滤管两端均不在含水层层面的承压不完整井近似计算方法研究

不完整井在实际工程中应用广泛,且存在某些承压不完整井,其滤管顶、底均不在含水层层面,不能直接按常规的方法进行计算。可根据流线图中的水平流线对渗流场分层后进行简化计算,但分层位置的确定非常困难。因此,提出了简便可行的渗流场分层方法,包括假设上下部渗流场渗径相等的等渗径改进方法、假设上下部渗流场中井滤管长度与其含水层厚度比值相等的等比例改进方法和以等比例方法为基础的等效阻力法,并以此为基础对计算简便、精度较高的沙金煊公式进行完善,得到了适用于滤管顶、底均不在含水层层面的承压不完整井近似计算方法。经过算例验证和与有限元比较,该方法计算精度较高,实用性较强。     

不透水地基上堤坝上游坡的附加渗径

根据努美罗夫的理论解,附加渗径 与上游水深H成正比,与单宽流量与渗透系数的比值q/k成反比。按该理论解的浸润线方程,应用数值积分法求出比例系数 和 ,并提出了有足够精度的拟合式。边坡有压流的附加渗径 仅与透水层厚度T成正比,而和H、q/k无关, 。根据计算结果, 。对于 反比于q/k,文中作了分析和解释。该计算方法还可推广应用于上游坡下有一定厚度覆盖层的附加渗径计算,并且对附加渗径的各计算式作了比较和分析,并以实例说明了如何应用附加渗径计算堤坝的渗流。     

黄河龙口水利枢纽库坝区渗漏三维有限元分析

应用三维等参数有限单元法,对黄河龙口水库库坝区周围一定范围的初始渗流场、万家寨蓄水后的渗流场及龙口工程蓄水后的渗流场进行了数值模拟,并计算了相应的渗流量。     

地下工程复杂渗流场数值模拟研究与应用

结合地下工程复杂渗流场三维有限元分析的实际 ,用渗透张量模拟非均匀各向异性 ,用改进丢单元法迭代自由水面 ,用隐性的复合材料单元模拟断层 ,用隔水层模型模拟防渗帷幕 ,用以沟代井模拟排水井列。在此理论基础上编制了渗流分析的三维有限元计算程序。且用此程序成功求解了漫湾水电站二期工程地下厂房围岩的复杂渗流场 ,并在此基础上分析渗流场分布的主要影响因素的影响。结果验证了程序的合理性和实用性     

水位骤降条件下有密集排水孔大坝三维渗流场数值模拟研究

对于坝坡布置密集排水孔的工程渗流问题,水位骤降条件下密集排水孔排水效果及坝体和坝基内三维渗流场分布是工程设计人员关心的重要问题。针对坝坡布置排水孔的渗流行为,提出了密集排水孔在水位骤降下渗流状态改变的处理方法。并详细论述了改进的截止负压法求解饱和-非饱和渗流场、排水子结构法和排水孔开关器等精细模拟排水孔的关键技术。工程实例表明,采用该方法可以有效地解决水位骤降下上游坝坡布置密集排水孔三维渗流场的精细数值模拟问题。     

地下工程渗流排水孔数值模拟的隐式复合单元法

根据渗流基本原理,提出了排水孔在地下工程中渗流数值模拟的隐式复合单元法。将排水孔隐含于模型网格中,得到排水孔在模型中的数据信息。判断所有排水孔与单元的相对位置,通过修正排水孔所穿过单元的渗透传导矩阵来模拟排水孔的强排水效果,并通过实例对排水子结构法和隐式复合单元法进行了比较。运用编制的三维有限元计算程序对某地下水电站厂房渗流场及排水孔进行了模拟,结果表明,采用隐式复合单元法对排水孔进行模拟是可行的。     

糯扎渡水利枢纽左岸山体三维渗流有限元分析

通常的渗流计算中排水的模拟方法很多,诸如排水子结构法、增加渗透阻抗等。但大型地下厂房与洞室的排水非常复杂,若对每个排水孔都进行模拟就非常繁杂。利用简化方法,采用给定水头和给定流量相结合的方法可以较为方便地解决复杂排水模拟的问题。对糯扎渡地下厂房和洞室群的复杂排水和对左岸包括地下厂房与硐室进行渗流计算分析,通过多个计算方案的比较,对给定流量和给定水头模拟排水效果进行合理假定,使模拟结果得到的排水区流量和水头趋于一致,由此得到合理可靠的排水模拟效果。对模拟得到的糯扎渡左岸山体渗流场进行了分析。计算结果有助于优化工程渗控方案,同时为计算变形稳定提供合理可靠的水荷载。     

