InSAR to support sustainable urbanization over compacting aquifers: The case of Toluca Valley,Mexico

This paper illustrates how InSAR alone can be used to delineate potential ground fractures related to aquifer system compaction. An InSAR-derived ground fracturing map of the Toluca Valley, Mexico, is produced and validated through a field campaign. The results are of great interest to support sustainable urbanization and show that InSAR processing of open-access Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from the Sentinel-1 satellites can lead to reliable and cost-effective products directly usable by cities to help decision-making.The Toluca Valley Aquifer (TVA) sustains the water needs of two million inhabitants living within the valley, a growing industry, an intensively irrigated agricultural area, and 38% of the water needs of the megalopolis of Mexico City, located 40 km east of the valley. Ensuring water sustainability, infrastructure integrity, along with supporting the important economic and demographic growth of the region, is a major challenge for water managers and urban developers. This paper presents a long-term analysis of ground fracturing by interpreting 13 years of InSAR-derived ground displacement measurements. Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) and Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) techniques are applied over three SAR datasets totalling 93 acquisitions from Envisat, Radarsat-2, and Sentinel-1A satellites and covering the period from 2003 to 2016.From 2003 to 2016, groundwater level declines of up to 1.6 m/yr, land subsidence up to 77 mm/yr, and major infrastructure damages are observed. Groundwater level data show highly variable seasonal responses according to their connectivity to recharge areas. However, the trend of groundwater levels consistently range from −0.5 to −1.5 m/yr regardless of the well location and depth. By analysing the horizontal gradients of vertical land subsidence, we provide a potential ground fracture map to assist in future urban development planning in the Toluca Valley.     

Investigation of the ground displacement in Saint Petersburg,Russia, using multiple-track differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry

Global sea level rise and local land subsidence might exacerbate the risk of flooding in coastal plains. Among other cities, this is also the case for the high-latitude city of St. Petersburg, which has long been threatened by flood events. To protect the urban area from storm surges, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1978 approved the construction of the 25 km long Flood Prevention Facility Complex (FPFC), which was completed in 2011. The risk of flooding in the city area of St. Petersburg is amplified by the fact that large sections of the coastal area have been reclaimed from the sea. In this study, we investigate the temporal evolution of the ground displacement in St. Petersburg. To this end, we perform an extended analysis based on the application of a simplified version of the differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique, known as the minimum acceleration (MinA) approach. The MinA algorithm is a multi-satellite/multi-track interferometric combination technique that allows working with multiple sets of SAR images. The method allowed generation of time series of two-dimensional (2-D) (i.e. East-West and Up-Down) deformation of the terrain by processing two sequences of Sentinel-1A/B (S-1A/B) SAR images acquired from 2016 to 2018, along the ascending and descending flight passes. The Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) algorithm was independently applied to the two sets of SAR data to generate the relevant Line-Of-Sight (LOS)-projected ground deformation time series. Subsequently, the LOS-projected deformation products were geocoded and jointly combined. The results indicate that the deformation in the city is predominantly vertical (i.e. it is subsiding) with a maximum subsidence rate of about 20 mm/year corresponding to the newly sea-reclaimed lands. Finally, the error budget of the retrieved 2-D deformation time series has also been addressed.     

利用短基线集InSAR技术监测抚顺市地面沉降

抚顺市是一座因煤而兴起的综合型重工业城市,矿产的大量开采导致了大范围的地面沉降。针对这一问题,为了有效监测抚顺市的地表形变,本文利用短基线集（SBAS）技术对覆盖抚顺市部分地区的12景COSMO-SkyMed高分辨率SAR数据进行了处理,获得了该研究区域的地面沉降分布和沉降速率图。试验结果表明,研究区整体呈现出沉降的趋势,沉降速率大部分在-25~-45 mm/a的范围内。其中新抚区沉降最为严重,有2个沉降严重的区域,最大沉降速率达到了-186 mm/a。该试验结果为抚顺市露天矿采矿导致的地面沉降与地质灾害监测提供了切实有利的数据参考。     

