The Carpatho-Balkanides and adjacent area: a sector of the Tethyan Eurasian metallogenic belt

The Tethyan Eurasian metallogenic belt (TEMB) was formed during Mesozoic and post-Mesozoic times in the area of the former Tethyan ocean on the southern margin of Eurasia, with the Afro-Arabian and Indian plates to the south. It extends from western Mediterranean via the Alps and southeastern Europe through the Lesser Caucasus, the Hindu Kush, and the Tibet Plateau to Burma and SW Indonesia, linking with the West Pacific metallogenic belt. The Carpatho-Balkan region is one of the sectors of the TEMB, characterized by some specific features. The emplacement of ore deposits is related to a definite time interval, and to specific tectonic settings such as: 1. Late Permian-Triassic intracontinental rifting along the northern margin of Gondwanaland and/or fragments already separated. This setting involves volcanogenic and volcano-sedimentary deposits (iron, lead/zinc, manganese, antimony, mercury, barite), skarn deposits associated with volcano-plutonic complexes of bimodal magmatism, and low temperature carbonate-hosted lead/zinc deposits. 2. Jurassic intraoceanic rifting – ophiolite complexes: This setting hosts major magmatic (particularly podiform chrome deposits) and volcano-sedimentary deposits, mainly of the Cyprus type. 3. Subduction-related setting involves porphyry copper deposits, lesser skarn deposits (iron, locally Pb-Zn), massive sulphide Cu (e.g. Bor) accompanied locally by Pb-Zn of replacement type, epithermal gold deposits, associated with calc-alkaline igneous complexes of the Early Tertiary-Late Cretaceous, and the Neogene gold/silver and base metals deposits. 4. Post-collision continent-continent setting includes deposits of Pb-Zn, Sb, As, Au-Cu associated with volcano-plutonic complexes of calc-alkaline affinity. Several major Alpine metallogenic units are developed in the Carpatho-Balkanides and adjacent area, each characterized by specific development, mineral associations, and types of ore deposits. Received: 3 June 1996 / Accepted: 10 January 1997     

甘肃北山斑岩型铜矿找矿研究

甘肃北山斑岩型铜矿成矿带属于世界古亚洲古生代斑岩带成矿域。该带20世纪50年代发现了公婆泉、白山堂两个中型斑岩型铜矿。以后对该区的找铜工作一度只重视了富铜,对斑岩型铜矿重视不够。本文从铜矿资源形势和古亚洲斑岩型铜矿成矿域的资源潜力分析着眼,论述了甘肃北山有利于斑岩型铜矿形成的构造环境和矿化作用,提出了甘肃北山斑岩型铜矿的找矿靶区和找矿建议。     

The copper deposits and geotectonic setting of the Thethyan Eurasian Metallogenic Belt

The paper is concerned with the relationships between porphyry copper and massive-sulfide copper deposits, and their geotectonic environments in the Tethyan Eurasian Metallogenic Belt. This belt is located between the Afro-Arabian and Eurasian plates, almost 10,000 km long, linking the Alpine metallogenic system in Europe with Pacific system. A plate tectonic model for the tectonic evolution of this metallogenic belt in space and time is presented with emphasis on specific features of individual sectors.The paper was presented on the 25th International Geological Congress in Sydney, August 1976 (Symp. 104. 1)     

西藏冈底斯成矿带的斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统:--来自斑岩矿床和矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床的Re-Os同位素年龄证据

