松辽盆地湖泊浅水三角洲沉积动力学研究

本文在充分利用开发检查并全井段取芯,研究沉积微相类型的基础上,结合密集开发井网的动态资料,分析了各种砂体在进间的连通性与平面上的分布规律,系统总结了地形、河流与湖泊大小、气候演化与湖面升降对湖泊浅水三角洲沉积动力学过程及其前缘砂体内部结构、沉积模式的影响作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西北部上三叠统延长组长8油层组浅水三角洲沉积特征及湖岸线控砂

鄂尔多斯盆地西北部上三叠统延长组长8油层组主要受西北沉积体系控制,沉积期构造背景稳定,发育浅水三角洲沉积。大量的岩心观察表明,煤线、植物叶片、根系、虫孔、沉积构造等浅水环境标志广泛分布,反映了沉积时水体较浅（数米至十余米）。研究区长8油层组主要发育浅水三角洲前缘亚相沉积,水下分流河道是主要的沉积微相。与典型的河控三角洲不同,其沉积相带分布范围宽广,三角洲平原与三角洲前缘、前三角洲在平面上平缓相接,无明显的转折。其中,三角洲前缘可进一步细分为三角洲内前缘和三角洲外前缘。长8油层组水下分流河道砂体延伸较远,规模较大,具有顺河道方向局部厚层砂体呈坨状分布、垂直河道方向坨状砂体围绕湖盆呈环带状展布的特征,这种砂体展布特征主要受湖岸线位置控制,即湖岸线控砂,与拗陷湖盆坡折带控砂特征明显不同。     

河控三角洲生长的动力和沉积模式

分析河口动力特征,进而揭示其控制下的三角洲前缘挟沙河流床沙载荷(推移质)搬运和沉积机制,是合理构建河控三角洲生长沉积模式的前提.运用流体力学的湍流理论从微观动力过程角度分析失去河床约束条件下依靠惯性作用流动的河水入湖过程中河、湖两类水体的相互作用机制及流动规律,结合水槽物理模拟及前人开展的数值模拟,并借鉴河流泥沙动力学...     

鄂尔多斯地区晚古生代沉积体系及古地理演化

采用新的地层划分方案,在野外露头、钻井剖面的综合研究和室内编图基础上,提出陆表海碳酸盐台地-碎屑堡岛-浅水三角洲复合沉积体系是鄂尔多斯地区晚古生代重要的古地理格局。受区域构造背景影响,晚古生代盆地充填经历了裂陷海湾和陆表海浅陷共存、统一陆表海、近海内陆坳陷和内陆湖盆四个阶段,区域古地理格局由陆表海碳酸盐台地-碎屑堡岛-浅水三角洲复合体系沉积演变为三角洲-河流体系沉积,最终被河流-湖泊体系沉积取代。砂质储集体发育受控于沉积环境,主要展布在中、北部地区,以河流、三角洲砂体为主。     

Controls on large‐scale patterns of fluvial sandbody distribution in alluvial to coastal plain strata: Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation,Wasatch Plateau,Central Utah,USA

Current models of alluvial to coastal plain stratigraphy are concept‐driven and focus on relative sea‐level as an allogenic control. These models are tested herein using data from a large (ca 100 km long and 300 m thick), continuous outcrop belt (Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation, central Utah, USA). Many channelized fluvial sandbodies in the Blackhawk Formation have a multilateral and multistorey internal character, and they generally increase in size and abundance (from ca 10% to ca 30% of the strata) from base to top of the formation. These regional, low‐resolution trends exhibit much local variation, but are interpreted to reflect progressively decreasing tectonic subsidence in the upper Blackhawk Formation and overlying Castlegate Sandstone. The trend may also incorporate progressively more frequent channel avulsion during deposition of the lower Blackhawk Formation. Laterally extensive coal zones formed on the coastal plain during shallow‐marine transgressions, and define the high‐resolution stratigraphic framework of the lower Blackhawk Formation. Large (up to 25 m thick and 1 to 6 km wide), multistorey, multilateral, fluvial channel‐complex sandbodies that overlie composite erosion surfaces occur at distinct stratigraphic levels, and are interpreted as fluvial incised valley fills. Low amplitude (<30 m) relative sea‐level variations are interpreted as the dominant control on stratigraphic architecture in the lower Blackhawk Formation, which was deposited up to 50 km inland from the coeval shoreline. In contrast, the high‐resolution stratigraphy of the upper Blackhawk Formation is poorly defined, and channelized fluvial sandbodies are poorly organized. Vertical and laterally offset stacking of a small proportion (<10%) of sandbodies produced ‘clusters’ that are not confined by ‘master’ erosion surfaces. Avulsion is interpreted to dominate the stratigraphic architecture of the upper Blackhawk Formation. This data‐driven analysis indicates that alluvial to coastal plain stratigraphic architecture reflects a combination of various allogenic controls and autogenic behaviours. The relative sea‐level control emphasized in sequence stratigraphic models is only rarely dominant.     

