陕西古人类化石资源及其科学价值

自20世纪60年代发现蓝田直立人化石以来,陕西已经发现了8处更新世古人类化石地点,成为中国人类化石资源分布密集区之一。陕西古人类化石涵盖了直立人、早期智人至晚期智人的人类演化阶段,基本形成了一个较为连续的人类演化序列。在蓝田公王岭、蓝田陈家窝子、洛南龙牙洞发现的古人类化石属于直立人,在大荔甜水沟发现的古人类化石属于早期智人,在志丹、黄龙、长武、南郑发现的古人类化石属于晚期智人。陕西丰富的古人类化石对于研究直立人在欧亚大陆早期人类扩散和迁徙过程、早期现代人多地区起源、中国古人类演化的关键阶段等一系列关键学术问题具有非常重要的科学价值。     

人类进化与第四纪研究

人类的进化是第四纪的重要事件。本文论术了人类进化中的两个基本问题,即人类的起源和现代人的起源。现有的各方面的证据都表明人类起源于距今大约七八百万年前,中国发现的人类化石,从猿人到晚期智人具有明显的连续性和继承性,支持现代人的多地区起源说。     

《中国远古人类》(专著)

《中国远古人类》是由古脊椎动物与古人类研究所19位高级研究人员,在完成该项研究工作的基础上分工合作写成的一本专著。它系统地总结了我国自本世纪初开始的古人类学、旧石器考古学和第四纪哺乳动物学方面的主要研究成果。 本书在古人类学方面全面记述了我国发现的人类化石,并与世界其他地区同期人类化石的主要性状进行了对比,探讨了我国化石人类在古人类进化中的地位。根据我国化石人类某些重要性状的连续性,提出我国古人类的进化以区域连续进化为主、基因交流为辅的观点。同时,依据丰富的晚期智人化石的资料,讨论了晚期智人演化以及人种起源和形成等古人类学研究中的某些理论问题。     

直进演化抑或分支演化──中国的人类化石证据

和县、巢湖、周口店和金牛山的人类化石表明,直立人有可能延续到0．200MaB．P,智人至少可上溯到0．310MaB．P。考虑到郧县人类化石有可能是代表智人,而不是代表直立人,则智人的历史可提早到蓝田直立人的年代。直立人与智人在生存年代上的重叠,提示了人属成员的演化不是以“直进演化”的形式实现的,如果把直立人和智人看成是两个不同的种的话。     

鄂西-三峡地区的古人类资源及相关研究进展

自20世纪50年代发现长阳人化石以来,迄今在鄂西-三峡地区已经发现了至少10处古人类化石地点,时代跨越了整个更新世时期,尤其以更新世中、晚期人类化石最为丰富。除人类化石外,在这一地区还发现了大量的古人类制作的石器、骨器、艺术品、装饰品等人类活动遗存,以及与古人类伴生的动物化石。近年的野外发掘及实验室研究证明鄂西-三峡地区更新世中期以来一直是古人类生存与繁衍昌盛的区域,该地区丰富的古人类资源对研究与中国古人类演化有关的一系列关键学术问题具有非常重要的价值。     

云南古猿在人类起源研究中的地位

本文讨论云南开远、禄丰、元谋和保山的古猿在人类起源研究中的地位。通过与人类起源有关的中国古猿、南方古猿和西瓦古猿的时空分布、形态特征及有关学科研究的新材料的分析研究，认为西瓦古猿是猩猩的祖先，南方古猿可能不是人类祖先，中国古猿则很可能是人类祖先，滇中是人类起源的关键区域。人类发展的阶段为中国古猿－直立人－早期智人－晚期智人。     

现代人起源的多地区进化学说在中国的实证

关于现代人起源主要有两种学说:多地区进化说和近期出自非洲说。文章介绍了中国人类进化的假说:'连续进化附带杂交’。构成这个假说的基础的中国资料为多地区进化说提供实证。其直接证据来自人类化石,包括中国人类化石具有一系列共同特征,直立人与智人之间有形态学上的镶嵌,中国化石中有表现西方基因的形态学证据。另外,本文还简略介绍了用DNA研究中国现代人起源目前达到的结论,并从体质人类学、旧石器时代考古学、古环境研究和分子生物学研究等诸方面的资料对这个结论进行检验。     

中国现代人类起源:来自南方化石地点的年代学证据

现代人类起源的时间和地点是当前古人类学研究和争议的热点。文中评述了 2 0多年来第四纪测年技术取得的进展及其对现代人类起源研究的影响。基于新生碳酸盐岩铀系测年 ,研究了中国南方柳江人洞等多个晚期人类化石地点的年代 ,结果远大于原认为的 2 0～ 30ka。晚期智人在中国出现的时间很可能不晚于西亚和南非 ,中国 4 0～ 1 0 0ka间人类化石的“缺环” ,很可能只是测年技术系统误差造成的假象。上述年代学新证据不支持中国现代人类全部来自非洲的假说。对岩溶洞穴遗址进一步的综合研究 ,有可能为破解有关现代人类起源的诸多疑点提供重要的以至一锤定音的证据     

丁村组底界的侵蚀面

<正> 我国重要的旧石器时代文化遗址——丁村遗址,是1953年发现1954年在中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所主持下进行系统发掘的。除获得三枚人牙化石和2005件石制品外,还有28种哺乳动物化石、5种鱼类、30种软体动物化石。经研究,人类化石处于早期智人阶段,文化期为旧石器时代文化中期亦即地史上的更新世晚期早一阶段。发     

中国古人类研究现状

从古猿到能人的时期,在中国发现的化石,最重要的是在云南禄丰石灰坝发现的禄丰古猿和在广西、湖北等省发现的巨猿。从猿到人有一个过渡时期。这个时期开始的标志是两足直立行走,完成的标志是开始制造工具,社会形成。意识和语言萌发于制造工具之前。从直立人到智人的时期,在我国发现的直立人化石的地点,主要有北京周口店、云南元谋、陕西蓝田陈家窝和公王岭以及安徽和县等;早期智人化石的地点,主要有陕西大荔、辽宁营口金牛山、广东马坝、山西丁村和许家窑等;晚期智人化石的地点,主要有广西柳江、四川资阳、北京周口店山顶洞等。我国发现的各种人类化石,从直立人到晚期智人以至现代人,都具有一些共同的形态性状,表明其有一定的继承性,因此,支持现代人的多地区起源说。现代人仍在进化之中。明显表现在现代人的体外进化和精神进化两个方面。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.