辽东湾S2冰侧限剪切强度的试验研究

利用试验方法系统地研究了辽东湾S2型海冰侧限剪切强度随剪切应变速率、加载方向、法向应力、温度和冰内孔隙率的变化规律。介绍了S2型海冰各向异性特点及剪切应变速率对剪切破坏方式的效应和韧脆破坏转变的条件。分析了不同加载方向海冰峰值剪切强度的差异 ,获得 - 6 2℃温度下S2冰内摩擦角和内聚力分别为 42°和 70 0kPa。利用统计分析给出峰值剪切强度与冰温和孔隙率的试验关系     

卤水体积和应变率影响下的渤海海冰单轴压缩强度分布

2018—2021年3个冬季期间在渤海辽东湾鲅鱼圈海域沿岸进行海冰单轴压缩试验。采用典型的柱状结构海冰作为试验对象,试验中加载方向垂直于柱状结构冰晶的轴向,应变率选取区间为4.5×10-5～7.5×10-3/s,海冰试样的温度在-3～-33℃之间。每组试验完成后对温度、盐度和密度进行了测量,用于计算每个试验试样的卤水体积。试验结果表明:海冰试样的应变-应力曲线表现出3种典型形式:韧性破坏、单峰值脆性破坏和多峰值脆性破坏。海冰名义压缩强度和卤水体积呈指数关系,应变率影响下的海冰单轴名义压缩强度出现韧性区-过渡区-脆性区的转化过程,在韧性区和脆性区阶段海冰的单轴名义压缩强度和应变率均呈幂函数关系。此外,综合卤水体积和应变率的影响,确定了海冰名义单轴压缩强度在两者共同影响下的变化规律。     

渤海海冰对直桩柱的作用力

于1990年1月在锦州湾采样,主要测试了在不同的冰温和不同的应变速率下渤海海冰的挤压强度,并且研究了海冰挤压强度与冰温及应变速率的关系。对半径R=2,3,4,5cm圆柱压头的海冰挤压强度R_(CM)进行了试验,由此求得了海冰的局部挤压系数和接触系数。分析了冰块宽度B与桩柱宽度b之比与挤压系数的关系。在—10℃冰温下,对半圆形,压头端部尖角20等于180°,120°,90°,60°五种压头进行了试验,从而求得桩柱的形状系数,建立起大冰原对桩柱挤压作用的最大冰压力公式。     

海冰弯曲强度及其破坏过程的试验研究

为确定海冰温度、卤水体积等因素对海冰弯曲强度的影响,本文对辽东湾东岸海域的平整冰进行了现场取样,并在试验机压头加载速率为0.1 mm/s的情况下进行了三点弯曲试验.试验结果表明,海冰试样在-35～-5 ℃温度范围内呈现出三种不同的破坏模式,主要表现为海冰弯曲断裂时裂纹形状的差异.当温度在-15～-10℃之间时,海冰试样多表现为断裂面粗糙的韧性破坏模式,部分试样在主裂纹扩展过程中伴随有次生裂纹的衍生;当温度低于-15℃时,海冰试样多表现为脆性破坏,具有一条由下至上的完整光滑断裂面;而二次破坏的温度与脆性破坏、韧性破坏的温度均有交叉,分布于-20～-5 ℃之间,试验结果呈现上部粗糙下部光滑的断裂面.对海冰的应力分析表明,不同破坏模式下的弯曲强度值呈阶梯分布,海冰发生脆性破坏时的弯曲强度要高于其他两种破坏模式,发生韧性破坏时的弯曲强度最小.在不同断裂模式下,海冰的弯曲应力达到最大值后的下降趋势有明显差异,韧性断裂时弯曲应力下降缓慢,脆性破坏时则突然下降为0,而二次破坏应力突然下降后仍以较小的值缓慢下降至接近于0.最后,本文还讨论了海冰弯曲强度与卤水体积的对应关系,结果与其他相关文献具有很好的一致性.以上研究有助于更好地理解海冰的力学性质,为极地船舶与海洋工程结构抗冰设计提供参考依据.     

