等深线深度值的自动识别

本文利用图论的原理和算法，根据等深线间所具有的相邻和包含关系，提出了加权邻接矩阵的生成方法，同时通过特征树和关系图的搜索推理，实现了等深线树的生成和深度值的自动识别。     

Quality Assessment of an Automatic Sounding Selection Process for Navigational Charts

A good seabed representation is one of the important characteristics of any navigational chart. Along with depth contours and coloured depth areas, soundings are used for this task. All the soundings on a navigational chart are selected for a reason. Soundings contribute to the navigational chart safety aspect by alerting to all the threats and dangers. They also show all the attributes of a seabed relief without overcrowding it, thus maintaining the overall chart quality. Soundings are selected from a hydrographic survey and since it consists of a vast number of data, the process of sounding selection is a challenging and demanding task. It requires experience and knowledge from the nautical cartographer and is mostly done manually. Some types of software nowadays provide an automatic selection feature. This paper analyses a process of automatic sounding selection in the dKart Editor software. On the Croatian side of the Adriatic Sea, ?ibenski Kanal (?ibenik channel) and Kanal Sv. Ante (St. Ante’s channel) are used as the study area. A hydrographic survey of the area represents the input data. The official navigational chart of the surveyed area is used as the basis for determining three different sets of parameters for the selection process. After the selection, obtained results are assessed based on geometrical accuracy and on the conservation level of navigational safety. For geometrical accuracy, the best results were produced by the third set that was divided in two subsets for each channel. It was determined that the nature of the seabed relief had an impact on the selection process. The same set had the best result for navigational safety assessment but it was concluded that all the sets undermined the aspect. Because of these crucial shortcomings noticed in all the tested sets of parameters, the feature is considered inadequate for serious usage as a completely automatic tool for the process of sounding selection on navigational charts.     

海事测绘数据库系统设计与应用

天津海事测绘中心积累了大量的多时相、多比例尺海事测绘资料和数据,本文设计并建立海事测绘资料数据库,开发相应数据库管理系统,用以存储、维护海事测绘数据。根据海道测量数据交换标准和中国航海图编绘规范,建立相应的专题数据库、数据字典、用户管理表和历史数据库,将各个专题数据进行规范化存储,便于海事测绘数据的管理维护。数据库的建立不仅规范了海事测绘数据,提高了海事测绘数据的可用性,而且为电子海图桌、海图在线制作发布等实际应用提供数据基础。     

An algorithm for automatic cartographic sounding selection

Soundings on nautical charts provide information about the shape of ocean bottom between chart depth curves. A single chart may have thousands of soundings posted on it. This paper describes a new algorithm for selecting soundings automatically. At first,the problem encountered in automatic cartographic sounding selection is presented. Then the authors give the principle of the new algorithm,and the implementation is illuminated in detail. At last the experiments prove the rationality and efficiency of the new algorithm.     

An Ontology of the Submarine Relief for Analysis and Representation on Nautical Charts

Abstract

A nautical chart is a kind of map used to describe the seafloor morphology and shoreline of adjacent lands. One of its main purposes is to guarantee safety of navigation. As a consequence, the construction of a nautical chart follows very specific rules. The cartographer has to select and highlight undersea features according to their relevance to navigation. In an automated process, the system must be able to identify and classify these features from the terrain model. This paper aims therefore to define ontologies of the submarine relief and nautical chart that will be at the root of a model-oriented generalization process. To the best of our knowledge, no ontology has been defined to formalize the geographical and cartographic objects for nautical chart representation. Thus, a bottom-up approach was developed to extract and model knowledge derived from standards established by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and cartographers’ expertise. The submarine relief ontology formalizes undersea features describing the submarine relief. Four concepts (composition, morphometric class, shape value and depth value) are introduced to describe properties and relationships between undersea features. The cartographic representation ontology of nautical charts will define several concepts (chart, features, isobathymetric lines and soundings) for the representation of undersea features on the chart.     

An algorithm for automatic cartographic sounding selection

Soundings on nautical charts provide information about the shape of ocean bottom between chart depth curves. A single chart may have thousands of soundings posted on it. This paper describes a new algorithm for selecting soundings automatically. At first, the problem encountered in automatic cartographic sounding selection is presented. Then the authors give the principle of the new algorithm, and the implementation is illuminated in detail. At last the experiments prove the rationality and efficiency of the new algorithm.     

