层状含水页岩的抗拉强度特性试验研究

为分析层理和水对页岩的抗拉强度特性的影响,现场选取龙马溪组黑色页岩制备成4种含水状态含层理页岩,沿与层理呈0°、30°、60°和90°夹角加载进行巴西劈裂圆盘试验,试验过程同步进行声发射测试,并采用离散元软件3DEC对试验结果进行数值模拟验证。结果表明,相比于含层理页岩,同时考虑含水和层理的页岩在巴西劈裂试验中有其独特的破坏模式和力学特性。含层理页岩的巴西劈裂破坏模式和抗拉强度均与层理角度和含水率有关,破坏模式主要受控于层理与荷载的加载方向,水虽不会影响其破坏模式但能够导致次生裂纹的形成。抗拉强度则表现出随层理角度的增加而先减小后增大,随含水率的增加而减小的趋势。并且,在页岩同时受水和层理损伤作用时,受层理损伤程度越大,水对其损伤程度也越高。通过对含层理不同含水率页岩的微观结构分析得到了上述变化规律的内在机制,即页岩层理面处的内部矿物颗粒遇水膨胀,产生膨胀力作用,使页岩内部结构变得松散、破碎,微裂纹逐渐增多、变宽,宏观表现为次生裂纹的增多,矿物颗粒间的黏结力也在水的作用下降低从而使页岩的抗拉强度下降。     

单轴压缩下龙马溪组页岩各向异性特征研究

层状页岩的各向异性在页岩气开采中十分重要,以龙马溪层状页岩为研究对象,对不同层理方向取芯、平行于层理面取芯的页岩进行了电镜扫描和单轴压缩试验。结果表明:页岩的微观描述、单轴压缩参数各向异性明显;应力-应变曲线属于Ⅱ类曲线,且5个阶段不明显;破坏类型主要有3种:0°~15°时为竖向劈裂型张拉破坏,30°~60°时为沿层理弱面的剪切滑移破坏,75°~90°时为穿切层理面的剪切破坏,取芯角度不同,对应的曲线之间差异较大。与层理面成30°时单轴抗压强度最小,0°和90°附近相对较大;弹性模量和纵波波速相关性较好,都随着角度的增加而减小;平行于层理面取芯的样品其横观各向异性不明显,可近似看作横观各向同性体;微裂隙发育、独特的破坏类型是造成各向异性的主要原因。     

层状含水页岩蠕变特性试验研究

为分析层理和水对页岩的蠕变特性影响,室内制取0°、30°、60°、90°和不含层理5种页岩,每种层理页岩均处理成干燥、自然、不饱水、饱水4种含水状态,对其进行单轴压缩下的蠕变试验。试验结果表明,（1）层理角度和含水率对页岩的蠕变特性均有较大影响。同一含水率下随层理角度的增大,页岩的初始瞬时弹性呈指数式减小,瞬时弹性模量成指数式增加。相同层理角度下,随含水率升高,页岩的初始瞬时弹性应变线性增长,瞬时弹性模量线性下降;（2）采用含有弹性元件、黏性元件及开尔文体的“伯格斯”蠕变模型对页岩的蠕变过程进行描述,并对模型的参数进行了反演和验证,表明该模型能够较好地反映页岩的蠕变特征。根据试验所得层理和水对页岩蠕变变形的影响规律,通过瞬时弹性模量和黏性系数与层理角度和含水率的拟合关系,将蠕变模型中的瞬时弹性模量和黏性系数替换为层理倾角和含水率的函数,构建了能够反映页岩层理和含水率的蠕变模型。     

层状页岩力学特性及其破坏模式研究

采用MTS815型岩石力学试验机进行了页岩层理面不同角度取芯的力学试验,获得了其力学参数及破坏模式特征。试验表明：层理面不同角度试样力学性质存在较大差异性,平行层理面试样其抗压强度最高,与层理面夹角为30°时抗压强度最低,弹性模量随取芯角度的增加逐渐降低。单轴压缩,夹角为0°时破坏模式主要为沿多个平行层理面竖向劈裂,夹角为30°时沿层理弱面剪切破坏,夹角为60°时为大角度剪切破坏并贯穿60°弱层理面,夹角为90°时主要为层状拉张破坏。三轴压缩,夹角为0°时试样有多条破裂面,呈劈裂与剪切破坏共同作用;夹角为30°时,沿层理面剪切破坏;夹角为60°时,呈现剪切破坏,剪切破裂面与水平面夹角在45°~50°之间;夹角为90°时,以剪切破坏为主,有多条平行开裂层面。页岩层理面表现出明显的弱面特征,研究结果为水力压裂施工设计提供了技术参数。     

