张北6．2级地震宝昌地震台地电异常特征及机制分析

首先分析了宝昌地震台地电阻率观测值曲线具有的长趋势变化以及规则年周期变化特征,为确定和提取前兆异常提供了正常变化的背景值和参考值.其次,通过去倾、傅立叶去年周期变化以及归一化月速率等方法,分析了1998年张北6.2级地震前后地电阻率异常特征,并利用相关理论尝试解释了异常产生的物理机制.归一化月速率法对于提取、分析短临异常,判断发震时间,较为理想;膨胀流体扩散(DD)模式适于解释宝昌地震台地电异常,而广泛扩容各向异性(EDA)模型适合解释该台地电阻率变化的各向异性.     

ZD8仪地电阻率整点值短临异常研究

高精度的地电阻率测量其观测资料中有否短临地震前兆信息, 为此分析处理了宝坻台ZD8地电仪自1987年5月至2001年3月的地电阻率整点值观测资料, 分别对发生在宝坻台附近的中等地震和华北北部5级以上地震前该项资料的短临前兆变化的对应情况和异常形态特征进行了全面的分析研究, 结果表明该项资料的短临异常指标分别为0. 5%和1. 0%, 其预报效能的R值分别为0. 4和0. 373。     

地电阻率短临前兆异常的判定方法研究

本文用一阶差分和相干加权计算等方法对地电阻率观测资料进行处理，其结果较好地突出了短临前兆异常。进而研究了地电阻率短临前兆变化特征及其短临预报指标；采用归一化方法将电阻率各异常参量转换为地震前兆信息量，为多种前兆方法进行综合跟踪预报提供了必要的基础资料。     

黑龙江省地电阻率台网数据在预报工作中的应用

对黑龙江省地电阻率台网近些年的观测资料进行了整理分析,对台网的两个地电阻率台观测资料进行了评估,发现林甸台地电阻率数据受各种干扰非常严重,无法提取震兆信息,而绥化台的观测数据质量较高,映震效能较好。绥化地震台地电阻率观测曲线具有规则年周期变化特征,以此为依据进行各向异性的前兆异常特征的研究,发现利用原始曲线法和归一化月速率方法,在中强地震前震区一定区域内的电阻率各向异性值（S）会出现上升型或下降型异常变化。分析认为速率法对于提取短临异常,判断发震时间较为理想。     

华北地区地电阻率归一化速率异常分析

应用归一化变化速率方法,处理华北地区地电阻率观测数据,分析异常空间展布特征及震前异常指标,结果表明:使用归一化变化速率方法进行数据处理,可较好地反映华北地区地电阻率的速率变化;地震发生前,地电阻率归一化变化速率多以小于-2.4 的异常变化特征为主,与华北成组地震活动中地电阻率大多出现加速下降变化的破年变异常相符。     

描述前兆异常幅度的归一化方法

描述前兆异常幅度的归一化方法１问题的提出目前关于地震前兆异常幅度的表示缺少统一的方法，各手段用各自的观测量（有些甚至用仪器读数）的变化作为异常幅度，在地电阻率观测中用视电阻率的相对变化作为异常，幅度，而在地应力观测中则以电感值或转换后的应力值的变化作...     

青新交界8.1级地震与远场地电阻率前兆异常的分析

2001年11月14日在青新交界发生8．1级地震的空间分布及地震序列进行了简述，利用远场地电阻率前兆异常信息的映震能力，对8．1级地震前后地电阻率变化特征作了初步探讨与研究，利用远场地电阻率前兆异常观测结果，为地震的前期预测预报提供了一定时的可靠判据。     

沈北新区地震台观测地质环境评价与地电阻率异常应急处置

地电阻率观测值受多种因素影响,它不仅与测量设备本身性能有关,还与观测场地的地质构造、地形地貌、岩性条件、水文地质和气象条件变化等有关,一旦这些因素发生变化,都会引起地电阻率测值发生改变.如何快速、准确、科学地识别以上致变因素,从中提取地电阻率地震前兆异常信息是及时科学处置异常的关键所在.本文以沈北新区地震台为例,探索性地进行了地震台观测地质环境评价,并以2020年地电阻率异常变化为例,初步分析了地电阻率异常影响因素,以期为深井地电阻率异常分析与处置提供参考与探讨.     

