the southwest subbasin had experienced at least three rifting stages and the existence of the rigid blocks is an appropriate explanation to the asymmetric rifting of the South China Sea.     

A geophysical survey of the Spitsbergen Margin and surrounding areas

New geophysical information including multichannel seismic profiling data obtained by the PGO Sevmorgeologia Ministry of Geology of the former USSR, Murmansk during 1984–1988 is discussed and interpreted in this study. The deep structure, sedimentary cover and stratigraphy of the Spitsbergen Continental Margin, considered to be a passive margin, i.e. divergent in the northern part and strike-slip in the western part, is described.Two genetically different types of plateaus on the continental margin, Yermak in the north and Spitsbergen (Vestnesa) in the west, have been identified.The entire extent of the continental slope of the northern part of the Spitsbergen Continental Margin in the Eurasia Basin is underlain by attenuated continental crust, while at the base of the Southwest Continental Margin, the oceanic crust along almost the entire extent is observed. The sedimentary cover, up to 10 km thick within the West Spitsbergen Continental Margin, is likewise observed. Within the North Spitsbergen Margin, however, it does not exceed 3.5 km in thickness.The extension and deposition within the West Spitsbergen Margin began in early Oligocene, while the rifting with accompanying sedimentation within the North Spitsbergen Continental Margin started probably in Early Cretaceous.     

Tectonics, global changes in sea level and their relationship to stratigraphical sequences at the US Atlantic continental margin

The principal factors that control the extent of seas through geological time are vertical movements of the lithosphere and global changes in sea level. The relative height of the sea surface determines the facies and the thickness of sediments that can accumulate in a sedimentary basin. Backstripping studies show that the primary factors affecting the subsidence of rifted sedimentary basins are thermal contraction, following heating and thinning of the lithosphere at the time of rifting, and sedimentary loading. Factors such as compaction, palaeobathymetry, erosion and global sea level changes also contribute, but their combined affects are small compared to those of thermal contraction and sedimentary loading. Simple models have been constructed which combine the effects of sedimentary loading and thermal contraction with those of compaction, sub-aerial erosion and global changes in sea level. In the models it was assumed that the lithosphere was heated and thinned by stretching at the time of rifting, sedimentary loading occurs by flexure of a lithosphere that progressively increases its flexural rigidity with age following rifting and, that sediment compaction and bathymetry change across a basin but do not vary significantly with gwological time. Furthermore, different assumptions were made on the magnitude of curves of global sea level changes and the relationship between denudation rate and regional elevation. The models show that tectonics, in the form of thermal contraction of the lithosphere and flexure and slowly varying global changes in sea level, can explain a number of the stratigraphic features of the US Atlantic continental margin. In this Paper some of the implications of these results are examined for studies of (a) sea level changes through geological time; and (b) the maturation history of continental margin basins.     

赤道几内亚里奥穆尼盆地构造演化特征及油气勘探前景

应用盆地原形分析、区域地震资料解释和石油地质综合分析等方法,探讨了赤道几内亚里奥穆尼盆地构造演化和成藏条件。研究结果表明,该盆地构造演化经历了裂谷、过渡—漂移和裂后被动大陆边缘3个阶段,主要充填了中新生代沉积地层,中生界白垩系主要发育2套烃源岩,为裂谷期的湖相泥页岩和过渡—早期漂移期的海相泥页岩,已发现的油气主要储集在上白垩统浊积砂体。盐构造和重力滑动构造是油气成藏的主控因素,在区域上,油气主要分布在盆地的中带,该带勘探程度低,成藏条件优越,是油气聚集的有利场所,尤其盐构造与重力滑动构造区具有较大油气勘探潜力。     

大陆坡脚确定原则与方法

大陆坡脚是大陆边缘的一个重要地形特征,是沿海国扩展其大陆架权利和划定其200海里以外大陆架外部界限的基础,也是大陆架界限委员会审议沿海国划界案时特别关注的重要技术参数。《联合国海洋法公约》第76条大陆架制度的制定源于典型的被动大陆边缘。但由于全球大陆边缘的多样性和复杂性,特别是后期构造活动、沉积作用对大陆边缘的改造与影响,海底地形地貌异常复杂多变,导致大陆坡脚的识别非常困难。加上各沿海国为获得最大范围的外大陆架,对大陆坡脚的相关规定进行有利于自己的解释,使得大陆坡脚的确定成了外大陆架划界中一个颇具争议的热点问题。本文基于对《联合国海洋法公约》和《大陆架界限委员会科学和技术准则》对大陆坡脚的规定,结合不同类型大陆边缘的地质特征和各沿海国划界实践,对陆坡基部区的确定、坡度变化最大之点的选取以及相反证明规则的适用性等问题进行了探讨。     