笔者通过对冈底斯成矿带驱龙、厅宫斑岩铜矿区和甲马、知不拉等矽卡岩型铜多金属矿区的辉钼矿样品进行的Re-0s法同位素定年研究,获得驱龙、厅宫、甲马和知不拉等矿区的精确成矿年龄。4件驱龙斑岩铜矿区辉钼矿样品的Re-Os模式年龄介于(15.75±0.42)Ma～(16.23±0.90)Ma之间,等时线年龄为(15.99±0.32)Ma;7件厅宫斑岩铜矿矿区辉钼矿样品的Re-Os模式年龄介于(15.5±0.3)Ma～(16.3±0.3)Ma之间,等时线年龄为(15.49±0.36)Ma;在矽卡岩型铜多金属矿区中,7件甲马矿区辉钼矿样品的Re-Os模式年龄介于(15.4±0.2)Ma～(15.5±0.2)Ma之间,等时线年龄为(15.18±0.98)Ma;5件知不拉矿区辉钼矿样品的Re-Os模式年龄介于(16.88±0.28)Ma～(17.06±0.27)Ma之间,等时线年龄为(16.90±0.64)Ma。斑岩铜矿区和矽卡岩型铜多金属矿区所获得的年龄数据基本一致,其年龄明显晚于中生代弧间盆地和碰撞型花岗岩的发育时间,同时矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床在空间上亦分布于斑岩铜矿床的外围。因此笔者认为甲马和知不拉等铜铅锌矿床与冈底斯成矿带新生代晚期大规模成矿形成的斑岩铜钼矿床属于统一的斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统,是由深源花岗质岩浆的岩浆-热液系统在不同的围岩介质条件成矿的产物。     

华北地台北缘燕辽钼(铜)成矿带矿床地质特征及动力学背景

华北地台北缘是中国重要的多金属成矿带,中段部位钼(铜)矿床的分布受区域EW向、NE向、NNE向断裂的联合控制。成矿带东端辽西地区以钼矿为主,西端冀北地区以铜(钼)矿为主。钼矿床的形成与燕山期中酸性小侵入体关系密切,矿床多产于花岗斑岩体之中或内外接触带中,矿床类型以斑岩型、斑岩_矽卡岩型、矽卡岩型为主。同位素研究表明,钼(铜)矿床成矿物质及成矿流体主要来源于下地壳或与太古代结晶基底有关的花岗岩;钼矿的形成主要与中生代富硅、富钾质花岗岩有关,而与铜矿成因有关的花岗岩酸碱度相对较低。成矿年代学研究表明,燕辽钼(铜)成矿带大规模成矿作用发生于180Ma左右和140Ma左右2个时期,其对应的成矿动力学背景分别为华北板块与西伯利亚板块后碰撞造山阶段和中国东部构造体制大转折晚期。     

西藏冈底斯成矿带斑岩铜矿的成岩成矿年龄

近年来在西藏开展的资源评价和研究工作初步揭示出冈底斯成矿带斑岩铜矿床具有巨大的资源潜力。本文通过多种方法对冈底斯成矿带中驱龙、厅宫、冲江等斑岩铜矿进行了同位素定年研究 ,确定出冈底斯斑岩铜矿成岩年龄为 (1 7.5 8± 0 .74 )Ma(锆石离子探针 (SHRIMP) ) ,成矿年龄为 (1 5 .99± 0 .32 )Ma(Re Os等时线法 ) ,蚀变年龄介于 1 2 .0 0～ 1 6 .5Ma之间 (K Ar法 ) ,成矿年龄与蚀变年龄较为一致。根据同位素定年结果 ,冈底斯斑岩铜矿的成岩成矿年龄明显晚于冈底斯碰撞期花岗岩质侵入岩的年龄。因此笔者认为 ,西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿形成于碰撞后的伸展构造背景 ,与造山带山根拆沉和高原隆升作用密切有关     

PETROGENETIC AND METALLOGENETIC AGES FOR THE PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSITS IN THE GANGDISE METALLOGENIC BELT IN SOUTHERN TIBET

In the Gangdise area in the south of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a set of calc-alkalinevolcanics-granitic intrusives, which were resulted from subduction of neo-Tethys Ocean at YurlungZangbo oceanic plate beneath Lahsa block in Cretaceous-Palaeogene and subsequentarc-continental collision, were exposed, together with a set of shoshonitic volcanics and hypabyssalporphyries developed in the later stage (Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of TibetAutonomous Region, 1993; Li, 2002; Zhao et …     