地电阻率与水位关系的机理分析

从地电阻率的观测理论出发,指出地电阻率场地的电性结构、岩石的饱和度和孔隙度决定了地电阻率和水位的关系。在长期的观测资料基础上,通过实例系统地分析了地电阻率和水位的关系,给出了不同层位的水位变化和不同方式的水位变化对地电阻率观测结果的影响,认为非构造水位变化与地电阻率的关系主要取决于表层土壤或岩石的水饱和度,构造水位变化与地电阻率变化存在明确的相关关系,从而进一步探讨了与前兆异常有关的水位和地电阻率变化。     

地电阻率年变化与气象因素及水位的关系

为了消除d_s 观测资料中的年周期变化,对宝坻、塘沽地震台的地电阻率观测资料与台站附近地区的气压、气温、相对湿度、水位及海水水位的同期资料进行了相关处理分析, 并对地电阻率年周期变化产生的原因进行了分析,认为产生地电阻率与气象要素年周期变化的外因是同一源场作用的结果。 而地电阻率变化的内因,则是基于地下咸水层厚度的改变及地壳应力场的变化。 采用最小二乘法由气象参量和水位变化拟合出地电阻率模型值, 并计算出观测值与拟合值的残差,以消除电阻率观测资料中的年周期变化。结果表明, 近年来华北地区发生的 6级左右地震前,在宝坻、塘沽地震台的观测资料中均存在明显的短期前兆异常。     

地震地电阻率前兆异常特征及其机理研究

本文在全面整理我国大陆二十余年来的地电阻率观测资料的基础上,分析了地电阻率前兆异常特征及其与地震三要素之间的关系,给出地震强度(震级)与异常时间和震中距乘积的对数呈线性关系的实用结果,研究了不同类型地震地电阻率短临前兆特征及其在地震预报中的应用,探讨了地电阻率前兆变化的机理。     

Features and physical process of the dynamic evolution pattern of ground resistivity precursor front

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吉林省地电阻率震兆异常分析研究

应用吉林省内榆树、 四平两个地电阻率台站观测资料, 采用形态法、 归一化变化速率法和各向异性度法, 分析研究了1999年汪清M_S7.0深震以及2006年乾安—前郭M_S5.0浅源地震前的地电阻率异常变化. 结果表明, 震前地电阻率出现长趋势下降变化或短临异常变化, 表现为： ① 汪清M_S7.0深震前, 榆树台和四平台地电阻率月均值曲线上均显示出震前持续2年尺度的中期下降异常; ② 汪清M_S7.0深震以及乾安—前郭M_S5.0浅源中强震前, 榆树台和四平台地电阻率变化速率均大于异常指标; ③ 乾安—前郭M_S5.0地震前, 四平台地电阻率各向异性度曲线显示出明显的低值异常变化, 而榆树台各向异性度S曲线则出现破年变变化. 上述异常变化的原因可能为, 太平洋板块向NW方向挤压, 导致震源区及附近最大主压应力方位(或近于该方位)NW向的挤压作用突出, 引起介质内部导电流体快速进入或重新分布, 从而使地电阻率出现长趋势下降变化和各向异性变化.     

Seismicity anomalies before the great earth—quake of Ms=8.1 in the Kunlun Pass and its significance to earthquake prediction

A great earthquake of M _S=8.1 took place in the west of Kunlun Pass on November 14, 2001. The epicenter is located at 36.2°N and 90.9°E. The analysis shows that some main precursory seismic patterns appear before the great earthquake, e.g., seismic gap, seismic band, increased activity, seismicity quiet and swarm activity. The evolution of the seismic patterns before the earthquake of M _S=8.1 exhibits a course very similar to that found for earthquake cases with M _S≥7. The difference is that anomalous seismicity before the earthquake of M _S=8.1 involves in the larger area coverage and higher seismic magnitude. This provides an evidence for recognizing precursor and forecasting of very large earthquake. Finally, we review the rough prediction of the great earthquake and discuss some problems related to the prediction of great earthquakes.     