卤水体积和应力速率影响下海冰强度的统一表征

无论在地球物理尺度下研究海冰的动力学演化特性,还是在工程结构尺度下分析海冰与海洋结构物的相互作用过程,海冰强度均是影响海冰宏观变形和细观破坏规律的重要力学参数。本文通过对渤海海冰物理力学性质的现场和室内试验,分析了海冰压缩、弯曲和剪切强度参数与卤水体积、应力速率的对应关系。试验结果表明,海冰强度与卤水体积更好地呈指数关系,与应力速率呈线性关系;在此基础上,本文建立了由卤水体积和应力速率共同表征的海冰强度统一函数关系,为工程领域对海冰强度的选取提供有力的参考依据。     

渤海湾海冰和黄河口河冰物理力学性质的测定和研究

本文叙述的是一个多项目的野外试验,该试验主要测试了渤海湾海冰和黄河口河冰的压缩、剪切和弯曲强度。此外,还测量了冰的温度、盐度、密度。文中叙述了冰的现场试验方法及得出的试验结果。同时还讨论了冰的各种强度值与冰温、应变速率(或应力率)的关系,且冰的强度是冰温和应变速率的函数。冰是各向异构体,加载方向不同,呈现的强度值也不相同。并且还对比了海冰与河冰的异同。     

渤海莱州湾和黄河口附近海冰剪切强度的试验研究

剪切强度是海冰的基本力学性质,直接影响到冰区结构物冰荷载的确定以及海冰在动力演变过程中的破坏行为。采用侧限单面剪切试验对渤海莱州湾和黄河口的海冰进行了剪切强度测试,分析了温度、卤水体积、剪切应力率的影响。结果表明,海冰剪切强度随冰温的降低和剪切应力率的增大而呈线性增长,而与卤水体积的平方根呈幂函数降低。在此基础上,综合考虑卤水体积和剪切应力率的影响,对海冰剪切强度进行了双参数拟合,为研究海冰剪切破坏机理提供了参考依据。     

加载方向对海冰脆性破坏时单轴压缩强度的影响

对渤海的柱状海冰开展了系统的现场单轴压缩试验。在试验过程中,分别采用垂直于(水平加载)/平行于(竖直加载)冰晶的两种加载方向。同时,通过改变加载速率的方式研究了应变速率对压缩强度的影响。在测试结果中,结合试样的应变、应力以及裂纹特征分析了脆性破坏模式下海冰单轴压缩强度特征。试验结果表明:平行于冰晶方向的加载强度约为垂直于冰晶方向强度的3倍,并且两种加载方向的海冰单轴压缩强度均随加载速率的提高而降低。破坏模式的分析表明:脆性破坏主要由裂纹的发展所主导。随着加载速率的提高,海冰的破坏过程由单次破碎向多次破碎转变从而弱化了压缩强度。由于裂纹更容易在晶界处发展,不同加载方向下的裂纹特征以及最终的破坏模式有所区别。水平加载下的破坏模式以剪切形式为主,而竖直加载时主要发生柱状冰晶的屈曲破坏。屈曲破坏更容易发生在冰晶内部而表现出较高的压缩强度,因此竖直压缩强度更高。     

锥角对锥体结构抗冰性能影响的离散元分析

在寒区海洋工程中,锥体海洋结构的尺寸参数对其破冰性能具有重要影响。采用具有黏结-破碎功能的离散元方法模拟海冰与锥体结构的相互作用过程中海冰的破坏模式及冰载荷分析。该离散元方法的计算参数通过与渤海油气平台的实测数据对比进行了可靠性验证。在此基础上,当设计海域的潮差固定时,对不同锥角下风电单桩锥体结构的冰载荷和海冰破坏模式进行了离散元分析。计算结果表明:锥体冰载荷随锥角的增大而增大,海冰的平均断裂长度则随锥角的增大而减小;当锥角小于70°时海冰的破碎模式主要为弯曲破坏,而当锥角大于70°时海冰破坏模式则主要为挤压破碎。以上研究结果可为冰区海上风电单桩结构的抗冰锥设计提供参考。     

海冰动力学过程的数值模拟

讨论了海冰动力学性质并阐述决定海冰漂移的动量平衡,冰脊和水道形成及确定冰应力与形变、强度之间关系的海冰流变学.提出了模拟海冰动力学过程的数值模式,模式中冰厚分布由开阔水、平整冰和堆积冰3种要素表示.在这3要素的预报方程中引入形变函数,采用一种参数化方法模拟冰脊和水道.为了表示冰内相互作用,将海冰作为一种非线性粘性可压缩物质,采用粘-塑性本构关系.本文还概述和讨论了模式中所采用的数值方法,应用此模式模拟了渤海、波罗的海的波的尼亚湾和拉布拉多海的冰漂移.渤海冰漂移模拟结果明显地显示出潮周期变化,还模拟了渤海的冰脊和水道,进行了海冰流变学参数的敏感性试验.并将此冰模式与大气模式和边界层模式联接,给出渤海海冰预报结果.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.