论南岭成矿带大宝山斑岩型铜矿的特殊性及其勘查意义

广东省大宝山矿床是南岭成矿带唯一的大型铜多金属矿床，此次研究在矿区中南部发现了细脉浸染状铜矿的新类型。为确定其是否为斑岩型铜矿的成因类型，本文在梳理南岭成矿带铜成矿条件和成矿规律的基础上，查明了矿区中南部英安斑岩的蚀变和铜矿化特征。综合研究认为南岭成矿带早侏罗世中酸性斑岩的小岩体较多，叠加多期断裂构造和碳酸盐岩建造，非常有利于铜多金属成矿物质的运移、富集。大宝山英安斑岩发育黑云母化、钾长石化、青磐岩化、绢英岩化、泥化等蚀变类型，铜矿化与绢英岩化、绿泥石化关系密切。大宝山铜矿中的英安斑岩沿逆冲推覆构造侵位并呈岩墙状产出，冷却过程中受区域构造应力产生了一组平行裂隙，岩浆房去气作用排出的热液沿裂隙蚀变围岩并充填成矿。大宝山斑岩型铜矿取得的找矿勘查成果表明，“全位成矿，缺位找矿”理念可以有效指导靶区圈定和老矿山外围（深部）找矿勘查，早侏罗世的南岭具有形成较大规模斑岩型铜矿的条件。     

武当-桐柏-大别成矿带铜矿成矿规律

武当-桐柏-大别成矿带可分为南秦岭造山带、北淮阳构造带、桐柏-大别构造带三个二级构造单元,在南秦岭造山带广泛分布变质热液型铜矿,北淮阳构造带内产出VMS型、岩浆熔离型及斑岩型铜矿,桐柏-大别构造带则分布有岩浆热液型和矽卡岩型铜矿。构造单元的性质对区内产出的铜矿类型具有较强的控制作用。变质热液型铜矿主要与浅变质作用有关,变质流体以断层为运移通道并最终就位于黑色岩系内的次级断层。VMS型、岩浆熔离型、斑岩型铜矿与岩浆作用密切相关,产出在岩体内部及与围岩的接触带。岩浆热液型及矽卡岩型铜矿形成于岩浆作用晚期阶段,分布在岩体与围岩接触带及附近构造裂隙带等部位。     

大兴安岭中南段布敦化铜矿床地质特征及成矿模式

大兴安岭中南段铜成矿带已探明铜矿床众多,矿化类型主要为热液脉型与斑岩型.布敦化铜矿床由于同时存在两种矿化类型而备受关注,然而针对该矿区内相邻两个矿段（金鸡岭、孔雀山）成矿特征差异性缘由尚未得到解释,有关该矿床成矿机制综合研究尚显薄弱,整体成矿模式亟待建立.在综合前人研究成果基础上,认为布敦化矿区如此小范围内存在两种矿化类型,有可能与晚侏罗世成矿阶段构造演化的不同相关。布敦化挤压带两侧地质体发生垂向位移,孔雀山矿段所在部位（上盘）相对上升,得以形成浅成高温热液脉型铜矿.（165±2）~151.95±0.73Ma,极有可能在金鸡岭矿段深部存在当时未上升的黑云母花岗闪长岩,其内、外接触带极有可能形成浸染状铜矿化,可以作为今后该矿段找矿方向.在上述认识基础上构建布敦化铜矿床成矿模式,为揭示大兴安岭中南段铜多金属成矿规律奠定基础.     

