基于单视线向D-InSAR技术的倾斜煤层开采地表沉陷监测方法

基于合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量（differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar,D-InSAR）技术的开采沉陷监测理论和方法是矿山变形监测领域研究的热点,当前已有学者融合单视线向D-InSAR技术和开采沉陷规律成功构建了开采沉陷三维监测模型,然而由于该模型仅融合了水平煤层开采地表沉陷规律,其并不适用于倾斜煤层开采地表沉陷监测。针对上述问题,根据D-InSAR监测的视线向变形与三维变形的关系,融合倾斜煤层开采地表沉陷规律,提出了基于单视线向D-InSAR技术的倾斜煤层开采地表沉陷监测方法。模拟实验表明,所提出的方法下沉监测相对误差绝对值小于9.53%,平均为1.31%,南北方向和东西方向水平移动监测相对误差绝对值小于9.78%,平均为3.71%,满足开采沉陷监测精度要求。并利用该方法成功监测了中国山东省兖州矿区南屯煤矿9310工作面在2012-01-27—2012-02-07期间开采引起的地表移动与变形。     

融合三次样条插值的D-InSAR沉陷变形监测技术

传统煤矿开采沉陷形变监测只能获得离散监测点的地表形变量,无法获取沉陷区整体的形变趋势,而D-InSAR技术能够获取整体地表形变信息,但D-InSAR技术需要大量遥感影像数据,否则导致时间失相干性而无法获得连续的形变量。本文针对D-InSAR影像数据解译过程中影像数据较少的问题,首先利用D-InSAR技术对淮北矿业集团袁店二矿7225、7226工作面进行了监测分析,获取了几个时间段内整体的下沉形变场;然后提出了采用三次样条插值与D-InSAR技术相结合的开采沉陷监测方法,基于D-InSAR影像上监测点监测值,利用三次样条插值建立了内插反演函数,在已建立函数的基础上得出了其他雷达卫星重访周期内的下沉值;最后将内插反演下沉值与实测水准数据进行了对比分析。结果表明：D-InSAR监测结果能够有效地反映开采沉陷的影响范围,能够较为准确地提取区域地表的形变信息;结合三次样条插值的D-InSAR技术监测结果最大误差和最大相对误差分别为31.5mm和17%,该方法能有效地解决D-InSAR影像数据缺少的问题。     

D-InSAR的黄土高原矿区地表形变监测

D-InSAR技术已在数字高程建模、地表微小变形、地壳形变等方面显示出广阔前景,但其对黄土高原矿区复杂、剧烈、动态的地表形变监测能否有效,目前仍存在争议。针对此问题,该文以大同市南郊区采煤沉陷地为研究区域,利用两轨法D-InSAR技术,采用ALOS PALSAR数据获取了研究区域2008年1月1日至2月16日间的沉陷面积和最大沉降值。然后以晋华宫矿某工作面为例,利用开采沉陷预计方法进行验证,预计结果显示该工作面的最大沉陷值与D-InSAR测量值相差达24.04mm,并分析差异主要来源于SAR数据、地形、预计参数选取的限制。实验结果表明,D-InSAR技术能够比较准确且有效地监测黄土高原矿区地表形变。     

融合InSAR和GA的开采沉陷预计参数反演模型研究

针对基于常规合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量（differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar,D-InSAR）技术成果无法反演全部概率积分参数问题,开展了融合D-InSAR和遗传算法（genetic algorithm,GA）的概率积分参数反演方法研究。①依据采动区D-InSAR视线（line of sight,LOS）方向变形为下沉和南北、东西方向水平移动沿LOS方向投影的关系,基于GA理论,首次构建了融合D-InSAR和GA的概率积分法预计全参数反演模型,并编制了求参软件。模拟实验结果表明,q、tanβ、b、θ的相对误差不超过6.7%,拐点偏移距S相对误差不超过20%（参数敏感度低,对求参整体效果影响小）;求参拟合下沉误差为-5.90~6.10 mm,拟合中误差约为±2.20 mm,整体求参效果较好。②利用融合D-InSAR和GA的概率积分法预计全参数反演模型,在一定的假设条件下,对2012年3月11日9310工作面开采沉陷的动态概率积分参数进行了求取,得到q=0.172,b=0.13,tanβ=2.08,θ=88°,S₁=-10 m,S₂=9 m,S₃=-85 m,S₄=30 m,拟合误差约为-35.00~45.00 mm,拟合中误差为±15.16 mm,并认为S₃=-85 m主要为9310工作面开采导致邻近9312采空区边界的悬臂梁或砌体梁失稳"活化"所致。     