渗流分析中排水孔模拟的叠单元法

排水孔是重要的渗控措施,如何准确模拟排水孔的作用是渗流分析中的关键问题之一。目前普遍采用排水子结构法,但由于子结构网格依存于整体网格,在解决复杂工程问题时网格划分难度很大。文中提出一种新的排水孔模拟方法--叠单元法。对于含排水孔的结构,将其划分为不包含排水孔的整体网格以及各排水孔附近区域的局部网格,网格之间相互独立。然后,通过排水孔局部网格的外边界面的虚拟渗流,实现整体网格与排水孔局部网格的耦合。算例分析的结果表明,当排水孔局部网格范围大小取为整体网格单元尺寸的1～3倍,外边界面渗透系数取为材料渗透系数的102～103倍时,所提方法能够准确模拟排水孔的作用。由于叠单元法的网格划分简便易行,有望广泛应用于复杂工程问题的渗流分析     

南水北调中线典型承压水地层渠段渗流场数值分析

南水北调中线工程中,渗流问题是影响渠道衬砌及渠坡稳定的关键因素之一,在具有承压水地层的深挖方渠段尤其如此。为更全面分析该类渠段渗流场分布特征及渗控措施合理性,采用渗流自由面、密集排水孔三维有限元精细模拟技术,针对典型深挖方渠段建立渗流模型,模拟渠道渗流场分布,分析渗控措施的效果。结果表明,在具有承压水地层渠段布置排水垫层,并结合逆止阀以及渠坡排水孔等综合措施,能有效降低渠底衬砌板下扬压力,为工程安全运行提供有力保障。     

边坡水平排水孔幕的渗流计算

为了简化边坡水平排水孔幕的渗流计算,根据排水孔两侧水位曲线对称的特征,选取隔离体来模拟研究边坡中地下水的运动规律。将排水孔视作强透水的管状渗透介质,建立隔离体的渗流模型,采用数值法模拟分析水平排水孔幕工作时渗流场的分布特征。实例表明,该方法合理有效,可用于边坡水平排水孔幕系统的排水效果评价及边坡水平排水孔幕系统的合理设计。      

渗流监测数据缺失处理与渗透稳定判断

由于地下岩体条件复杂,渗流监测数据缺失现象普遍存在。为了在时间和空间上对地下渗流场进行全面分析,需要对缺失数据进行补充。提出了三类缺失数据的插补方法,对时间序列、空间断面以及区域整体的缺失数据分别用监测统计模型、物理因子修正和反演进行了有效的补充,反映了缺失数据的规律和时间、空间因素对监测数据的影响,最终可得完整、全面的渗流场,并通过反演渗流场对渗透稳定进行判断,为工程评价提供了依据。将该方法用于天荒坪电站缺失数据的插补,结果有效地插补了缺失数据,最终的反演渗流场能够判断渗透破坏可能发生的部位,对工程加固措施具有指导意义。     

Analysis of seepage from a pond

A semi-analytical solution has been derived for predicting the time of emptying a pond due to seepage. The time for the seeping water to reach the water table since the pond was initially filled has been calculated applying the Green-Ampt infiltration theory. The recharge rate after the wetting front joins the water table has been computed using a non-linear relationship between seepage head and recharge rate proposed by earlier investigators. The maximum rise in the water table beneath the center of the pond consequent to the time-varying recharge is calculated applying kernel coefficients obtained from solution of the linearized Boussinesq equation. It was observed that a pond with 50-m initial diameter at the water surface and 3-m maximum depth of water is dry after 168 days, where the subsoil is sandy clay. If the subsoil happens to be clay, the depth of water in the pond at the end of 9 months, i.e., after completion of the non-monsoon period, is 0.62 m. The maximum mound heights beneath the pond for constant recharge rate and uniform recharging area calculated from the present solution compare well with existing numerical as well as analytical solutions.     