Tectonic implications from Re-Os dating of Mesozoic molybdenum deposits in the East Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt

The East Qinling-Dabie molybdenum belt is part of a larger East-West trending metallogenic belt in eastern China. Most of the molybdenum deposits occur as porphyry or porphyry-skarn type, but there are also some vein type deposits. Following systematic Re-Os dating of molybdenite from 13 deposits and comparisons with two previously dated deposits, we have recognized that the molybdenum mineralization in the East Qinling-Dabie belt was developed during hydrothermal activity linked to magmatism and the emplacement of granitoid stocks. Three pulses of granitoid magmatism and Mo mineralization are recognized corresponding to significant tectonic events in the East Qinling-Dabie belt. Vein type deposits dated at 233-221 Ma were formed in detachment fractures, indicating localized extension within the collisional setting of the North China and Yangtze Cratons. I-type and transitional I- and S-type granites and related mineralization dated at 148-138 Ma may have formed part of a continental magmatic arc, with widespread magmatism and back-arc extension caused by subduction of the Izanagi or Paleopacific plate beneath the Eurasian continent in a WNW-ESE direction in the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. Both S-type and transitional S- and I-type granite-associated porphyry molybdenum deposits dated at 131-112 Ma are part of an extensive mineralization event throughout East China that can be ascribed to regional large-scale lithospheric thinning, delamination and thermal erosion.     

Geology and ages of porphyry and medium- to high-sulphidation epithermal gold deposits of the continental margin of Northeast China

The continental margin of Northeast China, an important part of the continental margin-related West Pacific metallogenic belt, hosts numerous types of gold-dominated mineral deposits. Based on ore deposit geology and isotopic dating, we have classified hydrothermal gold–copper ore deposits in this region into four distinct types: (1) gold-rich porphyry copper deposits, (2) gold-rich porphyry-like copper deposits, (3) medium-sulphidation epithermal copper–gold deposits, and (4) high-sulphidation epithermal gold deposits. These ore deposits formed during four distinct metallogenic stages or periods, at 123.6 ± 2.5 Ma, 110–104 Ma, 104–102 Ma, and 95.0 ± 2 Ma, corresponding to periods of Cretaceous intermediate–acid volcanism and late-stage emplacement of hypabyssal magmas along the northern margin of the North China platform. The earliest stage of mineralization (123.6 ± 2.5 Ma) corresponds to the formation of medium-sulphidation epithermal copper – gold deposits and was associated with a continental margin magmatic arc system linked to subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia. This metallogenesis is closely related to high-K calc-alkaline intermediate–acid granite and pyroxene – diorite porphyry magmatism. The second and third stages of mineralization in the study area (110–104 Ma and 104–102 Ma, respectively) correspond to the formation of gold-rich porphyry copper, porphyry-like copper, and high-sulphidation gold deposits, with metallogenesis closely related to sodic or adakitic magmatism. These magmas formed in a continental margin magmatic arc system related to oblique subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia, as well as mixing of crust-derived remelted granitic and mantle-derived adakitic magmas. During the final stage of mineralization (95.0 ± 2 Ma), metallogenesis was closely related to sodic or adakitic magmatism, with diagenesis and metallogenesis related to the disintegration or destruction of the Pacific Plate, which was subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate during the Mesozoic.     

新疆斑岩铜矿的成矿条件和远景

对哈密土屋地区斑岩铜矿和觉罗塔格斑岩铜矿成矿带的成矿地质条件进行了研究,其形成于造山带汇聚阶段中一后期的活动陆缘环境。与环太平洋斑岩铜矿对比,有利成矿的构造类型为“安第斯型”,即扇形形态构造;与新疆周边国家和地区斑岩铜矿成矿带对比,新疆具有类似的成矿地质条件,找矿远景很大,特别是西天山、西昆仑、木孜塔格、祁漫 塔格、东准噶尔南部等地区,具有斑岩铜矿成矿的广阔前景,有希望找到新的大型－超大型铜矿床。     