注浆采区地表形变时空演化SMD-InSAR监测分析法

当前矿区合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量(D-InSAR)监测研究大多局限于以地表移动为对象,求取其他形变指标通常仍需野外测量。针对这一不足,构建出一种提取地表移动变形(surface movement and deformation,SMD)面域信息的模型——SMD模型。模型可求解的量有:①地表沿任意方向的倾斜、曲率,地表倾斜、曲率最大值与其所沿方向;②水平或近水平煤层开采下,矿区地表沿任意方向的水平移动、水平变形,地表水平移动、水平变形最大值和其所沿方向。SMD模型在垂直形变图的基础上,按照方向导数原理计算地表倾斜和曲率;地表水平移动和水平变形则根据开采沉陷先验规律计算。模拟试验显示,该模型可以较高精度获取地表移动变形值。淮北矿区某矿进行了充填开采,应用SMD模型结合时序InSAR分析该矿地表形变时空演化过程,以及充填开采的减沉减变效果,分析认为注浆活动可以有效控制地表形变。日平均注浆量、工作面推进距离与最大下沉速度之间的关系可以用多元线性回归模型来描述。SMD模型可用于分析区域地表形变综合情况,为范围评估开采沉陷对建构筑物的影响提供有力依据。     

InSAR在地面沉降监测中的应用及发展前景

简要介绍SAR、InSAR、D-InSAR的发展情况,以及InSAR、D-InSAR的基本原理。然后通过实例介绍了InSAR、D-InSAR技术在地面沉降监测中的应用。最后介绍了GPS-InSAR技术应用于地面沉降监测的可行性展望。     

东滩煤矿3305工作面地表移动变形规律研究

在东滩煤矿3305工作面地表岩移观测的基础上,分析得出了该工作面的地表变形特征,详尽地分析了东滩煤矿3305工作面地表移动基本规律及移动参数,并完成对相邻建筑物的损害等级评估。通过概率积分法对3305工作面地表移动变形进行变形预计,并运用数值模拟法准确还原了工作面推进对地表移动变形的影响,深入研究了该工作面的地表移动变形规律与开采沉陷变形机理。     

应用合成孔径雷达干涉技术监测矿区地表形变

由于雷达具有全天候和穿透性等特点，促使干涉合成孔径雷达和差分干涉合成孔径雷达测量技术成为当前研究的热点。本文介绍SAR系统的几何特征及其干涉原理，着重探讨差分干涉雷达技术在矿区地表形变监测中的应用。     

InSAR技术在矿区沉降监测中的应用研究

介绍了应用InSAR技术监测矿区地表沉降以及地下开采活动的原理;利用重轨差分InSAR技术获得了峰峰矿区地表ENVISAT和JERS 1的雷达形变干涉相位图;分析了在矿区地表沉降过程中ENVISATC波段和JERS 1 L波段形变干涉相位图的相干特性、相位特性以及干涉测量技术在矿区地表沉降监测中应用的可行性和局限性。实验结果表明,利用C波段和L波段雷达数据可以实施对矿区地表沉降的监测,但是C波段雷达受到空间干涉基线的限制更加严格,如果要实现对矿区地表沉降的监测,需要充分利用每个卫星回访时期的雷达数据,建立长时序的星载雷达形变干涉相位图序列,才能较好地实现矿区地表沉降监测。     

基于合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术的矿区地面形变分析

介绍了合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量（D—InSAR）技术的基本原理和D-InSAR数据处理流程,采用双轨法D-InSAR处理了4景覆盖济宁某矿区的卫星ENVISATASAR数据,分别提取了增强差分干涉图、相应的相干图以及矿区地面形变图,并对其进行了简单分析。对从矿区地面沉降分布、沉降面积统计进行矿区地面沉降分析;选取研究矿区的部分水准监测结果与D-InSAR监测结果相比较的方式进行精度分析。说明了13-InSAR技术在矿区地面沉降监测应用中应该注意的事项。     

百年煤城地表沉降融合PS/SBAS InSAR监测——以徐州市为例

融合PS/SBAS算法成为当前InSAR技术的研究热点,本文通过融合PS/SBAS的优势,利用128景ALOS PALSAR影像和24景Radarsat-2影像获取了百年煤城徐州地区2007-2015年的地表形变场及变化趋势。试验结果表明：①2007-2011年,徐州主要有4个沉降区,分布在沛县、丰县、铜山区和贾汪区。②2012-2015年,沛县、丰县和铜山区地表沉降范围有所扩大;贾汪区地表沉降范围和速率明显减小,说明近年来贾汪区重点治理采矿塌陷工作已初步见效;另外,睢宁县县城出现明显沉降。③已有文献对沛县大屯中心区的沉降监测结果验证了试验结果是可靠的。④首次提取了徐州近8年间地表沉降的信息,可为该地区开展地表沉降调查监测与防治工作提供参考;试验方法可为全国开展地表沉降调查监测工作提供参考。     

