软土地区盾构掘进速度对地层扰动现场试验研究

针对上海软土地区盾构隧道工程,在盾构穿越监测断面全过程调整掘进速度,观察监测断面的水、土压力以及地层稳定性变化。根据实测并结合土体固结比、承压水等地层土性影响,运用土体扰动机制综合评定掘进速度改变的影响规律。分析表明,盾构在软土地区4倍直径(D=6.2 m)埋深地层中施工,在盾构土舱压力、注浆量等参数均不变的条件下,仅调整千斤顶推进速度变化对土体压力及变形的扰动效应有较大影响。盾构推进速度降低会使水、土压力的扰动空间范围减小、扰动所产生的压力增量减小,也使地表隆沉变化值更稳定。相应变化值由埋深和推速降低比例决定。试验为今后判断软土地区4D埋深盾构掘进速度扰动效应提供参考。     

盾构穿越砂卵石地层地表沉降特征细宏观分析

以成都砂卵石地层中地铁1号线的土压平衡盾构掘进施工为研究背景,采用室内试验、PFC2D二维颗粒流程序和 Plaxis 3D有限元软件对盾构穿越砂卵石地层地表沉降特征进行了细宏观数值模拟,揭示了土压盾构穿越砂卵石地层的失稳机制和沉降规律,并结合实际施工参数和实测地表沉降数据进行了对比分析,获得了土压盾构在砂卵石地层中掘进引起的地表横向沉降槽和纵向沉降槽曲线,分析了不同大小的开挖面土仓压力和盾尾注浆压力对地表沉降的影响,给出了砂卵石地层开挖面土仓压力的建议值和盾尾注浆压力参数的合理取值范围。细宏观分析表明,与注浆压力相比较,土仓压力对地表最大沉降曲线的形状影响较小;但必须关注土仓压力的变化,在砂卵石地层中由于土拱效应对开挖面稳定性影响较大,甚至发生突然坍塌破坏。     

双圆盾构施工土体沉降参数敏感性分析

依托上海轨道交通M6线9标双圆盾构区间隧道工程,选取试验段对双圆盾构施工参数进行了敏感性分析。试验过程中调整土舱压力、盾尾注浆量、推进速度等施工参数,动态监测双圆盾构施工引起的横向、纵向深层土体沉降规律。所得结论对于双圆盾构施工参数优化、减小环境土工影响具有一定借鉴意义。     

超大直径土压平衡盾构施工对环境影响的现场监测研究

软土地层中盾构法隧道施工对周围环境影响的控制是施工中最为关心问题。依托上海迎宾三路?14.27 m土压平衡盾构隧道工程,通过在试验段布设监测断面、调整施工参数,研究超大直径土压平衡盾构施工诱发的地表沉降分布和发展规律。通过分析发现,超大直径土压平衡盾构施工中土舱压力和同步注浆参数的设定决定了地表沉降的发展规律,其中同步注浆的参数设定对于控制地表沉降起关键作用。同步注浆填充效果不佳会导致盾尾上方较大范围内地表沉降发展明显,距离盾尾越近,沉降速率越大,而填充效果较好时,地表沉降可以得到有效控制,Peck公式比较适于盾尾间隙填充效果不佳的情况。另外,监测数据揭示,盾构停推过程中超孔隙水压力逐渐消散,地表沉降持续发展,距离盾尾越近的位置地表沉降发展速率越大。     

盾构近距离穿越施工对已运营隧道的扰动影响分析

基于盾构施工对周围土体及构筑物的扰动影响机理,通过实测数据对盾构近距离穿越扰动影响问题进行了定量分析,并讨论了运营隧道对各盾构施工参数的敏感性.研究结果表明盾构穿越对已建地铁隧道的扰动影响主要以隧道的竖向位移为主.随着盾构推进,隧道结构纵向上呈波浪状,其隆起峰值不断沿推进方向移动.盾尾后隧道段受盾构穿越的影响显著,但隆起峰值始终位于盾尾后.     