单轴压缩条件下岩溶化裂隙岩体损伤破坏特征研究

岩溶化裂隙岩体是普遍发育于自然界中具有初始损伤的岩体。为了研究岩溶化裂隙岩体损伤破坏特征,本文以贵州某地赋存的溶蚀岩体为研究对象,运用损伤力学理论构建岩溶化裂隙岩体在单轴压缩条件下的损伤演化模型,并建立岩溶化裂隙岩体损伤演化方程。采用颗粒流数值软件进行单轴压缩数值试验,进一步研究岩溶化裂隙岩体试件在单轴压缩条件下的损伤演化特征,分析岩溶化裂隙岩体的微观损伤特征。结果表明：岩溶化裂隙岩体的初始损伤主要包括溶蚀损伤和裂隙损伤。岩溶化裂隙岩体的初始损伤随着溶蚀率的增加而增加,最终增加速率趋于平缓;岩溶化裂隙岩体的损伤演化曲线均呈“S”型变化,先缓慢增加,再迅速增加,最后缓慢增加至损伤值1;岩溶化裂隙岩体存在异构特征,导致破坏裂隙起源于具有初始损伤的溶蚀孔洞和裂隙处,随后裂隙经历萌发、扩张和剪切作用、数量和长度增加以及裂隙贯通4个阶段后发生宏观破坏。     

单轴压缩条件下闪长岩的声发射特征

外荷作用下的岩石变形破坏过程可以用岩石声发射特征来反映。本文以闪长岩为研究对象,将岩芯沿与岩芯轴线夹角分别为0°、45°、90°方向加工成直径为50 mm、高为100 mm的圆柱状试样,进行了试样的单轴压缩试验和声发射试验,将声发射特征参数(包括振铃计数、事件数、能量)用瞬时参数与累计参数来表征,分析了岩石变形破坏过程中声发射特征参数的变化情况,研究了传感器位置对声发射参数的影响,提出了Kaiser点的确定方法。结果表明,根据振铃计数与声发射事件数,声发射过程可分成声发射活跃期和声发射平静期;声发射活跃期共有三次,每次持续时间均短暂且均伴随着裂隙的产生与扩展,声发射平静期共有两次、分别发生于新生裂隙出现之后和岩石完全破坏之前;能量在岩石完全破坏前一段时间内释放较少,在岩石破坏时释放很多;传感器位于试样上部和下部时声发射特征参数整体变化趋势一致,但位于下部时声发射参数变化更具有明显的三次声发射活跃期和两次声发射平静期; Kaiser点可以结合声发射特征瞬时与累计参数准确确定。研究成果对分析岩石的变形破坏机理具有一定的参考价值。 更多还原     

单轴压缩下高温后砂岩的声发射特征

通过在单轴压缩下实施的声发射测试,研究焦作砂岩受20～1 200 ℃温度作用后的声发射演变过程;结合不同温度下砂岩的力学性质,通过声发射参数分析研究砂岩在不同受力阶段的声发射特点。研究表明：400 ℃以内温度对砂岩的声发射影响不太明显,在100 ℃后和600 ℃后声发射振铃累计数均发生急剧变化,100 ℃是砂岩裂纹扩展发育的门槛值,600 ℃后砂岩内部结构成分发生了变化,声发射现象较为明显。600～1 200 ℃时,砂岩呈现出明显的脆塑性转变现象,高温导致声发射信号的时间有所推迟,声发射信号增长率不断上升。1 200 ℃后,砂岩释放密集的声发射信号,呈现出塑性破坏特征。     