融合单视线D-InSAR和BK模型的煤矿地表三维变形动态监测方法

合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量（differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar, D-InSAR）在获取地表形变的过程中有其特有的监测手段,针对D-InSAR矿区地表三维变形监测的难点,首先,顾及D-InSAR难以获取快速大梯度变形的特性,选取边界拟合度较好的Boltzmann函数模型,结合Knothe时间函数,构建一种BK(Boltzmann-Knothe)模型;然后,由于D-InSAR仅能获取地表沿视线向（line of sight, LOS）的短时段一维变形量,依据地表三维移动变形和LOS向变形的投影关系,结合目标区域地质采矿条件,构建适应短时段单视线向变形的适应度函数;最后,引入烟花算法（fireworks algorithm, FWA）,提出了融合单视线D-InSAR和BK模型的煤矿地表三维变形动态监测方法。模拟实验表明,所提方法能够可靠准确地反演出全部开采沉陷动态预计参数,求参相对误差为0.11%～7.51%;在大变形区域,该方法监测的下沉和水平移动与真实值一致。抗差求参实验结果表明,在观测误差或模型参数误差的影响下,该...     

InSAR变形监测方法与研究进展

变形监测是星载InSAR技术应用最为成熟的领域之一。本文首先介绍了InSAR变形监测的基本原理和卫星数据来源;然后对InSAR变形监测方法进行了系统性的分类,分析了D-InSAR、PSInSAR、SBAS-InSAR、DS-InSAR和MAI等方法的技术特点和适用范围;进而从应用的角度分析了InSAR技术在城市、矿山、地震、火山、基础设施、冰川、冻土和滑坡等领域的研究现状和不足之处;最后总结出InSAR变形监测在多维形变和低相干区测量、大气和轨道误差去除和精度评定等方面的前沿问题。     

Ground deformation associated with post-mining activity at the French–German border revealed by novel InSAR time series method

We present a novel methodology for integration of multiple InSAR data sets for computation of two dimensional time series of ground deformation. The proposed approach allows combination of SAR data acquired with different acquisition parameters, temporal and spatial sampling and resolution, wavelength and polarization. Produced time series have combined coverage, improved temporal resolution and lower noise level. We apply this methodology for mapping coal mining related ground subsidence and uplift in the Greater Region of Luxembourg along the French–German border. For this we processed 167 Synthetic Aperture Radar ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT images acquired between 1995 and 2009 from one ascending (track 29) and one descending (track 337) tracks and created over five hundred interferograms that were used for time series analysis. Derived vertical and east–west linear deformation rates show with remarkable precision a region of localized ground deformation located above and caused by mining and post-mining activities. Time series of ground deformation display temporal variability: reversal from subsidence to uplift and acceleration of subsidence in the vertical component, and horizontal motion toward the center of the subsidence on the east–west component. InSAR results are validated by leveling measurements collected by the French Geological Survey (BRGM) during 2006–2008. We determined that deformation rate changes are mainly caused by water level variations in the mines. Due to higher temporal and spatial resolution the proposed space-borne method detected a larger number of subsidence and uplift areas in comparison to leveling measurements restricted to annual monitoring of benchmark points along roads. We also identified one deformation region that is not precisely located above the mining sites. Comparison of InSAR measurements with the water levels measured in the mining pits suggest that part of the water that filled the galleries after termination of the dewatering systems may come from this region. Providing that enough SAR data is available, this method opens new opportunities for detecting and locating man-made and natural ground deformation signals with high temporal resolution and precision.     

高充填率开采地表下沉系数研究

为解决"三下"压煤问题,本文以邯矿集团亨健煤矿2515工作面为研究对象,对现场进行实测,计算地表实测下沉系数;采用文克儿地基假设方法,对比分析了不同开采方法采空区上覆岩层破断规律.结果表明:采用全部垮落法开采,推进距离等于直接顶的极限跨距(l=25.7 m)时极限挠度约为1.057 m,随着工作面推进,直接顶出现破碎;...     

基于时序InSAR的即墨市区地表形变监测

地面沉降是一种对地面及地下基础设施造成安全隐患,对经济可持续发展和环境保护产生破坏影响的地质灾害现象.本文使用2017年5月至2018年5月16景Sentinel-1A卫星SAR影像,根据D-InSAR的初步形变监测结果将即墨城区内沉降明显的区域作为研究区,基于PS和SBAS两种时序InSAR方法对该区域进行地面沉降监...     