湖平面升降对浅水三角洲前缘砂体形态的影响

三角洲平原上的分流河道通过填积和湖面的频繁波动向湖泊中心方向长距离推进,在浅水三角洲前缘的浅水区发育很有特色的水下分流河道,且在湖面频繁波动过程中,河流、波浪和沿岸流的冲刷作用对沉积物分布起到再改造作用,导致了以水下分流河道砂体为主的三角洲前缘砂体不同程度的席状化。随着气候变得潮湿,湖面相对稳定,季节性、周期性湖面波动的频率、幅度减小,水动力对三角洲前缘砂体的改造和席状化强度减弱。     

云南耿马盆地中新统地震相研究与油气远景分析

本文在对耿马盆地进行地震层序划分的基础上，重点研究盆地中新统的地震相类型和展布，结合地质、地球物理等多种参数，进行了沉积相解释，认为该盆地发育有半深湖、滨浅湖、扇三角洲、河流三角洲、近岸水下扇及含煤沼泽等相带，并探讨了沉积相与油气产出的关系，认为耿马盆地有一定的油气勘探远景。     

Evidence of lacustrine sedimentation in the Upper Permian Bijori Formation, Satpura Gondwana basin: Palaeogeographic and tectonic implications

The Upper Permian Bijori Formation of the Satpura Gondwana basin comprising fineto coarse-grained sandstone, carbonaceous shale/mudstone and thin coal bands was previously interpreted as the deposits of meandering rivers. The present study documents abundance of wave ripples, hummocky and swaley cross-stratification and combined flow bedforms in the Bijori Formation, suggesting that a significant part of the formation was deposited in a wave-agitated environment. Evidence of near-emergent depositional conditions provided by repeated occurrence of rootlet beds and hydromorphic paleosols, local flooding surfaces denoting rapid fluctuation of water level, occurrences of temnospondyl vertebrate fossils, and absence of tidal signatures and marine fossils suggest a lacustrine rather than marine depositional regime. Five facies associations recognised within the Bijori Formation are inferred to represent fluvial channels and associated floodplains (FA1), lake shorelines (FA2), subaqueous distributary channels and associated levees (FA3), waveand storm-affected delta front (FA4), and open lacustrine/lower shoreface (FA5) deposits. The planoconcave fluvial channel-fill sandbodies with unidirectional cross-beds are clearly distinguishable from the delta front bars that show a convexo-plan or bi-convex sandbody geometry and dominance of wave and combined flow bedforms. Some of the distributary channels record interaction of fluvial and wave-dominated basinal processes. Major distributary sandbodies show a north to northwest flow direction while wave-affected delta front sandbodies show very complex flow patterns reflecting interaction between fluvial discharge and wave processes. Wave ripple crest trends show that the lake shoreline had an overall east-northeast to west-southwest orientation. The lack of documented contemporaneous lacustrine or marine sediments in the Satpura Gondwana basin posed a major problem of basin-scale palaeogeographic reconstruction. The existence of Bijori lake solves the problem and the lake is inferred to have acted as repository for the contemporaneous alluvial drainage. Development of the large Bijori lake body implies generation of accommodation space exceeding the rate of sediment supplied and thus represents locus of high tectonic subsidence. Transition of fluvial sediments with red mudstone and calcareous soil profile in the lower part of the succession to carbonaceous shale and coal-bearing lacustrine sediments in the upper part, denote a change from a warm semi-arid climate with seasonal rainfall to a more humid one.     