流固耦合作用下页岩破裂过程的数值模拟

为探究流固耦合作用下页岩的破裂过程和声发射特征,利用RFPA^2D-Flow数值软件分别对黔北地区牛蹄塘组不同层理倾角页岩进行流固耦合数值模拟。研究表明：由于层理结构的影响,页岩抗压强度和弹性模量均表现出明显的各向异性。页岩的破裂过程可分为弹性、屈服和破坏3个阶段,随着层理倾角的变化,页岩最终表现出3种破坏模式,分别为斜I型、V型和火焰型。层理倾角不同的页岩,其破裂过程中的声发射信号演化规律不同。对低层理倾角（0°、15°、30°）的试样,累计AE曲线表现为“平缓—线性—台阶—平缓”的变化规律;高层理倾角（60°、75°、90°）试样的累计AE曲线呈现“平缓—线性—陡增”的变化规律;当α=45°时,累计AE曲线表现为“平缓—线性—激增—平缓—激增”的变化规律,且其AE计数出现两个峰值。     

单轴压缩下饱水花岗岩破裂过程声发射频谱特征试验研究

通过开展饱水花岗岩单轴压缩声发射试验,采用快速傅里叶变换提取声发射信号主频及次主频,进一步提出了综合表征声发射信号频谱特征的参数:主频比F ,即主频与次主频的比值,研究岩石破裂过程声发射频谱特征。研究结果表明:饱水花岗岩破裂过程声发射主频、次主频频带数量呈现“3→6→3”先增大后减小的规律,与主频分布特征相比,次主频低频区间占比减小,中、高频区间占比增大,次主频总体平均值比主频高约5 kHz。声发射主频比尸分布区间在弹性阶段达到最大:0 < F < 8 ,且F≠1,根据主频比与1 的关系,可将声发射信号划分为2 类:A 类信号(0 < F < 1 ),其主频小于次主频;B 类信号(1 < F < 8 ),其主频大于次主频。总体来看,饱水花岗岩破裂过程声发射A 类与B 类信号的数量关系约为3:2, A 类信号数量相对较多,特别是塑性阶段A 类信号占绝对优势,其数量为B 类信号的3.0?3.5倍。饱水花岗岩破裂过程声发射A 、B类信号事件率近似同步变化,二者均出现明显的平静期前兆特征,在实际应用时,可以对岩石破裂过程数量庞大且计算繁琐的声发射信号进行甄别,选择A、B 两类信号中的一种,进而实现对岩石破坏前兆信息的快速有效识别。     

页岩单轴压缩应力-应变特征及能量各向异性

层理对页岩力学性质和应变能的积聚和耗散具有重要影响,以不同层理面角度下龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,开展电镜扫描试验和单轴压缩试验,研究起裂、扩容和峰值特征点的应力-应变、弹性模量和泊松比的各向异性特征,分析其页岩变形破坏过程中输入应变能、可释放弹性应变能和耗散应变能的变化规律,揭示输入应变能与层理面角度和抗压强度的关系。结果表明：龙马溪组页岩脆性矿物含量达到72.58%,微观结构各向异性明显;随层理面角度增加,起裂、扩容和峰值特征点的应力和应变都先减少后增大,在 30°时均达到一个最低值,总体上呈现两边高、中间低的U型变化规律;随层理面角度增加,起裂、扩容和峰值特征点的输入应变能、可释放弹性应变能和耗散应变能也先减少后增大,在 30°时均达到一个最低值;各特征点的应力、应变和应变能各向异性敏感性明显,0°≤ ≤30°和30°≤ ≤60°内各向异性的敏感性大于60°≤ ≤90°;起裂应力和扩容应力均与峰值应力呈线性相关,同时峰值应变能与抗压强度存在相应的二次非线性关系,这为页岩气钻井、储层压裂改造和井壁稳定性预测预警提供了根据和参考。     

Brittle failure of shale under uniaxial compression

Shale gas reservoirs are characterized by tight matrix, well-developed micro-fissures, and laminations. The study about the failure of shale under compression is of great significance to safe drilling operation and the subsequent reservoir stimulation. The variation of rock mechanical properties with the angle between the axial stress and bedding plane normal (coring angle) is analyzed based on laboratory tests. A failure criterion is applied and verified to describe the strength of shale. Moreover, ultrasonic technology is used to study the damage characteristics of shale during the uniaxial compression process. The experimental results show that shale strength decreases initially and then increases with the increase of the coring angle. The Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio increase with the increase of coring angle. In a compression process, damage is essentially the development of new micro-cracks induced by the compression. Shale failure is the microscopical reflection of the process of the generation and expansion of axial micro-cracks, so it is the result of damage accumulation. The variation of the lateral p wave velocity can function as a monitor of the development process of shale damage. The damage factor will increase in the linear elastic stage and then enlarge rapidly after entering the stage of unstable micro-crack expansion.     