近间距大直径公路盾构隧道施工相互影响分析

结合一外径11.36 m、近距段净距4.0～5.7 m的上海某公路盾构隧道土体和管片位移及应变的监测成果,就后建隧道施工对先建隧道的影响进行了分析。分析结果表明,盾构的推进使隧道间土体朝掘进方向和已建隧道方向侧移,沿深度的最大侧移量发生在隧道中心深度以上0.2D（D为隧道外径）左右;盾尾到达及管片脱出注浆工况阶段,隧道间土体及已建隧道临近面上拱腰处的侧移量达到最大;已建隧道管片呈现上部内敛、下部外扩的变形形态,且临近后建隧道面变形值较大。     

新建盾构隧道上穿对既有隧道的变形影响分析

针对上海地铁11号线上、下穿越既有地铁4号线的多线叠交复杂工况,构建三维弹塑性有限元模型,研究在不同净距、不同土仓压力、不同注浆量下新建隧道盾构穿越对既有隧道管片变形的影响。根据模拟结果和实测数据,结合因素正交分析,提出多线叠交隧道施工影响系数的概念。研究结果表明,在新建隧道穿越既有隧道的过程中,新旧隧道之间的净距在影响系数中所占权重最大,土仓压力次之,注浆量权重较小。研究成果可为多线叠交盾构隧道施工微扰动控制技术以及隧道变形计算提供一定的理论基础。     

盾构动态掘进中围岩变形特性的数值实验研究

为了解软弱土层盾构隧道围岩的变形特性,结合某市地铁盾构下穿既有桥梁结构工程实例,建立每个分析步下盾构动态掘进三维数值模型。模型建立在库仑屈服准则和孔隙水达西定律推导的固结有限元方程上,综合考虑刀盘扭矩、推进力、土仓压力、桥基荷载及孔隙水压力等影响盾构施工质量的诸多因素,结合室内三轴实验和现场实测数据,对盾构动态掘进过程建模原理、模型合理性、围岩变形特性及桥梁结构安全等问题进行研究。研究结果表明:盾构掘进对围岩变形影响表现为接近、穿越和远离3个阶段;盾构接近断面时,受刀盘扭矩、推进力和土仓压力的影响,前方地表出现拱起;盾构穿过、远离断面后,围岩发生沉降、向隧道内和向前运动趋势,变形主要集中洞口上方,呈槽型;地表/桥基沉降计算和实测值吻合,围岩变形能够满足盾构隧道施工安全。     

大直径泥水盾构隧道穿越复杂环境地层变形敏感性研究

盾构隧道掘进过程中将不可避免地穿越建筑结构密集区域,尤其是当穿越的建筑结构建造时间较长、基础较为薄弱,且地层变形超过特定极限时,建筑基础容易发生不均匀沉降和上部结构的额外变形。为了明确大直径泥水盾构隧道穿越复杂环境地层变形影响因素,更好掌握地层变形规律,本文以武汉地铁8号线黄浦路站—徐家棚站越江隧道工程为依托,运用大型通用有限元软件Plaxis3D建立三维有限元模型进行施工过程模拟,分别研究了覆土厚度、开挖面支护压力、盾壳段土体损失、盾尾注浆压力对地表沉降规律的敏感程度;并将数值模拟结果与现场实测值进行对比分析,结果发现有限元计算结果与实测结果具有较好的一致性,从而验证了数值模型的有效性。本文研究将为后续大直径泥水平衡盾构参数的选取提供方法指导。     