苏北盆地东部凹陷上白垩统泰州组沉积相*

苏北盆地是在晚白垩世发育起来的箕状断陷盆地。上白垩统泰州组（K₂t）为东部凹陷发育初期形成的一套碎屑岩沉积地层,自下而上总体构成由粗到细的沉积旋回。通过对区内52口探井的录井、测井和岩心资料综合分析,认为泰州组主要发育辫状河三角洲、曲流河三角洲及湖泊相3种沉积相类型,在此基础上又进一步识别出7种亚相和12种微相。泰州组分为两段,泰州组一段沉积早、中期为辫状河三角洲沉积,晚期转变为(曲流河)三角洲沉积;泰州组二段早期为深湖—半深湖沉积,中晚期为浅湖亚相。伴随湖平面的反复升降,表现出明显的多旋回性。研究区泰州组一段表现为典型的退积型三角洲沉积。通过进一步研究泰州组一段各沉积时期沉积相的平面分布及演变特征,指出在梁垛—安丰—李堡一带沉积砂体发育,是油气储集层发育的有利地区。     

江陵浅水-半深水坳陷湖盆层序地层学特征

以层序地层学理论为指导,系统研究了江陵浅水-半深水坳陷湖盆的层序地层学特征。研究表明:区域不整合界面和沉积转换界面是级层序的主要界面;层序内虽均发育低位、湖侵和高位体系域,但各体系域发育程度是不同的,致使层序的旋回性以非对称为主;层序内各体系域的沉积相构成均以河流三角洲和浅水湖泊为主,而冲积扇、扇三角洲不发育,湖泊水体基本没有发生过明显的扩张、收缩,湖平面的波动没有造成沉积相带的区域性变化,在此基础上,建立了江陵浅水-半深水坳陷湖盆特有的两种层序地层充填模式。     

大型坳陷湖盆浅水辫状河三角洲沉积特征及模式:以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组为例

浅水三角洲是当今沉积学研究热点和油气勘探重点对象。鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区三叠系延长组发育了大型浅水辫状河三角洲,并在其中发现了丰富的油气资源。在大量野外露头、岩心和地球物理资料分析的基础上,明确鄂尔多斯盆地延长组具有利于浅水辫状河三角洲发育的大型坳陷湖盆地质背景,形成的辫状河三角洲具有粒度较粗、塑性岩屑较多、成分和结构成熟度较低、发育交错层理和间断正韵律、水下分支河道多叉、砂厚、延伸远等沉积特征。鄂尔多斯盆地浅水辫状河三角洲沉积时期,沉积区距物源区相对较近,河道宽深比较大,发育浅水沉积构造和沉积韵律,构造活动和湖平面变化共同控制了三角洲的发育,形成了"小平原、大前缘"的浅水辫状河三角洲沉积体系。     

冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷留西地区古近系沙河街组沙三上亚段沉积相与隐蔽油藏

通过岩心观察和单井相分析,结合沉积背景资料,认为留西地区古近系沙河街组沙三上亚段发育辫状河三角洲相和湖泊相,以辫状河三角洲前缘亚相和滨浅湖亚相为主,主要发育辫状分流河道、越岸沉积、水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂等微相。根据层序地层学基本原理,结合前人研究成果,认为本区沙三上亚段为一完整的三级层序,可划分为低位、湖侵和高位3个体系域,分别对应于沙三上亚段沉积时期的早期、中期和晚期,绘制了每个沉积阶段的沉积相图,在此基础上研究了沉积体系的平面展布特征。沙三上亚段沉积时期形成的北高南低的构造背景与辫状河三角洲近东西向展布的砂体形态相互配置,加之良好的油源供给,为后期成藏创造了条件。沙三上亚段沉积早期发育的辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道与河口坝砂体是主要的储集体,与沉积中期发育的烃源岩形成了十分有利的生储盖组合,具有优越的隐蔽油藏发育条件。总结了该区隐蔽油藏成藏的4种模式,确定留西地区中南部沙三上亚段沉积早期发育的辫状河三角洲前缘砂体是下一步隐蔽油藏勘探的有利目标。     

二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷下白垩统赛汉塔拉组层序地层及聚煤特征

二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷是一个陆相断陷聚煤盆地,下白垩统赛汉塔拉组是其主要含煤地层,作者利用岩心、钻孔资料对其岩相类型、沉积相、层序地层及聚煤作用特征进行研究。(1)赛汉塔拉组主要由砂砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩、碳质泥岩及厚层褐煤组成,发育扇三角洲平原相、扇三角洲前缘相、辫状河三角洲平原相、辫状河三角洲前缘相、滨浅湖相,分别属于扇三角洲沉积体系、辫状河三角洲沉积体系和湖泊沉积体系。(2)识别出2种层序界面:不整合面和下切谷冲刷面,将赛汉塔拉组划分为2个三级层序。从层序Ⅰ到层序Ⅱ,煤层厚度逐渐增大,聚煤作用逐渐增强。(3)在滨浅湖环境下厚煤层主要形成于湖侵体系域早期,在扇/辫状河三角洲环境下厚煤层主要形成于湖侵体系域晚期,煤层厚度在凹陷中部最大,向西北和东南方向均变小。聚煤作用明显受基底沉降作用影响,可容空间增加速率与泥炭堆积速率相平衡,从而形成了区内巨厚煤层。     

