平流层全球环流12层模式的数值模拟试验——地形的动力效应和大陆度的热力影响部分

为了对平流层大气环流的地形影响的作用进行分析,我们作了一个12层全球环流NCAR(美国国家大气研究中心)模式进行数值试验来模拟有山和无山情况下的1月份气候形势,模式中的大气顶为36公里,采用球坐标,水平网格的经距和纬距取5°,垂直格距取3公里。这个模式包括了许多物理因子:太阳辐射和大地辐射,地面和行星边界层,对流层中大尺度降水和云,地面和冰雪面的温度,对流调整,次网格尺度的热量、水汽和动量的输送。地面的大陆度:在有山的情况下由洋面温度与真实地形来确定,在无山的情况下由洋面温度与地平面高度来确定。我们规定按太阳偏角、海面温度以及臭氧随纬度—高度的分布来模拟1月份平均情况。试验中不考虑光化过程。1月份(有山和无山)两种模拟情况的差异是用大气状态变量的地理分布以及纬向平均的气候统计结果来进行分析的。结果发现平流层中在考虑了山的情况下,在增强行星波动能量的铅直输送的方面有明显的差异(尤其是波数1)。在冬季,平流层中,阿留申地区上空半永久性的反气旋仅在有山的情况下才能模拟出来。这表明地形对于平流层大气环流的影响是很大的。另外还详细研究了热带平流层中各种波型铅直传播的特点。有两种波型是一样的;即以5天左右为周期的混合型罗斯贝—重力波和以15天左右为周期的开尔文波。这些波动随高度的倾斜和观测事实是十分一致的,这表明了在模式中热带平流层的波动能量的铅直输送也是向上的。关于在平流层中动量平衡和能量学的详细分析将在第二部分描述。     

热带大气和海洋运动的频率差异在海气系统演变中的作用

对热带太平洋地区850 hPa纬向风场、海表温度场月平均距平进行了谱分析。结果表明:纬向风距平与海表温度距平的振幅在El Ni?o或La Ni?a期间同时增长。而在其他期间,波振幅随时间呈相反变化趋势。在El Ni?o或La Ni?a事件发展期间,纬向风距平的位相角与海表温度距平位相角的差值在90o左右,而在事件的衰减期间,它们的位相角的差值在0o左右。本文还利用长波近似、海洋对大气加热取局地热力平衡近似时的简单热带海气耦合模式,研究了大气变量和海洋变量位相差随时间变化对海气耦合解的影响。在海气耦合模式中,当大气模式取为非定常时,大气和海洋Kelvin波之间以及Rossby波之间存在着能量转换,使大气和海洋波振幅呈相反变化趋势。此时,耦合波振幅随位相角差的变化没有共同的增长或衰减区间。大气Kelvin波与海洋Rossby波或大气Rossby波与海洋Kelvin波相互作用时,波振幅随位相差的变化存在着相同增长和衰减区间,它们的振幅要么同时增长,要么同时减少。当大气模式取定常时,因为相互作用波之间的位相差是一常数,波振幅随时间无限制增长。本文还在大气模式取为非定常和定常两种情况下,对海气耦合模式进行了数值求解。结果表明,当大气模式取为非定常时,数值解随时间的变化趋势跟观测结果有较好一致性。当大气模式取为定常时,数值解随时间的变化趋势跟观测结果差别较大。     

北半球定常波输送西风动量的气候态及其年变化

利用高分辨率的再分析资料ERA40，分析了纬向平均状态下北半球不同尺度的定常波对西风动量沿经向输送的气候态及其年变化。结果表明，对流层中定常波对西风动量输送最强的区域位于中纬度对流层的中上层，定常波在该区域长年向北输送纬向动量，且输送中心随季节有南北移动和强弱变化。此外，在高纬度地区的对流层中上层以及赤道对流层顶附近还有两个相对较弱的输送中心。前者对西风动量的输送长年向南，其垂直范围从对流层低层一直伸展到平流层下层，中心位置相对固定，强度有明显的季节变化。后者位置也相对固定，但输送方向随季节改变。平流层中定常波对西风动量的输送主要位于中高纬度的平流层中上层，定常波在该区域长年向北输送西风动量，中心位置非常稳定，而强度则随季节变化明显。行星尺度定常波的输送作用与总波动的输送作用非常一致，并在很大程度上决定了波动对动量输送强度的季节变化。天气尺度定常波和10波以上的短波的输送作用主要集中在中纬度对流层的中高层。前者与行星尺度定常波共同决定了该区域内的输送强度，并主导了输送中心的南北移动；后者的作用很小，除夏季外均可以忽略。作者给出的不同尺度定常波对西风动量输送的气候态分布不但可以作为日后研究其年际变化的基础，而且还可以为大气环流模式对大气环流模拟能力的评估提供重要的参考。     