盾构隧道施工土体扰动范围研究

盾构隧道施工,隧道周边土体应力场发生改变,临近隧道土体因应力扰动出现塑性区,塑性区的分布范围与注浆压力、注浆量等注浆参数密切相关。塑性区被认为是施工扰动比较严重的区域,为分析盾构施工扰动范围,基于小孔扩张理论研究了注浆压力、注浆量对土体扰动塑性区的影响,推导了塑性区与注浆压力和注浆量之间的函数关系。在定义扰动评价标准基础上,提出应用有限元计算盾构施工塑性区和扰动范围的一种简捷实用的数值方法。最后采用静力触探现场测试盾构施工扰动范围,并与理论公式及有限元方法进行比较,理论公式、有限元及现场测试三者取得了较为一致的结果,验证了推荐方法的有效性。其研究结果可对盾构施工注浆参数的正确选择提供理论支持。     

月壤及模拟月壤微观结构的研究

为了对比研究月壤与模拟月壤的微观结构,介绍了月壤的形成作用过程和5种基本颗粒类型;通过真实月壤照片,对月壤微观结构进行了分析;利用火山灰为模拟月壤主体材料,对其成分进行了检测;对模拟月壤的火山灰颗粒进行了显微图像分析试验。结果表明,月壤存在胶结物微观颗粒,胶结物颗粒具有分支的组织形态和封闭的气泡,并且有金属铁珠存在;火山灰所含的主要成分及含量与月壤相似,经过粉碎的火山灰试样棱角较为明显,其纵横比峰值略小,稍显长条状,但与月壤比较相近,而复杂度因子则略有欠缺,说明颗粒还不够粗糙和多棱     

侧向土体耦合作用对土层地震反应的影响

把侧向土体耦合作用简化为一个弹性系数为k的弹簧和一个阻尼系数为η的线性阻尼器并联作用，建立了考虑耦合作用静止边界－一维土层地震反应波动方程，并给出了其完全解析解，为进一步分析侧向土体耦合作用对土层地震反应的影响，土层密度统一取1900kg/m^3，针对不同的土层厚度：10，20，30米，不同的剪切模量：42．75MPa(剪切波速150m/s)，118．75MPa(剪切波速250m/s),232.75MPa(剪切波速350m/s),k,η分别取不同的数值，进行土层地震反应计算，计算结果表明，k,η对地震动位移峰值，速度峰值影响较小，k对地震动加速峰值影响较大，k减少加速度峰值增大，k增大加速度峰值减少，最大影响程度可达15％以上，η对地震动加速度峰值影响较大，η减少加速度峰值增大；η增大加速度峰值减小，最大影响程度可达25％以上。     

Laboratory tests on soil conditioning of clayey soil

Tunnelling in difficult and challenging conditions such as soft soils in urban areas is increasing. In this condition, it is important to minimise the possible negative effect of the tunnel excavation, such as settlement or, in the worst case, collapses. To achieve this result, earth pressure balance machines are commonly used. One of the key parameters that must be considered for an optimal management of the EPB-TBM excavation is soil conditioning since the excavated muck must properly transmit the pressure to the tunnel face. Soil conditioning is also necessary to reduce the effect of the problems, such as clogging in clay layers, that can occur during the excavation and that can affect the performance of the tools and of the entire tunnelling process. For this reason, in the last decade, much research has been carried out to understand how to deal with and reduce the effects of clogging and stickiness, using different conditioning additives. These studies have proposed several different test procedures to evaluate the effect of the conditioning on the adhesion of the soil on the metallic parts of the machines. The present research has been carried out with the aim of proposing a new approach and new devices to study clay conditioning with laboratory tests, and the results of many tests carried out with the proposed device are presented and discussed.     