顾及局部差异的航海图线要素复杂度度量EI北大核心CSCD

针对当前线要素复杂度的度量多基于单一线要素求取整体复杂程度,难以顾及局部差异变化这一现状,提出一种用于航海图线要素复杂程度的度量方法。首先,分析了线要素节点所构三角网边长与线要素复杂程度的关联性;然后,通过构建约束Delaunay三角网、计算线要素数据点复杂度并内插等操作,得到了航海图线要素复杂场;最后,选取两组不同的典型海域航海图作为试验数据,并通过统计试验验证了本文方法的合理性。试验结果表明:本文方法在顾及局部差异的基础上,能较好地定义航海图线要素的复杂度,并可精细化地定量评估航海图线要素在各区域的复杂程度。     

基于等距圆的极球面投影距离量测方法

研究了极球面投影海图上准确便捷地量测距离的方法。推导了极球面投影下大圆航线和等角航线的方程,形状分析表明极区宜采用大圆航线量测距离;根据极球面投影下直线的几何意义推导了其距离计算公式,距离差值分析表明可用直线代替大圆航线准确量测距离;根据极球面投影上小圆线投影为圆的性质,提出了一种基于等距圆的准确便捷的距离量测方法,以满足极球面投影海图的极区导航应用需要。     

How Large Was the Earth in the Sixteenth Century? The Length of the Degree of Latitude in the Iberian Cartography of the Renaissance

In this paper, the results of a cartometric analysis of a number of Portuguese and Spanish charts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are presented and conclusions are drawn concerning the length of the degree of latitude adopted in the Iberian nautical cartography of the Renaissance. Under the light of what we know about the navigational and charting methods of the time, a new interpretation of the textual and cartographic sources is proposed. Rather than being the result of technical considerations or precise measurements, the adoption of the various standards during this long period appears to be no more than the echoes of the traditional models of the Earth and of the political disputes between Portugal and Spain.     

CAPTAIN WILLIAM BLIGH,R.N., HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYOR

Abstract

The name of Bligh will for all time be associated with the incident of the Bounty Mutiny during his first mission of transporting the Bread Fruit to the West Indies. This was, however, but one episode in his eventful career in the Royal Navy. At various times he took part in scientific expeditions and voyages of discovery, commanded fighting ships, etc. Between 1797 and 1803 he fulfilled the duty of hydrographic surveyor and carried out a number of surveys of limited areas in the British Isles and adjacent coasts of Europe. These examinations, of which the River Humber, Dublin Bay, Dungeness and the mouth of the River Schelde are the most detailed, were valuable additions to hydrographic knowledge, coming as they did before organized surveying as we know it today had fully established itself.     

数字河流数据的组织和制图综合

本文概略地介绍了通过使数据合理化和溪流顺序排列的软件的研制,把某些结构引入TIS已拥有的河流数据里所进行的工作。这项工作不仅施惠于水文学和地理学,而且可用于制图。它便于根据重新组织过的数据在逻辑上的联结,借助计算机生产各种比例尺的制图综合过的地图。综合样图以英格兰西南部的水系加以说明。     

Northern marine transportation corridors: Creation and analysis of northern marine traffic routes in Canadian waters

The concept of the Northern Marine Transportation Corridors (NMTC) initiative was developed under the Government of Canada World‐Class Tanker Safety System Initiative (WCTSS). The NMTC is an interdepartmental Arctic initiative within the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), through the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and the Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS), in collaboration with Transport Canada (TC). The NMTC initiative was developed to strengthen the safety of marine navigation in the Arctic, and to offer an efficient planning guide for present and future Arctic investments. Transportation corridors identified through this initiative will provide the Government of Canada the framework needed to better prioritize and deliver on its programs and services, including: nautical charts and products; aids to navigation; icebreaking services; and marine safety regulations. The corridors were generated and analyzed with a Geographic Information System (GIS) using two main data sources: the Automated Identification System (AIS) and CHS's nautical charts and publications. The geographic extent of the NMTC is defined as the Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Service Zone (NORDREG Zone) and the Mackenzie River. With close to 4 million km² of water in the Arctic and 162,000 km of coastline, surveying the Arctic to modern standards represents an enormous challenge to CHS. By adopting a corridor‐based approach, CHS and other government programs can prioritize their efforts on 12% of the Canadian Arctic waters. CHS currently has 32% of the NMTC adequately surveyed, with an additional 3% surveyed to modern standards.     

THE UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY: ITS WORK AND PRODUCTS

Abstract

As the name of the Coast and Geodetic Survey indicates, it is the agency of the United States Government which is responsible for geodetic control surveys. Originally our geodetic surveys were made for control of surveys of the coast and to provide a proper base for the nautical charts of the coastal waters. By Congressional action in 1871 these activities were expanded to furnish basic control for the interior of the country, including geodetic connections between the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts of the United States.     

从规则格网DEM自动提取汇水区域及其子区域的方法

从DEM自动提取的汇水区域及其子区域信息对进一步的水文分析有着重要的辅助作用.在经过洼地处理的DEM及得到水流方向矩阵的基础上,本文提出并实现了一种汇水区域及其子区域的提取算法.该算法首先提取整个DEM区域内每条河流的汇水区域,然后按照不同的要求划分子区域.经过试验,与现有的方法相比,该算法在提取效率和结果准确性方面都有明显提高.     