简单热带海气耦合模型中不同扰动形式间的耦合作用

在局地热平衡情况下研究了简单热带海气耦合模式中不同扰动形式间的耦合，依次讨论了由大气准定常Kelvin波与海洋R0ssby波、大气准定常Rossby波与海洋Kelvin波、大气准定常Kelvin波与海洋KelVin波、大气准定常Rossby波与海洋Rossby波组成的耦合系统的性质，并研究了存在于其中的耦合扰动的特征。     

对流云街激发的重力波和波动阻力

大气边界层中的对流活动,可以在其上部稳定层中激发出重力波,并引起垂直动量输送,影响到对流层和平流层中的动量平衡过程.从二层模式中大气波动方程的线性解出发,得出了对流云街激发的重力波波阻解析表达式,并讨论了大气条件对波阻的影响.这些分析可有助于大气环流模式(GCM)中此类重力波波阻参数化表达式的建立和改进.     

热带和中高纬地区季节内振荡的特征及其动力学诊断

使用5年低阶全球谱模式资料,对中高纬大气和热带大气季节内振荡的动力学性质和传播特征进行了诊断研究。分析发现模式再现了大气中季节内振荡在热带和中高纬地区的传播特性以及它们之间的差异。热带大气30—60天振荡在速度势场上表现为纬向—波结构和行波特性,而在散度风场上反映了赤道西太平洋—印度洋东西向偶极子型的振荡。中高纬大气30—60天振荡表现为定常波位相和振幅的变化,即波包络的传播特征。它与中高纬地区遥相关型的转换有关,通过遥相关位相和振幅的变化,不仅完成了热带和中高纬地区之间以及热带不同区域之间的能量输送,而且通过这种能量输送过程把南、北半球中高纬地区季节内振荡联系起来。      

二维地形的地形阻力

讨论了在上部稳定层覆盖的不稳定大气边界层中,二维地形扰动所引起的上层波动以及扰动速度的动量通量输送,表明在大气低层层结不稳定时,波动仍可能在大气动量平衡中起明显作用。     

二维波状地形上的流场

在一个简化的二层模式中,求解大气波动方程,得到了二维波状起伏地形上扰动流线的分析解。研究了在上、下两层大气中,不同的温度廓线和风速廓线情况下,地形引起扰动的流场形式,同时讨论了支配扰动振幅的大气因子和地形特征。分析解的结果表明：若大气低层为深厚的不稳定层,地形引起的波动很微弱;如低层大气强稳定,上层大气弱稳定,则可能产生较强的波动;而当上层稳定度增加时,可产生非陷波,有利于高层动量下传,造成较大的地面风速。     

非线性Rossby波动特征的进一步探讨

在一定的假定下,利用自然坐标系对正压非线性Rossby波的特征作了进一步探讨,指出控制Rossby波动过程的本质方程是摆型方程及类似于Sine—Gordon方程的关系式,得到了波动过程中复杂的质点振动轨迹和非线性振荡的周期;给出了定常Rossby波的几种复杂流型,证明了非线性Rossby波的位相传播和能量传播是沿着流线进行的。这些结果对深入认识大气内部动力过程和解释某些观测现象具有一定意义。     

一个登陆台风的等能管结构

对产生“75.8”特大暴雨的登陆台风作了等熵面气流分析,发现存在一个铅直贯通整个对流层的等能管。这种连通等能管具有单叶双曲面性质,它在各种形成大暴雨的天气系统中都能出现,起着类似热带积雨云热塔的作用。这个问题在大气环流的能量铅直输送和能量转换中有重大意义,值得进一步研究。     

亚洲季风区纬圈剖面内准40天周期振荡的环流结构及其演变

本文利用1979年FGGE LevelⅢb资料研究了30°E—150°W范围内赤道和15°N纬带两个剖面内的准40天周期振荡的环流和温度场结构,讨论了它们的变化及其与亚洲地区季风活跃和中断的关系。发现有以下结果:(1)亚洲季风槽内的上升气流不仅构成了强大的经向季风环流圈,同时在其两侧也形成了东、西向(纬偏异常)环流圈,并受到准40天周期扰动的显著影响。季风槽两侧的热力学结构显著不同。(2)15°N纬带上60°E以西的北非和沙特阿拉伯上空的下沉(上升)区域向东扩展至南海—菲律宾地区导致其东面(西面)的高(低)层东(西)风动量下(上)传,使得季风中断(活跃),引起130°E以西地区低层西风和其东面太平洋上空的高层东风发生相互作用。向东传播的正(负)温度扰动与强的上升(下沉)运动相结合使得这一地区成为准40天周期振动的能量源地。(3)在赤道剖面上,扰动风场的位相向东向上传播,准40天周期的扰动动能向扰动位能转换,西风动量向下传播,其动力学特性与开尔文波有明显的不同。      