利用Sentinel-1A数据监测地表形变案例分析

雷达卫星结合InSAR技术已广泛应用于高精度地表形变监测领域。本文选取2017年九寨沟地震为研究案例,利用Sentinel-1A地震前后的单视复数影像,基于D-InSAR技术获取该次地震的同震形变场。结果显示:震中西北侧表现出相对均匀的下沉现象,沉降漏斗区雷达视线向最大沉降量达25.1 cm;东南侧呈现不均匀抬升状态,地表破碎较为明显,最大抬升量为11.6 cm。研究表明基于Sentinel-1A数据的D-InSAR技术可以为地震形变场的定量分析提供一种快速有效的手段,为阐释地震发震机理及评估受灾情况提供必要的数据支撑,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Interferometric SAR Time Series Analysis for Ground Subsidence of the Abandoned Mining Area in North Peixian Using Sentinel-1A TOPS Data

The North Peixian mining area of China has rich coal resources, with total proven reserves of 2.37 billion tons. However, the underground coal mining activities have resulted in ground collapse, which has caused serious harm to the environment and threatened the lives and properties of local residents. In this study, 12 Sentinel-1A terrain observation by progressive scans (TOPS) mode acquisitions between 30 July 2015 and 13 May 2016 over the abandoned mining area in North Peixian were analyzed using the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series method to detect the ground subsidence, with the maximum ground subsidence reaching 83 mm/a and an average value of about 12.7 mm/a. The subsidence results derived from the Sentinel-1A TOPS mode dataset were proven to be effective in investigating and monitoring the ground subsidence in the North Peixian mining area. Compared to the rapid deformation during the ongoing period of mining excavation, the ground subsides slowly in abandoned mining areas and shows a linear relationship with time over a relatively long period of time. Spatial correlation between the subsidence distribution and land cover was found, in that the magnitude of the subsidence in urban areas was smaller than that in rural areas, which is associated with the controlled coal mining activities under buildings, railways, and water bodies. The results demonstrate that Sentinel-1A TOPS SAR images can be used to effectively and accurately detect and monitor ground subsidence in a mining area, which is critically important when investigating land subsidence in a large-scale mining area.     

Monitoring of urban subsidence with SAR interferometric point target analysis: A case study in Suzhou,China

Ground subsidence, mainly caused by over exploitation of groundwater and other underground resources, such as oil, gas and coal, occurs in many cities in China. The annual direct loss associated with subsidence across the country is estimated to exceed 100 million US dollar. Interferometric SAR (InSAR) is a powerful tool to map ground deformation at an unprecedented level of spatial detail. It has been widely used to investigate the deformation resulting from earthquakes, volcanoes and subsidence. Repeat-pass InSAR, however, may fail due to impacts of spatial decorrelation, temporal decorrelation and heterogeneous refractivity of atmosphere. In urban areas, a large amount of natural stable radar reflectors exists, such as buildings and engineering structures, at which radar signals can remain coherent during a long time interval. Interferometric point target analysis (IPTA) technique, also known as persistent scatterers (PS) InSAR is based on these reflectors. It overcomes the shortfalls in conventional InSAR. This paper presents a procedure for urban subsidence monitoring with IPTA. Calculation of linear deformation rate and height residual, and the non-linear deformation estimate, respectively, are discussed in detail. Especially, the former is highlighted by a novel and easily implemented 2-dimensional spatial search algorithm. Practically useful solutions that can significantly improve the robustness of IPTA, are recommended. Finally, the proposed procedure is applied to mapping the ground subsidence in Suzhou city, Jiangsu province, China. Thirty-four ERS-1/2 SAR scenes are analyzed, and the deformation information over 38,881 point targets between 1992 and 2000 are generated. The IPTA-derived deformation estimates correspond well with leveling measurements, demonstrating the potential of the proposed subsidence monitoring procedure based on IPTA technique. Two shortcomings of the IPTA-based procedure, e.g., the requirement of large number of SAR images and assumed linear plus non-linear deformation model, are discussed as the topics of further research.     

基于回归分析的地表移动值与岩移参数变化规律研究

煤矿开采引起的地表移动和变形,会导致开采沉陷,一直是煤矿安全的隐患。本文选取王楼煤矿13301工作面作为研究对象,分析整理了历年来地表移动变形观测资料和观测站相关地质采矿技术条件,利用回归分析的方法进行了统计分析、曲线拟合、建立回归方程,系统性地得出地表移动值与岩移参数变化规律,求取出了矿区具体采矿技术条件下开采引起的岩层与地表移动变形参数,为矿区生产及类似地质采矿条件下岩移参数求取等提供依据。