离子土壤固化剂改性膨胀土的试验研究

利用离子土壤固化剂（ionic soil stabilizer,简称ISS）对河南安阳地区膨胀土进行化学改性试验研究,通过不同配比的自由膨胀率试验结果,结合施工成本,得出ISS溶液改良膨胀土的最优配合比为1:350。对ISS溶液最优配合比改性后土体进行收缩试验、膨胀性试验、固结快剪、高压固结及水浸泡试验。试验结果表明,改性土线缩率减小,膨胀性指标降低,抗剪强度增大,土体由亲水性变成憎水性,且能达到较好的水稳定性,即膨胀土经化学改性为非膨胀土。ISS改性膨胀土的机制可解释为,通过ISS溶液与土粒离子进行强烈的交换作用,打开土粒与水分子之间的“电化键”,降低土颗粒表面吸附水膜厚度,包裹在黏粒颗粒表面的疏水基团覆盖膜使土对水的敏感性减弱,从根本上减少了土体吸水性和膨胀性。     

Surface history of lunar soil and soil columns

Measurements of cosmic ray track densities are presented for soil samples from Apollo 15, 16 and 17. Median track densities are used to infer total effective exposure times within ~15 cm of the lunar surface. Minimum track densities are used to derive the time of the last impact-produced rearrangement of soil grains. For samples from near various craters ages are derived of 40 m.y. for St. George, 6 (±3) m.y. for S. Ray, 25–90 m.y. for Plum, and 20–35 m.y. for Shorty. The material of 15003. the Apollo 15 deep core at depths of 120–160 cm, is inferred to have been deposited at an average rate of ≥0.35 cm/m.y. The Apollo 16 core at 41–47 cm depths. 60007, appears to be well mixed and was covered up by deposition at 0.3 cm/m.y. for the next few m.y. after its deposition.     

Volume-based soil particle fractal relation with soil erodibility in a small watershed of purple soil

The particle size distribution in small watershed changes under different land uses and affects soil erodibility. The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the volume fractal dimension of particle size distribution under different land uses in a typical small watershed of purple soil, (2) to estimate soil erodibilities of various land uses utilizing the Erosion-Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model and the nomogram (NOMO) model, and (3) to relate volume fractal dimension with the soil erodibility used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) in purple soil areas. Laser diffractions and double-logarithmic model were used to measure and calculate volume fractal dimension values. The results show that soil volume fractal dimensions were well linearly fitted to the double-logarithmic model with high correlation coefficients of 0.902–0.936 under six land uses in the small watershed. The averaged volume fractal dimension values under different land uses, from high to low were in the order of Zea mays L, Ipomoea batatas, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Setaria viridis, Robinia pseudoacacia L, Pinus massoniana Lamb. The volume fractal dimension was positively correlated to clay particle fraction (R = 0.933). The average soil erodibility values under different land uses from high to low were in the order of Setaria viridis, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Pinus massoniana Lamb, Zea mays L, Ipomoea batatas, Robinia pseudoacacia L while average soil erodibilities from high to low values were in the order of Setaria viridis, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Zea mays L, Ipomoea batatas, Pinus massoniana Lamb, Robinia pseudoacacia L. The soil erodibilities calculated by the two models were similar, and positively correlated (R = 0.630–0.877). The volume fractal dimension values of six land uses were negatively correlated to both soil erodibility estimated by EPIC and by NOMO models. Moreover, the correlations of the volume fractal dimension values of Zea mays L, Ipomoea batatas and Citrus reticulata Blanco estimated by EPIC or NOMO were lower than those of Pinus massoniana Lamb, Robinia pseudoacacia L and Setaria viridis. Further research is needed to determine the influence of volume fractal dimension on the soil erodibility under different land use and managements.     

水泥基土壤固化剂固化土的物理化学作用

采用击实试验、液塑限联合测定界限含水率试验、蜡封法测定干密度试验、二氧化碳气量法、交换性钠离子百分比试验等方法,结合黏土矿物组成与结构特点,研究了水泥基土壤固化剂固化土的物理化学作用。试验结果表明：随着固化剂剂量的增加,混合料的最大干密度增大,最优含水率降低;固化土混合料经过养护后,塑性指数降低,干密度增大,碳酸盐含量增加,交换性钠离子百分比升高;黏土矿物在强碱性和钙离子作用下被激活,形成各种水化硅酸盐和铝酸盐。研究认为：在土-固化剂-水-气系统中通过液相和气相向固相的转变以及各类水化产物的填充、挤密、胶结等作用,混合料逐渐形成较致密的整体;离子交换反应对土体的加固作用在后期起负效应;铝硅酸盐黏土矿物在强碱性和钙离子存在条件下被分解,参与水化硅酸盐和铝酸盐的反应。     