Low-Frequency CISK-Rossby Wave and Stratospheric QBO in the Tropical Atmosphere

1.IntroductionThelow~frequencyoscillation(LFO)isaveryimPOrtantweatherphenomenonintheatmosphere.The30--50--dayandquasichiweeklyoscillationsinthetropicalatmospherearemostintensivelystudied,andcomParativelyspeaking,anotherkindofLFOconcernillgtheQBOofthestratosphericzonalwindsismuchlessstudied,which,althoughoccurringinthestratosphere,bearsacloserelationtothetroposphericactivitiesandtheevolutionoflow--latitudecirculationssothatitisworthwhiletoexploreindepththephysicalmechanismfortheQBOoccurre…     

Role of Downward Momentum Transport in the Formation of Severe Surface Winds

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used to investigate the role of downward momentum transport in the formation of severe surface winds for a squall line on 3-4 June 2009 across regions of the Henan and Shandong Provinces of China. The results show that there was a strong westerly jet belt with a wind speed greater than 30 m s 1 and a thickness of 5 km at an altitude of 11-16 km. The jet belt was accelerated, and it descended while the squall line convective system occurred. It was found that the appearance of strong negative perturbation pressure accompanied by the squall line caused the acceleration of the upper-level westerly jet and increased the horizontal wind speed by a maximum of 18%. Meanwhile, the negative buoyancy due to the loading, melting, and evaporation of cloud hydrometeors induced the downward momentum transport from the upper levels. The downward momentum transport contributed approximately 70% and the surface cold pool 30% to the formation of severe surface winds.     

A special MJO event with a double Kelvin wave structure

The second Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) event during the field campaign of the Dynamics of the MJO/Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability in the Year 2011 (DYNAMO/CINDY2011) exhibi ted an unusual double rainband structure. Using a wavenumber-frequency spectral filtering method, we unveil that this double rainband structure arises primarily from the Kelvin wave component. The zonal phase speed of the double rainbands is about 7.9 degree per day in the equatorial Indian Ocean, being in the range of convectively coupled Kelvin wave phase speeds. The convection and circulation anomalies associated with the Kelvin wave component are characterized by two anomalous convective cells, with low-level westerly (easterly) and high (low) pressure anomalies to the west (east) of the convective centers, and opposite wind and pressure anomalies in the upper troposphere. Such a zonal wind–pressure phase relationship is consistent with the equatorial free-wave dynamics. While the free-atmospheric circulation was dominated by the first baroclinic mode vertical structure, moisture and vertical motion in the boundary layer led the convection.The convection and circulation structures derived based on the conventional MJO filter show a different characteristic. For example, the phase speed is slower (about 5.9 degree per day), and there were no double convective branches. This suggests that MJO generally involves multi-scales and it is incomplete to extract its signals by using the conventional filtering technique.     

Impacts of upscale heat and momentum transfer by moist Kelvin waves on the Madden–Julian oscillation: a theoretical model study

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is observed to interact with moist Kelvin waves. To understand the role of this interaction, a simple scale-interaction model is built, which describes the MJO modulation of moist Kelvin waves and the feedback from moist Kelvin waves through upscale eddy heat and momentum transfer. The backward-tilted moist Kelvin waves produce eddy momentum transfer (EMT) characterized by the lower-tropospheric westerly winds and eddy heat transfer (EHT) that warms the mid-troposphere. The EHT tends to induce the lower-tropospheric easterly winds and low pressure, which is located in front of the “westerly wind burst” induced by the EMT. Adding the eddy forcing to a neutral MJO skeleton model, we show that the EHT provides an instability source for the MJO by warming up the mid-troposphere, and the EMT offers an additional instability source by enhancing the lower-tropospheric westerly winds. The eddy forcing selects eastward propagation for the unstable mode, because it generates positive/negative eddy available potential energy for the eastward/westward modes by changing their thermal and dynamical structures. The present results show that moist Kelvin waves can provide a positive feedback to the MJO only when they are located within (or near) the convective complex (center) of the MJO. The EHT and EMT feedback works positively in the front and rear part of the MJO, respectively. These theoretical results suggest the potential importance of moist Kelvin waves in sustaining the MJO and encourage further observations to document the relationship between moist Kelvin waves and the MJO.     