安第斯与冈底斯成矿带斑岩铜矿床矿物学和成矿斑岩地球化学特征对比

在总结安第斯和冈底斯斑岩铜矿床地质矿物学特征的基础上,通过对2个成矿带与斑岩铜矿床有关的岩浆岩地球化学特征的对比分析,探讨了2种构造环境下形成的斑岩铜矿床含矿斑岩与成矿过程的异同点。安第斯成矿带的斑岩铜矿床形成于洋壳俯冲陆缘弧环境,成矿时代主要集中在始新世晚期—渐新世(43~31Ma)和中新世中期—上新世(12~4Ma),金属组合包括Cu-Mo和Cu-Au,含矿斑岩的SiO_2含量变化范围较大,岩性从中性到酸性,以钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列为主,少部分具有典型埃达克岩地球化学特征,而大多数安第斯含矿斑岩具有正常岛弧系列火山岩的地球化学特征。冈底斯成矿带斑岩铜矿床主要发育于陆-陆碰撞环境,成矿时代为中新世(20~12Ma),金属组合为Cu-Mo,缺乏Cu-Au组合,含矿斑岩岩性以酸性为主,且主要为高钾钙碱性-钾玄质系列岩浆岩,具有典型埃达克岩的地球化学特征。安第斯成矿带含矿斑岩的形成很可能是板片释放流体交代楔形地幔,经部分熔融与MASH过程的产物,并不是直接源于洋壳的部分熔融;而冈底斯成矿带含矿斑岩成因可能是早期洋壳多次俯冲形成俯冲增生弧,之后在陆陆碰撞过程中经历缩短加厚,与深部构造动力学机制发生变化时的部分熔融有关。     

新疆青河县玉勒肯-哈腊苏叠加改造型斑岩铜金(钼)矿床地质特征及成因

玉勒肯哈腊苏斑岩铜金(钼)矿床位于准噶尔盆地东北缘,卡拉先格尔斑岩铜矿带北西端.该矿床含矿斑岩为海西早期花岗闪长斑岩和花岗斑岩,围岩为中泥盆统北塔山组火山-沉积岩系,同时还有海西晚期和印支期岩浆岩(热)活动的记录.在整个斑岩铜矿带中,玉勒肯矿床构造作用最为强烈,主要受到区域额尔齐斯和二台断裂带多期构造活动的影响,矿区大部分含矿斑岩和围岩发生了不同程度的片理化或糜棱岩化作用.矿石矿物的赋存状态,除早期细脉浸染状斑岩型矿化外,还叠加有后期的沿片理面、糜棱面理,及破劈理分布的细脉状矿化.同位素年代学研究表明,玉勒肯矿区记录了从泥盆纪到三叠纪的构造、岩浆和成矿事件.综合本文及前人研究资料,本文认为卡拉先格尔斑岩铜矿带,在中-晚泥盆世(390～360Ma)时处于与俯冲有关的岛弧构造背景,有中酸性斑岩侵入以及斑岩型Cu-Mo矿化;早石炭世(360 ～ 330Ma)时,经历了碰撞阶段的改造成矿作用,矿化沿糜棱面理发育;中晚石炭世(330～300Ma)为后碰撞阶段,发育以辉钼矿-黄铜矿-钾长石脉为特征的叠加成矿;早二叠世(270 ～ 260Ma)进入造山后伸展阶段,形成以沿破劈理面分布的叠加成矿;进入三叠纪以后,为陆内造山阶段,也见少量脉状矿化.可见,玉勒肯哈腊苏矿床是一个具叠加改造成矿特色的斑岩型矿床.     

AN INTRACONTINENTAL EXTENSIONAL TECTONIC SETTING FOR THE ORIGIN OF YULONG PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT IN EAST TIBET

AN INTRACONTINENTAL EXTENSIONAL TECTONIC SETTING FOR THE ORIGIN OF YULONG PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT IN EAST TIBET     