Measurement of subsidence in the Yangbajing geothermal fields,Tibet, from TerraSAR-X InSAR time series analysis

Yangbajain contains the largest geothermal energy power station in China. Geothermal explorations in Yangbajain first started in 1976, and two plants were subsequently built in 1981 and 1986. A large amount of geothermal fluids have been extracted since then, leading to considerable surface subsidence around the geothermal fields. In this paper, InSAR time series analysis is applied to map the subsidence of the Yangbajain geothermal fields during the period from December 2011 to November 2012 using 16 senses of TerraSAR-X stripmap SAR images. In the case of the TerraSAR-X data, most orbital fringes were removed using precise orbits during the interferometric processing. However, residual orbital ramps remain in some interferograms due to the uncertainties in the TerraSAR-X orbits. To remove the residual orbital ramps, we estimated a best-fit ‘twisted plane’ for each epoch interferogram using quadratic polynomial models based on a network approach. This method removes most of the long-wavelength signals, including orbit ramps and atmospheric effects. The vertically strati?ed component (Topography Correlated Atmospheric Delay, TCAD) was also removed using a network approach. If the influence of seasonal frozen ground (SFG) is not taken into consideration, our results show that the subsidence rate around power plant I (the south plant) is approximately 20?mm/yr with a peak of 30?mm/yr. The subsidence rate around power plant II (the north plant) is approximately 10?mm/yr, when accounting for the influence of SFG on the power plant and its surrounding ground surface. Our results show that ground motion is caused by seasonal frozen ground and is strongly related to the temperature change.     

结合SBAS技术的鲁西南地区地面沉降监测

利用2016年8月—2017年8月的14景Sentinel-1雷达影像,采用小基线集（SBAS）技术,提取了鲁西南地区地面沉降信息,并结合公路和铁路等专题数据开展了沉降影响分析。研究结果表明：鲁西南地区地面沉降严重且覆盖范围较大,最大沉降漏斗位于郓城县主城区,沉降速率达-134.06 mm/a;同时地面沉降对铁路有一定影响,特别对公路影响较大;并与水准测量数据进行对比,验证了SBAS用于沉降监测的准确性和时效性。     

基于时序InSAR的即墨市区地表形变监测

地面沉降是一种对地面及地下基础设施造成安全隐患,对经济可持续发展和环境保护产生破坏影响的地质灾害现象.本文使用2017年5月至2018年5月16景Sentinel-1A卫星SAR影像,根据D-InSAR的初步形变监测结果将即墨城区内沉降明显的区域作为研究区,基于PS和SBAS两种时序InSAR方法对该区域进行地面沉降监...     

Interferometric SAR Time Series Analysis for Ground Subsidence of the Abandoned Mining Area in North Peixian Using Sentinel-1A TOPS Data

The North Peixian mining area of China has rich coal resources, with total proven reserves of 2.37 billion tons. However, the underground coal mining activities have resulted in ground collapse, which has caused serious harm to the environment and threatened the lives and properties of local residents. In this study, 12 Sentinel-1A terrain observation by progressive scans (TOPS) mode acquisitions between 30 July 2015 and 13 May 2016 over the abandoned mining area in North Peixian were analyzed using the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series method to detect the ground subsidence, with the maximum ground subsidence reaching 83 mm/a and an average value of about 12.7 mm/a. The subsidence results derived from the Sentinel-1A TOPS mode dataset were proven to be effective in investigating and monitoring the ground subsidence in the North Peixian mining area. Compared to the rapid deformation during the ongoing period of mining excavation, the ground subsides slowly in abandoned mining areas and shows a linear relationship with time over a relatively long period of time. Spatial correlation between the subsidence distribution and land cover was found, in that the magnitude of the subsidence in urban areas was smaller than that in rural areas, which is associated with the controlled coal mining activities under buildings, railways, and water bodies. The results demonstrate that Sentinel-1A TOPS SAR images can be used to effectively and accurately detect and monitor ground subsidence in a mining area, which is critically important when investigating land subsidence in a large-scale mining area.     

