旋转多基线数字近景摄影测量

提出了一种全新的数字近景摄影测量方法——旋转多基线数字近景摄影测量。该方法通过应用旋转摄影增大了摄影视场角,应用“多基线”的摄影方式增大了摄影交会角,提高了交会精度,并且解决了近景摄影测量中大交会角影像难以实现自动匹配的困难。同时,该方法将传统的区域网空中三角测量应用于近景摄影测量,用于影像外方位元素的解算,在提高精度的同时减少了外业工作量,提高了生产效率。     

近景摄影测量下的视场关系定量表达

近景摄影测量下的视场关系指较小空间范围中不同视场之间存在的位姿关系,它用来确定不同摄像机所代表的参考坐标系之间的旋转量与平移量。它在交通监控、目标识别与定位、居家安全保障等方面有着广泛的应用。本文在近景摄影测量的框架下,提出了一种确定两种不同视场之间位姿的方法,具体步骤为：①在大视场下进行变化检测,当有变化区域被检测到时,获得原始图像,同时在小视场下获得样本图像集合;②对原始图像和样本图像集合进行相对定向,得到样本图像相对于原始图像的空间姿态参数;③将原始图像和样本图像进行图像匹配,获取匹配度最高的样本图像,该样本图像存储的姿态参数即是拍摄瞬间小视场相对于大视场的位姿;④按照步骤③中获取的姿态参数调整小视场下的摄像机空间位姿,使其对准变化区域。试验表明该方法能够有效支持空间范围较小区域内视场关系的定量描述。     

近景摄影测量中旋转矩阵构成方法的研究

本文简明扼要地叙述了近景摄影测量中构成旋转矩阵的常用方法,分析了各种矩阵的结构形式及存在缺点;为了解决这个问题,文章介绍了一种利用四维代数(又称四元数)构成旋转矩阵的方法,并详细说明其原理及应用。通过推导四维代数构成的旋转矩阵在相对定向中的实际应用情况,以及它与其他几种矩阵在运算过程中收敛性的实例比较,说明利用四维代数构成旋转矩阵在近景摄影测量中是一种很有实用意义的方法。     

多基线-数字近景摄影测量

根据交会精度与影像匹配自动化的需要,与当今航空数码相机沿航线方向视场角偏小的事实,阐述了大重叠、多基线摄影测量的必要性及其现实意义;重点介绍了利用非量测相机进行多基线的正直、交向摄影方法与数据处理的特点,特别是“多基线交向摄影”,通过多次、多相机对三峡工程地下电站尾水边坡进行拍摄试验,获得了传统非量测相机难以比拟的、非常满意的结果。     

一个应用于近景摄影测量的模型

模型建立是工程设计中的重要环节。本文描述了一个专门应用于近景摄影测量的算法，该算法基于人的行为来模拟手持摄影仪的姿态。本文给出了该算法和一个数值实例，尝试将该算法运用于ＣＡＤ系统，取得了令人满意的初步效果。     

基于专家系统的近景摄影测量网设计

本文对专家系统方法在近景摄影测量网自动设计应用中的可能性进行了研究。主要探讨了风设计专家知识、网拓扑和空间信息的表示、专家系统工具的结构、像机位置概念模型的进展和网诊断、及像机位置的计算模型，建立一个专家系统实例ＣＯＮＳＥＮＳ，检验了上述概念和模型。证明了该方法是可行的。分析了它在摄影测量实践中的应用前景和局限性。     

Digital close range photogrammetry for measurement of soil erosion

Many of the processes involved in soil erosion have dimensions on the millimetre scale. Modelling and quantification of such processes require information on soil surface topography with adequate resolution. The purpose of this study was to generate digital elevation models (DEMs) from soil surfaces with high spatial and temporal resolution. Digital photogrammetry was applied for measuring erosion rates on complex-shaped soil surfaces under laboratory rainfall conditions. A total of 60 DEMs were generated, covering a planimetric area of 16 m². The DEMs had a grid resolution of 3 mm. A vertical precision of approximately 1 mm was desired for DEM analysis. A consumer-grade digital camera was used for image acquisition. The camera was calibrated using BLUH software. Homologous points in overlapping images were identified with least squares matching software. Irregularly spaced object coordinates were interpolated to a regular grid in a geographic information system. The resulting DEMs represented the soil surface well. A precision of 1·26 mm in the vertical was attained. The precision of DEM production was limited to camera calibration. Improvements of the setup presented could include the use of better control points and more advanced image matching strategies for identification of homologous points. The DEMs allowed for detailed analysis of soil surface evolution.     

Control work in close range photogrammetry

The purpose, classification, required accuracy and surveying methods of control work for close range photogrammetry have been briefly stated. The different methods for definition of space, object coordinate system are also reviewed. It is suggested that the habitu-ally-practised rotation angle system for aerophotogrammetry in China should be used for the future teaching and resaarching work in the close range photogrammetry, and that the rotation angle system for terrestrial deformation photogrammetry should be left out in order to avoid the confuse and reduce the amount of expanse for making softwares. It has been emphasized that there are three improtant aspects in the close range control work with high accurary using the conventional method of engineering surveying: the use of standard scale for measurement of distance between two general stations, the accurate determination of start direction line between two general stations and the handling method of influence of 2C change. A method for setting up industrial surveying control net with extra-high accuracy ±(0.05–0.20) mm is presented by the author. This kind of industrial control net is necessary for batch process of large industrial components with purposes of measurement, inspect and lofting. There are some special methods of control work in the close range photogrammetry, including two methods presented by the author.     

CONTROL WORK IN CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY

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一种改进的恒星相机在轨检校方法

目前利用星对角距进行恒星相机在轨检校时,一般有两种方法,一种是不考虑镜头畸变,只检校相机内方位元素;另一种考虑畸变的影响,先检校相机内方位元素,再用多项式来拟合畸变。本文在利用镜头畸变规律的基础上,将畸变与相机内方位元素一并检校。实验表明,该方法比其他两种方法能更有效的提高相机检校精度。     

The Development of Camera Calibration Methods and Models

Correction for image distortion in cameras has been an important topic for as long as users have wanted to faithfully reproduce or use observed information. Initially the main application was mapping. While this task continues today, other applications also require precise calibration of cameras, such as close range three dimensional measurement and many two dimensional measurement tasks. In the past, the cameras used were few in number and highly expensive whereas today a typical large industrial company will have many inexpensive cameras being used for highly important measurement tasks. Cameras are used more today than they ever were but the golden age of camera calibration for aerial mapping is now well in the past. This paper considers some of the key developments and attempts to put them into perspective. In particular the driving forces behind each improvement have been highlighted.     

普通数码相机的分步检校

为使相机检校过程简单化,本文提出一种分步骤的相机检校方法。即基于延伸焦点的原理标定相机的主点;基于直线求解影像几何畸变系数;对影像进行畸变改正后,利用简单的三角形相似原理,求解相机的主距。