节理试件单轴压缩下的破碎特征分析

为了研究节理化程度和节理倾角对岩体破碎特征影响,对不同节理化试件在单轴压缩后的破碎体进行了筛分实验。按照单轴压缩后的碎屑粒径分布大小不同,将其分为粗粒、中粒、细粒、微粒4个级别,通过计算碎屑的粒度质量分数、粒度频数、比表面积和分形维数,分析了相同节理层间距不同节理化条件下,随节理倾角的变化,试件的块度分布特征变化规律。结果显示：随着节理倾角的增大,试件的破碎程度均是先减小后增大,β为45°时破碎程度最低,β为0°、30°、90°的破碎程度较高。节理中心距为30 mm时,节理连通率越小,破碎越严重。节理连通率为0.8时,节理中心距越大,破碎越严重。     

Study of the brittle fracture process under uniaxial compression

Static friction along inclined cracks in photoelastic models increases with both the loading and frictional displacement before the larger crack-wall asperities are broken or completely over-ridden. Elastic shocks resulting from successive stick-slip during this stage can be repeated more or less indefinitely with repeated loading and unloading. Locked-in residual stresses, especially around crack tips, result when the model is unloaded, because of frictional coupling between crack walls. Favorable crack arrays for initial growth in the model include particular sets of en-echelon cracks inclined 45° to the stress axis, but the critical orientation may be smaller in brittle rock if crack-wall friction in rock is greater than in the model. Axial growth of en-echelon cleavage cracks, inclined at angles smaller than 45°, was observed in feldspar during deformation of a pegmatite having a mineralogy and texture similar to granite. Their growth follows predictions derived from photoelastic model studies.Crack growth in the pegmatite begins between half and two-thirds of the ultimate strength. The first flaws to grow, however, also include pre-existing axially oriented cleavage cracks in the feldspar. Crack growth occurs randomly throughout the specimen as stress is increased, without much evidence that grain boundaries are activated for crack growth. But when the applied stress approaches the ultimate strength, two new features are observed. There is an abrupt development of finite frictional slip along favorably inclined flaws and grain boundaries, beginning with displacements of the order of the dimensions of grain-boundary asperities. Crack growth still occurs at various locations throughout the specimen at this stage, but there is also a detectable concentration of growth along potential shear zones. Flaw-wall friction appears to be one of the critical factors that determine the pegmatite's ultimate strength and the instability of through-going fracture.     

单轴条件下层状盐岩的表面裂纹扩展分析

利用荧光法和细观分析技术对单轴条件下层状盐岩表面裂纹扩展及分布进行了研究,并简要分析了国内外盐岩物理力学性质的差异。试验结果表明：纯盐岩表面裂纹以盐晶粒间错动裂纹为主,晶间裂纹扩展贯通形成破坏性主裂纹,裂纹分布受盐晶粒大小及分布均匀性的影响,国外细晶粒盐岩的强度和变形能力均大于国内粗晶粒纯盐岩;纯夹层表面裂纹多产生在几种矿物交杂沉积处,裂纹分布由夹层矿物成分和组成结构决定;含夹层盐岩表面裂纹扩展分布受夹层与盐岩界面过渡形式影响,一般锯齿型交界面裂纹由盐岩部分主裂纹向夹层扩展而成,而过渡分明并含有薄泥层的交界面裂纹由盐岩部分主裂纹和泥层碎散型裂纹汇集扩展而成     

Quantitative analysis of meso-damage evolution for shale under in situ uniaxial compression conditions

In order to investigate the meso-damage evolution of shale, four uniaxial compressive tests were conducted using X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) equipment. Two of the four samples were conducted the in situ compression tests, from which a series of CT images at different stress levels were got during the loading process. Based on those CT images, a new damage variable was first proposed to quantitatively analyze the damage evolution of shale under uniaxial compression condition. Analysis results show that the evolution of the damage variable is consistent with both the mesoscopic CT images and the macroscopic stress–strain, which can well characterize the meso-damage evolution of shale. Additionally, the parameters of crack area and crack length were obtained to quantitatively describe the cracking characteristics. The statistical results demonstrate that the distributions of crack are closely related to the scanning stress levels and the scanning elevations. These quantitative conclusions are important to understand the meso-damage evolution and the cracking mechanism of shale.