东欧南部阿普塞尼-巴纳特-蒂莫克-斯雷德诺戈里斯基（ABTS）铜-金成矿带地质特征

东欧南部阿普塞尼-巴纳特-蒂莫克-斯雷德诺戈里斯基(ABTS)成矿带位于特提斯巨型成矿域的西段,矿床类型主要包括斑岩型铜-金-钼矿床、矽卡岩型钼-铁-铅-锌矿床、浅成低温热液型铜-金-银矿床等,成矿作用主要与晚白垩世钙碱性岩浆活动有关。整个成矿带的矿床形成于20Ma,为短期构造成矿。空间上,斯雷德诺戈里斯基地区成岩成矿年龄有自北向南减小的趋势。目前,该矿带成矿模型主要为板块折返模型,在板块俯冲的过程中,受非洲和欧洲板块之间的远程作用力的影响,俯冲角度逐渐变陡,导致上地幔和软流圈物质上涌,并伴随上盘的伸展,熔体上升到浅部层位形成相关的岩体和矿床。伴随着板块折返,岩浆侵位轨迹南移,导致斯雷德诺戈里斯基和蒂莫克地区自北向南成岩成矿年龄逐渐降低。该成矿带与国内冈底斯成矿带具有相似的矿床类型和成岩年龄空间分布特征,在成矿时代、成矿构造环境上不同。     

墨西哥中——新生代成矿系列和成矿带划分及其大地构造意义

墨西哥是矿产资源大国,其中产量最高的包括银、铜、铁、铅锌等。这些矿产的生成主要源于多种多样的矿床类型和各式各样的矿化类型,其中浅成低温热液型、斑岩型、矽卡岩型、IOCG(铁氧化物铜金)型是最突出的矿床类型。这些矿床的形成与北科迪勒拉山系的形成有关,体现了联合大陆长期积聚或解体的某些阶段,尤其是中新生代成矿带的空间展布特征与其形成的大地构造环境密切相关。划分的9个构造-岩浆-成矿带,分别形成3个俯冲成矿系列,即从沿海到内陆依次发育的IOCG型铁铜金成矿带→斑岩型铜钼金成矿带→浅成低温热液型银金多金属成矿带,分别代表太平洋古板块、法拉隆板块和科科斯板块向北美板块从俯冲、挤压到碰撞后伸展的板块构造岩浆成矿环境。这类俯冲边界型成矿系统的主体部分是西马德里造山带岩浆弧中的斑岩型铜钼矿成矿系统和盆岭省中的火山岩控制的浅成低温热液型银金矿成矿系统。     

东天山大地构造演化的成矿示踪

矿床是大地构造演化的重要指示标志,矿床特征和时空分布格局为重建东天山地区大地构造演化提供了新的制约。研究表明,夹于吐哈地块和中天山地块之间的东天山古生代造山带,在空间上可分为吐哈盆地南缘铜矿带(北带)、康古尔金矿带(中带)和阿齐山—雅满苏铁(铜)-银多金属矿带(南带)3个不同的构造-地层(岩浆)-成矿带。在时间上东天山造山带具有明显的三阶段演化性:(1)吐哈盆地南缘奥陶—泥盆纪为活动大陆边缘,形成了包括VMS型铜锌矿床和斑岩型铜矿床在内的古陆缘成矿系统;晚泥盆世末—早石炭世初古洋壳向北俯冲关闭,中天山地块增生拼贴到吐哈地块(属哈萨克斯坦—准噶尔板块组成部分)南缘。(2)早石炭世(维宪期)沿康古尔缝合带再次拉张,形成石炭纪裂陷槽火山-沉积岩系及相应的层控成矿系统(VMS型铜锌矿床、火山岩型铁(铜)矿床、自然铜矿床),裂陷槽封闭过程中发育了夕卡岩型银多金属矿床。(3)早二叠世形成与幔源岩浆底侵作用有关、跨构造单元发育的铜镍硫化物成矿系统和与剪切活动有关的金矿床。依据上述认识,对东天山地区的矿产勘查提出了新建议。     

西藏厅宫铜矿激电异常特征及找矿效果的初步研究

通过对西藏尼木县厅宫铜矿激电异常及其特征的分析研究,指出了在该成矿地质-地球物理背景上用物探电法寻找斑岩铜矿的思路及方法技术,并就有关找矿效果等问题进行了初步的探讨,希望对在冈底斯带应用勘查地球物理方法探寻斑岩铜矿有所裨益.