Energy- and Flux-Budget Turbulence Closure Model for Stably Stratified Flows. Part II: The Role of Internal Gravity Waves

We advance our prior energy- and flux-budget (EFB) turbulence closure model for stably stratified atmospheric flow and extend it to account for an additional vertical flux of momentum and additional productions of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), turbulent potential energy (TPE) and turbulent flux of potential temperature due to large-scale internal gravity waves (IGW). For the stationary, homogeneous regime, the first version of the EFB model disregarding large-scale IGW yielded universal dependencies of the flux Richardson number, turbulent Prandtl number, energy ratios, and normalised vertical fluxes of momentum and heat on the gradient Richardson number, Ri. Due to the large-scale IGW, these dependencies lose their universality. The maximal value of the flux Richardson number (universal constant ≈0.2–0.25 in the no-IGW regime) becomes strongly variable. In the vertically homogeneous stratification, it increases with increasing wave energy and can even exceed 1. For heterogeneous stratification, when internal gravity waves propagate towards stronger stratification, the maximal flux Richardson number decreases with increasing wave energy, reaches zero and then becomes negative. In other words, the vertical flux of potential temperature becomes counter-gradient. Internal gravity waves also reduce the anisotropy of turbulence: in contrast to the mean wind shear, which generates only horizontal TKE, internal gravity waves generate both horizontal and vertical TKE. Internal gravity waves also increase the share of TPE in the turbulent total energy (TTE = TKE + TPE). A well-known effect of internal gravity waves is their direct contribution to the vertical transport of momentum. Depending on the direction (downward or upward), internal gravity waves either strengthen or weaken the total vertical flux of momentum. Predictions from the proposed model are consistent with available data from atmospheric and laboratory experiments, direct numerical simulations and large-eddy simulations.     

西风角动量输送的气候特征及其与急流关系研究

利用1958～1997年NCEP/NCAR一日四次的风场再分析资料,系统地分析了季节平均西风角动量（即u角动量）经向、垂直输送通量及其三个分量（平均经圈环流、定常波、瞬变涡输送通量）的气候特征,特别是讨论了12～2月、6～8月它们与东、西风带、副热带西风急流、极夜急流之间的联系。结果表明:（1）包含纬度因子的角动量通量与动量通量在高纬地区存在显著差别,高纬对流层上部的强动量输送中心在角动量通量中不明显。而u角动量强经向输送主要在中低纬对流层顶附近和冬半球高纬平流层顶附近,副热带西风急流和极夜西风急流均位于u角动量强向极输送中心及其高纬一侧的辐合区中。（2）发现三个输送分量对急流维持的作用随纬度、季节不同。北半球冬季（夏季）的副热带西风急流主要由平均经圈环流（强度相当的定常波和瞬变涡）强经向输送及辐合维持;南半球西风急流全年均由平均经圈环流和瞬变涡旋输送及辐合维持;冬半球中平流层极夜急流主要由定常波、瞬变涡旋输送及其辐合共同维持。（3）热带东风区是牵连角动量（即Ω角动量）的高值区,它主要由平均经圈环流向对流层上部输送;冬半球副热带及中纬西风区存在u角动量垂直输送的切变区,它主要由平均经圈环流和瞬变涡旋完成;热带对流层顶附近有u角动量的定常波弱向下输送。     

南海季风爆发前罕见连续3场暴雨特征及成因

2010年5月上中旬南海季风尚未爆发,广东一周内出现罕见的连续3场区域性暴雨 (下称连场暴雨)。利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP分析资料,从降水时间特征和环流形势对比了连场暴雨和持续性暴雨的异同,并应用局地经向环流数值模式诊断探讨其可能形成机制。结果表明:中高纬度地区阻塞形势建立对广东5月连场暴雨和6月持续性暴雨发生均尤为关键,连场暴雨期间阻塞高压位于乌拉尔山附近,降水与中纬度短波槽南下密切相关;而持续性暴雨期间阻塞高压偏东位于亚洲大陆中部,降水主要受热带西南季风北推影响。尽管大尺度环流背景相似,但3场暴雨过程天气系统配置差异较大。数值诊断结果进一步表明:激发连续3场暴雨的主要物理因子为潜热加热、温度平流和西风动量输送。潜热加热是此次连场暴雨的正贡献和正反馈的最直接因子,而西风动量输送和温度平流对暴雨发生有一定触发作用和指示意义 (超前0~1.5 d)。因此,分析和预报季风爆发前的连场暴雨过程,应注意中高纬度地区西风动量输送、冷暖平流活动和相应的天气形势演变。