The continental margin of the Mesozoic Tethys in the Western Alps

Most of the structural units of the Western Alps were derived from the European Continental margin of the Ligurian Ocean, a segment of the Mesozoic Tethys ocean. Their Mesozoic palaeotectonic and stratigraphic evolution bears witness of the following main stages: (1) Deposition of the Triassic platform carbonates, essentially prerift but nevertheless bearing the imprint of some extensional movements. (2) The Liassic-Middle Jurassic rifting corresponds to the creation of a horst-and-graben system with especially tilted blocks and hence a shoal-and-basin palaeogeography, but without a preliminary doming event. (3) The late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous opening and spreading of the Ligurian ocean began with a general collapse of the continental margin (‘thermal’ subsidence, latest Middle Jurassic and Earliest Late Jurassic).In this paper, emphasis is given to the refting-derived structures, more especially to the major tilted crustal blocks, a few tens of kilometres wide, which can be either reconstructed or directly observed. The rifting stage lasted roughly 40 m.y., with the alternation of extensional tectonic phases and of relatively ‘quiet’ periods. During the extensional phases, movements along fault-planes and related episodes of tilting were followed by sudden and rapid episodes of subsidence: the latter may be interpreted as resulting from the isostatic and thermal readjustment that follows a phase of stretching of the crust and of the lithosphere. The tectonic evolution of the margin continued, but decreased, during the late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oceanspreading stage. Tectonic activity resumed in the late Cretaceous: this probably resulting from the beginning of contraction of both the ocean and the continental margin, leading progressively to the continental collision in the Tertiary.     

大陆架界限委员会审议划界案的原则和方法——委员会建议摘要案例分析

由于全球大陆边缘地貌和地质特征的复杂性,且《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)第76条对200海里以外大陆架外部界限划定的规则存在一定的模糊性,导致大陆架外部界限的划定极其复杂。根据《公约》设立的大陆架界限委员会(以下简称委员会)负责审议沿海国提交的划界案并给出建议,委员会在外大陆架划界方面发挥重要作用。截止2012年12月底,委员会一共收到沿海国65份划界案,目前已完成其中18份划界案的审议工作并给出了建议。本文系统分析了各委员会建议摘要,对委员会在审议划界案时采用的划界原则、审议的关键技术问题等做了综合分析总结,以便为我国今后外大陆架划界和积极应对侵害我国海洋权益的他国划界主张提供参考和借鉴。     

我国南海历史性水域线的地质特征

40a的海洋地质、地球物理实测研究表明,九段线不仅是显示我国南海主权的历史性水域线,而且总体上也是南海与东部、南部和西部陆区及岛区的巨型地质边界线。根据实测数据,本文将从地质成因、来源、演化的角度论述此南海历史性水域线的合理性。主要结论包括:历史性水域线的东段在地形上基本与马尼拉海沟一致,海沟西侧为南海中央海盆洋壳区,东侧为菲律宾群岛。根据国际地质研究的资料,菲律宾群岛始新世以前位于较偏南的纬度,后来于中晚中新世(距今16~10Ma)仰冲于南海中央海盆之上,因此菲律宾群岛是一个外来群岛。而黄岩岛在马尼拉海沟以西,是中央海盆洋壳区的一个岛礁,与菲律宾群岛成因不同。南海历史性水域线的南段在地形上基本与南沙海槽一致,伴随南沙地块由北部陆缘向南裂离,古南海洋壳沿此海槽以南俯冲至加里曼丹岛陆壳之下,因此南沙地块与加里曼丹陆块为两个来历不同的地块。南海历史性水域线西段的分布在地形上与越东巨型走滑断裂带基本一致,可能与西沙地块、中沙地块、南沙地块从南海北部陆缘向南滑移有关。南沙地块北缘陡直的正断层结构,突显中央海盆是拉裂形成,其基底和中新生代地层与北部珠江口盆地的地层结构可以对比,说明南沙岛礁原属我国华南大陆南缘,后因南海的形成裂离至现今的位置。     

南亚地区含油气盆地类型及资源潜力分析

南亚地区经历冈瓦纳陆内裂谷、冈瓦纳裂解与板块漂移及印度板块与欧亚板块的陆-陆碰撞复杂的构造演化,最终形成了以被动大陆边缘盆地为主的,包括克拉通盆地和俯冲-碰撞带盆地在内的3类沉积盆地,其中被动大陆边缘盆地分布广泛,形成了南亚地区的一个主要盆地群。本文通过对南亚盆地生、储、盖等石油地质条件分析,研究不同盆地类型的油气成藏特征。根据盆地的剩余可采储量和远景资源量对南亚地区的资源潜力进行分析,认为被动大陆边缘盆地油气资源潜力最大,并优选出奎师那-哥达瓦里盆地、孟买盆地和科弗里盆地3个有利盆地。     

Faulting, magmatism and crustal oceanization of the Okinawa Trough

The paper focuses on the characteristics of faulting and magmatism of the Okinawa Trough and the relation between them.En-echelon grabens are ranked oblique to the continental shelf edge uplift,and the Longwang uplift,the rifting block ridge in the northern segment and the“Mianhua uplift”in the southern segment have possibly preserved characteristics of volcanism and magmatism occurring with those rifting phases.The clockwise rotation of the southern Ryukyu Islands,driven by collision between Luzonand Taiwan,has played a key role in the crustal oceanization,enhancing the crustal extension of the southern segment and inducing volcanic magmatism in those grabens,among which the Yaeyama graben is a typical example of the presence of oceanic crust.Faulting and magmatism were mainly migrating towards the island are asymmetrically.The crustal oceanization of the Okinawa Trough is difficultly interpreted by the linear magnetic anomaly model,which is fit for the symmetric spreading of the mid-oceanic ridges.