Analytical descriptions of subaqueous groundwater seepage

Direct measurements of groundwater seepage show the importance of subaqueous discharges as sources of fresh water and of dissolved chemicals to lakes and the coastal ocean. The rate of seepage decreases rapidly offshore; an analytical solution was developed that describes the discharge as Ki(In(coth πxk/4l))/k where i is the hydraulic gradient, K is the vertical hydraulic conductivity,l is the aquifer thickness, x is the distance from the shoreline, and k² is K divided by the horizontal hydraulic conductivity. In addition to variations due to the inhomogeneities in the aquifer, seepage into the coastal ocean involves some recirculation of the salt water. In Great South Bay, New York measured fluxes were as great as 150 I m^?2 d^?1. The discharge near the shore was typically 50 I m^?2 d^?1, decreasing to 30 1 m^?2 d^?1 at a distance of 100 m offshore. Secondary convection due to an unstable density structure at the sediment-water interface may also be superimposed on the seepage distribution. Fingers of salt should be capable of carrying marine water many decimenters downward against the fresh groundwater advection. As a result, care must be exercised in interpreting direct measures of seepage flux to recognize the contribution of recirculated seawater.     

Finite element seepage flow nets

A variational principle and the corresponding finite element equations for determination of the stream function for soil seepage problems is given using the standard finite element potential solution as data. The procedure is very simple and independent of the element type employed. Generalization of the method to multiply connected domains is included.     

黄土非饱和渗流试验研究

黄土介质特有的垂直节理和大孔隙发育性质，使黄土和非饱和渗流过程具有与均匀土壤的非饱和水分运动不同的特征。通过黄土非饱和渗流试验研究，对黄土垂直节理，大孔隙的实地观察和用土壤水动力学理论分析，证明黄土介质中的垂直节理，大孔隙在不同不量下对水分入渗所起的作用，对干旱地区黄土，由于降水量小，土壤含水量少，垂直节理，大孔隙在水分渗过程中实际起长低渗透性的作用，即阻水作用。     

关于渗流的力及其应用

饱和渗流是岩土体失稳的重要因素。叙述了渗流产生的消极破坏力“浮力”和积极破坏力“渗透力”。较详细地讨论了渗流各力之间的相互转换关系及其在管涌滑坡问题中的正确应用;并特别推荐引用渗透力计算滑坡问题具有简便、精确的优点。并指出了在计算中和设计规范中引用渗流力方面的误解。     

Singularity elements for seepage analysis

A technique for locating the nodal points of standard isoparametric quadrilateral elements properly around a discharge velocity singularity point in a soil seepage flow problem is presented. It is based on the analytical solution of the problem in an infinite medium and gives simple formulae for calculating the nodal coordinates. The effectiveness of the method is justified with examples.     

Models for predicting the seepage velocity and seepage force in a fiber reinforced silty soil

Randomly reinforced soil is used in hydraulic projects such as temporary canals, earth dams, stream restoration and so on for controlling seepage. This paper presents an investigation into the effect of random reinforcement on the seepage velocity and seepage force in a silty soil. Experimental tests were carried out on randomly reinforced samples with two types of fiber at different lengths and percentages. The results show that the random reinforcement of soils with fiber is an effective technique in controlling the seepage velocity and seepage force. Regression models were developed based on the experimental data for determination the seepage velocity and seepage force. The proposed models include the length of fiber, fiber content of soil and hydraulic gradient. Comparison between the model predictions and the experimental results shows that the proposed models can satisfactorily predict the seepage velocity and seepage force for a randomly reinforced silty soil. Analysis of the results of the proposed models shows that the seepage velocity increases with increasing the hydraulic gradient but decreases with increasing fiber length and fiber content. In addition the seepage force increases with increasing the fiber length and fiber content of the soil.     

降雨条件下土坡饱和-非饱和渗流分析

分析了降雨入渗的过程,提出了降雨概念模型:讨论了如何用饱和-非饱和渗流数值方法分析边坡在不同雨型下的渗流场;分析结果表明:雨水入渗过程受初始渗流场影响很大,初始含水量的大小影响湿润锋的推进。暴雨情形下,雨水入渗缓慢,浅部土体保持一定吸力,雨停后渗流场仍有较大变化。     

Stability of sandy slopes under seepage conditions

Stability against shallow mass sliding in saturated sandy slopes under seepage depends on the flow direction and hydraulic gradient, particularly near the ground surface. Two modes of instability i.e., Coulomb sliding and liquefaction have been studied and the critical flow directions discussed. The utility of the numerical approach in solving complex flow problems with irregular boundaries and surface topography is demonstrated by means of two slope examples with different internal drainage conditions. The numerical results for the seepage gradients at different points are compared with those predicted by the simple expression derived in this study, and the corresponding effects on the stability are evaluated.