土壤酶对碘离子在土壤中吸附行为的影响

以批式试验法研究了微生物、葡萄糖氧化酶、脲酶、纤维素酶及其催化底物葡萄糖、尿素和纤维素对Ⅰ-在土壤中吸附的影响,结果表明微生物能显著提高Ⅰ-吸附量,但葡萄糖氧化酶、脲酶、纤维素酶及葡萄糖、尿素和纤维素对Ⅰ-吸附并无促进作用.葡萄糖氧化酶及葡萄糖含量在小于100 mg/L时对Ⅰ-吸附无影响,1000 mg/L时与Ⅰ-呈竞争吸附;脲酶及尿素随浓度增大,对Ⅰ-吸附的抑制作用变得明显;1～1000 mg/L范围内,纤维素酶和纤维素对Ⅰ-吸附没有影响;但葡萄糖氧化酶和葡萄糖生成的中间产物可促进土壤对Ⅰ-的吸附.平衡液中溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量随时间增加而逐渐降低,有机质浓度越大,降低趋势越明显.     

Tropical residual soil as compacted soil liners

A series of laboratory tests was conducted on a tropical residual soil, which is widespread and readily available over a considerable part of Peninsular Malaysia, to assess whether it could be compacted as hydraulic barriers in waste disposal landfills. Index properties, swelling potential, cation exchange capacity (CEC), compaction characteristics, and hydraulic conductivity of the soil indicate that it is inorganic, very plastic, inactive (activity <0.75), moderately expansive (modified free swell index is about 3.06), and of fair attenuation capacity (for inorganic contaminants). For hydraulic conductivity measurement, the soil was compacted in rigid-wall permeameter moulds at a variety of water contents and compactive efforts and then permeated with de-aired tap water. The results of hydraulic conductivity tests illustrate that hydraulic conductivity lower than 1×10^–7 cm/s can be achieved using a broad range of water contents and compactive efforts, including water contents dry of optimum. Its shrinkage and strength properties show that it has minimal potential to shrinkage and has adequate strength to support the overburden pressure imposes by the waste body. These findings suggest that the residual soil can be potentially utilized as compacted soil liner material.     

Simulation of liquefaction of unsaturated soil using critical state soil model

Several researchers have reported that the mean effective stress of unsaturated soils having a relatively high degree of saturation gradually decreases under fully undrained cyclic loading conditions, and such soils can be finally liquefied like saturated soils. This paper describes a series of simulations of fully undrained cyclic loading on unsaturated soils, conducted using an elastoplastic model for unsaturated soils. This model is a critical state soil model formulated using effective stress tensor for unsaturated soils, which incorporates the following concepts: (a) the volumetric movement of the state boundary surface containing the critical state line owing to the variation in the degree of saturation; (b) the soil water characteristic curve considering the effects of specific volume and hydraulic hysteresis; and (c) the subloading surface concept for considering the effect of density. Void air is assumed to be an ideal gas obeying Boyle's law. The proposed model is validated through comparisons with past results. The simulation results show that the proposed model properly describes the fully undrained cyclic behavior of unsaturated soils, such as liquefaction, compression, and an increase in the degree of saturation. Finally, the effects of the degree of saturation, void ratio, and confining pressure on the cyclic strength of unsaturated soils are described by the simulation results. The liquefaction resistance of unsaturated soils increases as the degree of saturation and the void ratio decrease, and as the confining pressure increases. Furthermore, the degree of saturation has a greater effect on the liquefaction resistance than the confining pressure and void ratio. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.