Satellite radar interferometry for monitoring subsidence induced by longwall mining activity using Radarsat-2, Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 data

This paper describes the simulation and real data analysis results from the recently launched SAR satellites, ALOS-2, Sentinel-1 and Radarsat-2 for the purpose of monitoring subsidence induced by longwall mining activity using satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR). Because of the enhancement of orbit control (pairs with shorter perpendicular baseline) from the new satellite SAR systems, the mine subsidence detection is now mainly constrained by the phase discontinuities due to large deformation and temporal decorrelation noise.This paper investigates the performance of the three satellite missions with different imaging modes for mapping longwall mine subsidence. The results show that the three satellites perform better than their predecessors. The simulation results show that the Sentinel-1A/B constellation is capable of mapping rapid mine subsidence, especially the Sentinel-1A/B constellation with stripmap (SM) mode. Unfortunately, the Sentinel-1A/B SM data are not available in most cases and hence real data analysis cannot be conducted in this study. Despite the Sentinel-1A/B SM data, the simulation and real data analysis suggest that ALOS-2 is best suited for mapping mine subsidence amongst the three missions. Although not investigated in this study, the X-band satellites TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed with short temporal baseline and high spatial resolution can be comparable with the performance of the Radarsat-2 and Sentinel-1 C-band data over the dry surface with sparse vegetation.The potential of the recently launched satellites (e.g. ALOS-2 and Sentinel-1A/B) for mapping longwall mine subsidence is expected to be better than the results of this study, if the data acquired from the ideal acquisition modes are available.     

沧州地区地面沉降现状Sentinel-1A/B时序InSAR监测与分析

获取了22景IW模式的Sentinel-1A/B数据,分别采用PS-InSAR和SBAS-InSAR两种时序技术得到了沧州地区2015年11月至2016年11月期间地表平均沉降速率及累计沉降量。经分析,两种时序监测结果具有较高的一致性,其结果表明：献县、沧县、沧州市区地面表现为回升趋势;青县、沧县东部、南皮县西部、东光县等地区地面沉降量较大,其中东光县何庄村累计下沉量达47 mm,而引起这些区域地面沉降的主要原因为农业生产等带来的地下水开采。本文对基于Sentinel-1A/B SAR数据的时序分析方法在城市沉降监测方面的应用进行了探讨,为有关部门提供了重要的参考数据。     

利用稀少卫星影像控制点生产1:10 000 DOM——以阿拉善盟测区为例

青藏铁路沿线地表受多年冻土的影响会产生抬升和沉降,形变监测对于其安全运行至关重要。本文采用41景C波段Sentinel-1A升轨数据,结合均匀网格划分子区域的方法,探测分布相对均匀的永久散射体,以作为SBAS InSAR技术的地面控制点,对青藏线羊八井站至乌玛塘站段铁路及其沿线地表进行形变监测。试验结果表明,该段铁路年形变速率范围为-8~2 mm/a,该区域形变受周围冻土的影响随季节呈周期性变化;SBAS InSAR技术和本文的PS-SBAS InSAR技术在同名点形变趋势与形变程度方面的对比结果保持一致性,进一步说明了本文方法的可靠性。     

百年煤城地表沉降融合PS/SBAS InSAR监测——以徐州市为例

融合PS/SBAS算法成为当前InSAR技术的研究热点,本文通过融合PS/SBAS的优势,利用128景ALOS PALSAR影像和24景Radarsat-2影像获取了百年煤城徐州地区2007-2015年的地表形变场及变化趋势。试验结果表明：①2007-2011年,徐州主要有4个沉降区,分布在沛县、丰县、铜山区和贾汪区。②2012-2015年,沛县、丰县和铜山区地表沉降范围有所扩大;贾汪区地表沉降范围和速率明显减小,说明近年来贾汪区重点治理采矿塌陷工作已初步见效;另外,睢宁县县城出现明显沉降。③已有文献对沛县大屯中心区的沉降监测结果验证了试验结果是可靠的。④首次提取了徐州近8年间地表沉降的信息,可为该地区开展地表沉降调查监测与防治工作提供参考;试验方法可为全国开展地表沉降调查监测工作提供参考。     