柴达木盆地西部地区古近纪与新近纪沉积相

利用数十口井的电性、岩性及分析化验资料，将柴达木盆地西部地区古近纪与新近纪沉积相划分为七种相和亚相：洪积锥、水下冲积扇、河道和泛滥平原、滨湖、浅湖、较深湖和三角洲。沉积相的空间展布概括起来分为三大带：（1）阿尔金山前西段陡坡带洪积锥-水下冲积扇-扇三角洲-河道和泛滥平原-湖相 (2)阿尔金山前中段陡坡带洪积锥-水下冲积扇-湖相；（3）昆仑山前洪积锥-河道和泛滥平原-三角洲相。沉积相不仅影响着碎屑岩的成分和结构，而且也影响其物性与含油性。由洪积锥到水下冲积扇，到河道和泛滥平原，到三角洲，到湖相，石英和胶结物含量逐渐升高，岩屑和杂基含量逐渐降低，分选及磨圆变好，颗粒的粒级变细。浅层以河道和泛滥平原及三角洲相的物性最好，深层以三角洲相的物性最好，次为冲积扇，湖相最差。碎屑岩的油气富集以河道、泛滥平原和三角洲相最好，滨浅湖相油气富集最差。     

精细油藏描述中的沉积微相研究——以东营凹陷现河庄油田河31断块区沙一段、沙二段为例

本文以东营凹陷现河庄油田河31断块区沙一段、沙二段地层为研究对象,划分出了16种沉积微相类型,详细描述了主要沉积微相砂体特征,阐明了沉积微相分布规律和时空演化特征。研究区内主要为三角洲和湖泊相沉积,随着湖平面的变化和沉积物供给的变化,三角洲由东北向西南不断推进或收缩。在纵向上可明显划分二个旋回,即沙二段从早到晚由浅湖演变为三角洲平原,沙一段从早到晚由浅湖演变为三角洲前缘。并通过相控模型的研究,定量地讨论了沉积微相对砂体(储层)发育程度、储层物性及储层单层内非均质性的控制,研究表明分流河道、边滩和河口坝沉积微相为研究区内最有利的相带。并指出砂体的沉积微相特征从微观上和宏观上控制了剩余油的分布特征,这为精细油藏描述中的储层模型建立提供了重要的基础资料。     

利用环境敏感粒度组分分析滩坝砂体水动力学机制的初步探讨——以东营凹陷西部沙四上滩坝砂体沉积为例

东营凹陷西部古近系沙河街组沙四上亚段沉积时期广泛发育了滨浅湖滩坝砂体沉积。在钻井岩心观察描述及其相关测试分析的基础上,利用粒级—标准偏差方法对滩坝砂体的环境敏感粒度进行计算,结合粒度概率图分析和古地貌、古水流研究,在研究区内确定出了四种环境敏感粒度组分,分别代表悬浮搬运、沿岸流、波浪和风暴浪。其中,波浪和沿岸流是控制滩坝砂体形成和发育的主要水动力类型。通过对波浪和沿岸流的环境敏感粒度组分占整个粒度总体的百分比的计算表明,波浪对滩坝砂体的形成和发育的影响程度由凹陷边部向内部逐渐减弱;而沿岸流对滩坝砂体形成和发育的影响程度在凹陷外部较小,而主要表现在滨浅湖区的内侧。     

渤海湾盆地渤中坳陷渤中25-1油田古近系沙河街组沙二段沉积相及演化*

渤中25-1油田位于渤海湾盆地渤中坳陷南部,其主力油层为古近系沙河街组沙二段。在岩心观察的基础上,结合测井、录井及地震资料综合分析,认为沙二段发育辫状河三角洲和湖泊2种沉积相类型;由于距离物源较远,研究区内主要发育辫状河三角洲前缘亚相和滨浅湖亚相。沙二段沉积时的古地貌北高南低,早期水体较浅,主要发育由西南部低洼处向东北部隆起区超覆的滨浅湖滩坝砂体;随着构造沉降、水体加深,来自西南物源的辫状河三角洲前缘砂体向东北方向不断推进,最终占据了研究区的主体,滩坝砂体则逐渐萎缩至消亡;沙二段沉积末期,研究区西部BZ25-1-1井区发生局部构造抬升遭受剥蚀,导致该井区完全缺失沙二段,周边井区也有不同程度的厚度缺失。     