融媒体环境下航海地图集的设计模式探讨

在融媒体环境下,航海地图集处在一个新的发展节点上,在设计思路上体现出新需求。通过回顾航海地图集发展的历史进程,梳理了发展脉络,总结了融媒体时代航海地图集的新特征,提出了综合航海地图集的基于层次模型的总体设计思路、基于"三维度立方体"的图幅内容设计模式和融媒体海图服务体系。航海地图集与其他类型海洋空间信息服务手段的融合能形成多渠道的服务体验。     

SOME HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYORS OF THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY

Abstract

In previous contributions to the Review the author outlined the development of hydrographic surveying in this country during the latter half of the 18th century. The surveys which Mackenzie, Spence and Bligh carried out at this time were largely inshore, covering areas within sight of land where prominent marks could be used for fixing by sextant resection. This was natural enough, for the accurate delineation of the hydrography of coastal waters and channels was an obvious starting point once the navigator had become convinced of the value of a precise hydrographic survey in his quest for safe navigation. It was soon apparent, however, that some of the offshore banks were equally dangerous from a navigation standpoint, particularly in the North Sea where many shoals and banks lay close to established and well-used shipping lanes. Time and time again vessels had foundered on these banks simply through a lack of accurate information about their true position and extent; on the existing charts they were either badly misplaced or oftimes not shown at all.     

Improved vessel squat modeling for hydrographic and navigation applications using kinematic GNSS positioning

The squat phenomenon, that is, the sinkage of a vessel due to its motion can affect the safety of navigation and reduce the accuracy of hydrographic bathymetry. Therefore, it is necessary to model and predict the squat of vessels as a function of cruise speed. We present a Global Navigation Satellite Systems–based squat modeling method for both hydrographic and navigation applications. For implementation of the proposed method, onboard GPS antennae configurations are offered to model bow squat for full-form ships such as supertankers or ore–bulk–oil carriers as well as stern squat for fine-form vessels such as passenger liners or container ships. In the proposed methodology, the onboard GPS observations are used to determine cruise ground speed, heave, attitude, and controlling the quality of kinematic positioning via fixed baselines. The vessel squat is computed from ellipsoidal height differences of the onboard antennae with respect to a reference state, after removal of all disturbing effects due to roll, pitch, heave, tide, vessel load, and geoidal height variations. The final products of the proposed approach are the analytical squat models usable for hydrographic and navigation applications. As the case study, the method is applied to a survey vessel in the offshore waters of Kish harbor. Numerical results indicate that the experimental precision of the derived analytical squat models is in the range of 0.003–0.028 m. The computed navigation squat of the test vessel at a speed of 12.64 knots is 30 % of the vessel draft and about twice its hydrographic squat. Although the field test was performed on a survey vessel, the method can be applied to any ship at any waterway. The proposed method can address the inevitable demand of reliable squat models for delicate hydrographic projects and high-speed marine traffic.     

空间影响域覆盖最大的航标自动选取方法

针对当前海图制图综合中航标手工选取作业效率低、选取结果受限于作业人员业务水平和工作态度等不足,提出了一种基于空间影响域覆盖最大的航标自动选取方法。通过定义空间影响域,创建空间影响域模型,加权评估航标地理位置重要性,设计空间影响域覆盖最大的分轮次自动选取策略,实现了航标的自动选取。实验结果表明:本文方法实现了航标的自动选取且结果符合《中国航海图编绘规范》要求,能避免手工选取可能存在的明显失误和不同作业人员可能导致的结果不一致性,作业效率明显高于当前普遍使用的手工选取方法。     

An ontology-driven multi-agent system for nautical chart generalization

ABSTRACT

On nautical charts, undersea features are portrayed by sets of soundings (depth points) and isobaths (depth contours) from which map readers can interpret undersea features. Different techniques were developed for automatic sounding selection and isobath generalization. These methods are mainly used to generate a new chart from the bathymetric database or from a larger scale chart through selection and simplification. However, a part of the process consists in selecting and emphasizing undersea features formed by groups of soundings and isobaths on the chart according to their relevance to maritime navigation. Hence, automation of the process requires classification of features and their generalization through the application of a set of operators according not only to geometric constraints but also to their meaning.

The objective of this work is to conceive a multi-agent system (MAS) for nautical chart generalization that is driven by the knowledge on the generalization process and the undersea features and their relationships. First, this work provides a feature-centered ontology modeling of the generalization process. Then, the MAS structure is introduced where agents access cartographic knowledge stored in the ontology. The MAS makes use of measure algorithms to evaluate constraint violations on the chart in order to decide which generalization operators to apply. The whole model has been implemented to provide generalization plans on a real case study.     

THE HYDROGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT OF THE ADMIRALTY: (I) HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION

Abstract

The Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty performs a number of functions appropriate to its status as an Admiralty Department but it is also responsible through its head, the Hydrographer of the Navy, for the compilation, publication and distribution to the Merchant Navy and the public, as well as to the Fleet, of Admiralty charts and of other nautical publications concerned with the safety of navigation. The latter comprise the “Admiralty Sailing Directions”, the “Admiralty Tide and Tidal Stream Tables”, the the “Admiralty List of Lights” and the “Admiralty List of Radio Signals ”.