高分辨率PSI上海市沉降探测及分析

本文在改进的永久散射体(PS)探测方法基础上,应用高分辨率永久散射体雷达干涉(PSI)探测上海市地表沉降,并对沉降原因进行了详细分析。实验选取2008年4月至2010年1月间,由德国卫星TerraSAR-X(TSX)所获取的18幅X波段(波长为3.1 cm)高分辨率SAR影像为数据源,进行PS探测、PSI建模、形变提取和分析。实验结果表明,改进的PS探测方法探测出的PS点是合理和可靠的,且高分辨率SAR影像对地面硬目标识别能力较强,显著提高了PS点的密度和覆盖范围。沉降探测结果显示,最大相对沉降速率达30 mm/yr,平均沉降速率为11.5 mm/yr。     

Sentinel-1和SBAS-InSAR分析钻井水溶岩盐矿山时序沉降

利用小基线集(SBAS)InSAR技术对钻井水溶岩盐矿山地表沉降开展时空分析。实验选取湖南常德某典型钻井水溶岩盐矿区为测试区,时间跨度为2016年2月—2017年2月的21景Sentinel-1影像数据,获取了测区的时序沉降序列。实验结果显示,矿区地表大量级沉降在2016年9月才开始呈现,沉降漏斗横向出现多峰值,矿区沉降整体空间分布上出现西南部整体片状、中部偏北离散带状沉降。这些沉降特征均与钻井水溶法开采特征保持一致。将实地水准测量形变数据和DInSAR形变结果与本文结果进行对比以评估结果可靠性。结果表明,SBAS技术获取结果与水准结果表现出较高一致性,从而为钻井水溶岩盐矿山地表沉降提供了一种更为有效的监测手段,也可为此类矿山地表形变时空演化规律分析提供参考。     

Spatial-Correlation Based Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Study for Ground Deformation

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), nowadays, is a precise technique for monitoring and detecting ground deformation at a millimetric level over large areas using multi-temporal SAR images. Persistent Scatterer Interferometric SAR (PSInSAR), an advanced version of InSAR, is an effective tool for measuring ground deformation using temporally stable reference points or persistent scatterers. We have applied both PSInSAR and Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) methods, based on the spatial correlation of interferometric phase, to estimate the ground deformation and time-series analysis. In this study, we select Las Vegas, Nevada, USA as our test area to detect the ground deformation along satellite line-of-sight (LOS) during November 1992–September 2000 using 44 C-band SAR images of the European Remote Sensing (ERS-1 and ERS-2) satellites. We observe the ground displacement rate of Las Vegas is in the range of ?19 to 8 mm/year in the same period. We also cross-compare PSInSAR and SBAS using mean LOS velocity and time-series. The comparison shows a correlation coefficient of 0.9467 in the case of mean LOS velocity. Along this study, we validate the ground deformation results from the satellite with the ground water depth of Las Vegas using time-series analysis, and the InSAR measurements show similar patterns with ground water data.     

改进的PS探测方法及其应用

提出一种改进的永久散射体PS(Persistent Scatterer)探测方法,首先基于时序SAR影像的振幅信息,利用振幅和振幅离差指数双阈值法获取PS候选点,然后根据干涉相位空间相关性,对所有候选点进行相位稳定性分析,筛选出既满足雷达反射强度高、又符合散射稳定性要求的真实PS点,最后基于所选PS点提取形变信息。选取上海市局部区域作为实验区,以16幅TerraSAR-X(TSX)影像为数据源,进行PS探测和形变信息提取。结果表明,相比于已有的PS探测方法,本文方法能够更准确、可靠地识别出时序SAR影像中的PS点。形变结果显示,研究区域内最大沉降速率为-51mm/a,平均沉降速率为-15.8mm/a,以水准实测数据进行检核,验证了基于改进的PS探测方法进行地表形变信息提取结果的可靠性。     

利用时序PS-InSAR监测青藏高原冻土区地表形变

多年冻土及其活动层的变化对研究全球气候变化和生物多样性具有重要意义.传统的冻土测量方法通常只针对特定地点,空间覆盖范围有限,尤其是青藏高原冻土.本文采用C波段Sentinel-1A IW模式数据并结合一种顾及永久散射体的小基线SAR干涉(SBAS)技术,对青藏高原沱沱河地区地面形变和冻融过程进行了研究.探测到的地面位移...     