鄂尔多斯盆地志靖安塞地区长9油层组沉积相及其沉积演化特征

志靖安塞地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡中部。以钻井取心观察为基础,结合砂岩厚度、砂地比、自生绿泥石分布、古生物化石分布等因素,对长9油层组2个层段沉积相空间展布特征及沉积演化规律进行研究。结果表明,长9油层组发育一套三角洲-湖泊沉积,北部主要发育三角洲前缘沉积,在南部发育浅湖沉积。长92沉积期,湖盆范围较小,长91沉积期湖盆初始扩张,湖岸线向北推进,湖域面积增大。从长92沉积期到长91沉积期,研究区经历了沉积水体由浅变深的过程,并在长91顶部发育一套具有生烃潜力的高阻泥岩。三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体是较有利的储集砂体。     

高频基准面旋回控制下浅水三角洲及其砂体发育模式:以松辽盆地扶余油田白垩系泉头组为例*

浅水三角洲储集层在陆相湖盆油气勘探中具有重要的意义,但基于密井网资料的精细研究仍十分缺乏。以高分辨率层序地层学和沉积学理论为指导,以松辽盆地扶余油田DT91区块白垩系泉头组四段第Ⅲ砂组14余口取心井的岩心资料和700余口密井网测井资料为对象,分析了高频基准面旋回下浅水三角洲及其砂体的发育规律。研究结果表明: (1)浅水三角洲储集层主要发育在河道、漫溢砂、分流砂坝、天然堤、决口扇和席状砂等6种成因砂体,以河道砂体和分流砂坝砂体为主。(2)在岩心和测井曲线上可识别出河道底部冲刷面、进积—退积作用面、退积—进积作用面和湖泛面等4种基准面旋回物理界面;并识别出3大类、7亚类超短期基准面旋回类型。(3)高频基准面旋回演化过程中,湖泊浅水三角洲沉积区可容空间变化不大,沉积物供给通量在可容空间增长速率(accommodation increasing rate,A)和沉积物供给通量(sediment supply rate,S)的比值A/S变化中起着主导作用,进而控制着成因砂体的数量和空间接触关系。当A/S值由小变大时,浅水三角洲的规模快速变小,成因砂体的数量也相应减少;同时,成因砂体垂向接触方式由下切叠加式→加积叠加式→孤立式变化,砂体平面分布的复合连片程度也发生由高到低的变化。     

Interplay between river discharge and topography of the basin floor in a hyperpycnal lacustrine delta

Basin‐floor topography influences the flow path of hyperpycnal plumes and delta morphology during progradation of the Red River delta in Lake Texoma, USA. The Red River discharge is typically a hyperpycnal plume due to elevated total dissolved solids. Because the river plume is a bottom‐hugging hyperpycnal flow, lake bathymetry and topography strongly influence deposition and subsequent delta morphology. In addition to elevated total dissolved solid concentrations compared with Lake Texoma water, the density contrast of the Red River outflow is increased by high suspended‐sediment concentrations during high‐discharge events. Steep lateral slopes in the Lake Texoma basin deflect hyperpycnal river plumes and, subsequently, change the delta progradation direction before the delta reaches the opposite bank of the lake. Analysis of multi‐temporal aerial and satellite images indicates that the hyperpycnal delta follows the steepest lake‐bottom gradients, corresponding to the pre‐impoundment river thalweg (i.e. bypassing shallow parts of the lake). An analytical model for the hyperpycnal‐plume trajectory indicates plume deflection during low‐discharge or high‐discharge events, towards the deepest part of the basin. The magnitude of plume deflection is a function of river discharge and basin‐margin gradients. Plume deflection can vary between 10° and 80° from the channel axis towards the old river thalweg. The high deflection appears in the case of maximum basin side gradients of 12·8° and in conditions of low river discharge. During low‐discharge periods, the Red River delta builds a lobate shape with multiple terminal distributary channels whereas, during high‐discharge periods the Red River delta builds an elongate shape with a single large distributary channel. The elongate morphology of the delta is formed through the development of a single distributary channel and abandonment of the other distributaries. Therefore, the lobate shaped delta is expected to be preserved in the rock record.