基于SBAS-InSAR的矿区地表沉降监测与分析

针对雷达差分干涉测量技术（differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar,DInSAR）易受时空失相关、大气相位延迟等因素的影响,采用小基线集技术（small baseline subset,SBAS）对13景TerraSAR-X数据进行时序处理,估算并去除了残余数字高程模型误差、大气延迟误差和轨道误差,分析了研究区域2012-2013年沉降速率,发现2310和1301两工作面最大下沉速率分别为40 mm/a和50 mm/a;分析时序累计沉降值发现,2306、2308、2310这3个工作面在2012年11月15日之前地面沉降并不明显;在2310和1301工作面分别提取3个失相干现象表现较为缓慢的候选点进行时序分析,发现沉降值和时间成线性变化关系,且开采时间越早,其沉降特性越符合线性变化;将SBAS和DInSAR两种方法获得的累计沉降值进行差值分析,发现两种方法的差值在5 mm以内;在2310工作面走向方向和倾向方向选取若干观测点,并提取各观测点的时序沉降值对工作面时序沉降进行量化分析,实验表明SBAS-InSAR技术在矿区地表沉降监测与分析方面具有良好的应用前景。     

京津冀地区1992—2014年三阶段地面沉降InSAR监测

京津冀地区是我国地面沉降灾害发育最严重的地区,几乎每年都造成巨大的经济损失。本文提出了改进的时间序列InSAR技术——多主影像相干目标小基线干涉技术（MCTSB-InSAR）,利用4颗卫星摄取的3个时段的时间序列SAR影像：ERS-1/2 SAR（1992—2000年）、ENVISAT ASAR（2003—2010年）、RADARSAT-2（2012—2014年）,获取了京津冀地区1992—2014年间3个时段的地面沉降信息。经与京津两地120个以上水准测量数据进行比较,3个时段的地表监测结果的精度分别为8.7、4.7、5.4mm/a。分析了北京和天津两市22年间地面沉降的时空变化特征,其中北京市地面沉降呈不断加重趋势;天津市地面沉降在1992—2010年间发展迅猛,在2010年以后有所减缓。同时,本文也表明MCTSB-InSAR技术是有效可靠的,在大区域地面沉降监测中具有推广应用价值。     

短基线集InSAR技术用于大同盆地地面沉降、地裂缝及断裂活动监测

目的 大同盆地是我国地面沉降、地裂缝等地质灾害集中发育区之一。采用短基线InSAR方法对覆盖该地区的40景 EnvisatSAR数据进行了处理,获取了大同盆地的地面沉降分布特征,分析了典型沉降区的时间序列形变特征,研究了盆地地面沉降、地裂缝及断裂活动之间的相互影响。研究表明,大同市地面沉降受地下水开采影响明显,同时其走向受断裂带控制。此外,还分析了大同机车厂地裂缝的水平及垂直活动特征,及其与降水量的关系。     

利用SBAS时序技术识别地热资源开采引起的地表形变

本文以地热资源丰富的雄安新区为研究对象,利用SBAS技术对2015年7月至2019年2月的42幅Sentinel-1区域卫星影像和2016年8月至2018年12月的10幅ALOS-2区域卫星影像进行处理,以此获取雄安新区的时间序列地表形变。研究结果表明,雄安新区整体地表沉降严重,且沉降区主要集中在雄县和容城县,其中雄县沉降最为严重,沉降中心累计沉降量超过330 mm,容城县沉降中心累计下沉量超过120 mm。结合地热井位置和地热开采历史,由时间序列分析表明,大量开采地热资源会引起地表沉降现象。