Regional study of the anomalous change in apparent resistivity before the Tangshan earthquake (M=7.8, 1976) in China

Electrical resistivity measurements have been conducted as a possible means for obtaining precursory earthquake information. Before five great earthquakes (M>7,h<25 km) in China, the apparent resistivity _a showed systematic variations within a region 200 km from the epicenters. In particular, 9 stations in the Tangshan-Tianjin-Beijing region prior to the Tangshan earthquake (M=7.8,h=11 km, 27 July 1976) showed a consistent decrease of apparent resistivity around the epicenter, with a maximum resistivity change of 6% and a period of variation of 2–3 years. Simultaneous water table observations in this region showed a declining water table, and ground surface observations indicated a slight (5 mm) uplift in the epicenter region relative to its surroundings.In order to develop an explanation for the observed change of apparent resistivity associated with these great earthquakes, we have used Archie's Law to explore the effects of changes in rock porosity, water content and electrolyte resistivity on measured resistivity.Tentative conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) the apparent resistivity change is opposite to the effect expected from the simultaneous water table trend; (2) the dilatancy needed to give such resistivity variations (assuming Archie's Law holds) is much larger than that needed to explain the observed uplift (by 2–3 orders of magnitude); (3) salinity change in the pore electrolyte is a possible explanation for the variation in resistivity: an increase in the salinity would cause a proportional decrease in resistivity; the data needed to test this hypothesis, however, are lacking; and (4) the effect of changing geometry of rock pores or cracks due to pressure solution may provide an explanation for the decrease in apparent resistivity; it is different in nature from the effect of a volume change in response to stress although the geometry change is also closely related to the stress change.     

Two categories of earthquake precursors,physical and tectonic,and their roles in intermediate-term earthquake prediction

I suggest that earthquake precursors can be divided into two major categories, physical and tectonic. I define physical precursor to be a direct or indirect indication of initiation or progression of an irreversible rupture-generating physical process within the preparation zone of a forthcoming earthquake. Tectonic precursor is defined as a manifestation of tectonic movement which takes place outside the preparation zone of an impending earthquake as a link in a chain of particular local tectonism in each individual area preceding the earthquake.Most intermediate-term, short-term and immediate precursors of various disciplines within the source regions of main shocks are considered physical ones. Some precursory crustal deformations around the source regions are, however, possibly tectonic precursors, because they may be caused by episodic plate motions or resultant block movements in the neighboring regions of the fault segments that will break. A possible example of this phenomena is the anomalous crustal uplift in the Izu Peninsula, Japan, before the 1978 Izu-Oshima earthquake ofM _s 6.8. Some precursory changes in seismicity patterns in wide areas surrounding source regions also seem to be tectonic precursors, because they were probably caused by the particular tectonic setting of each region. A typical example is a so-called doughnut pattern before the 1923 Kanto, Japan, earthquake ofM _s 8.2.Although most studies on earthquake precursors so far seem to regard implicitly all precursory phenomena observed as physical ones, the two categories should be distinguished carefully when statistical analysis or physical modeling is carried out based on reported precursory phenomena. In active plate boundary zones, where a practical strategy for earthquake prediction may well be different from that in intraplate regions, tectonic precursors can be powerful additional tools for intermediate-term earthquake prediction.     

临夏台地电阻率变化与震兆现象分析

以甘肃省临夏台1981年以来的地电阻率资料为基础,利用数理统计和相关分析方法,分析该台地电阻率的变化特征,探讨EW和NS两测向之间数据的相关性,以及与大夏河流量变化的对应关系,认为该台两测向数据间具有很高的相关性,可能与区域地下介质具有较均匀的电性结构有关;分析了该区降水和地下静水位对地电阻率的影响,认为地下静水位的影响更显著.此外,探讨了临夏台地电阻率资料作为地震前兆的意义,认为该台资料对甘东南及甘青交界地区的中强地震反应敏感,以下降型破年变异常为主,呈现出震级越大,异常持续时间越长的特点.该台资料同时对甘青地区成组中强地震有所反应,显示出异常持续时间长、幅度大和恢复慢的特点.     

The synthetical elastic characteristic parameters of earth tide and its abnormal precursor evolution

This paper intends to analyze synthetically a physical property of the crust using tidal observations. We regarded Love number that can describe both micro deformation and elasticity of the crust in tidal observation as a physical and mechanical parameter. Synthetically inverse and calculate Love number on the earth surface using actual tide data included tidal linear strain, plane strain, volumetric strain, tilt, gravity and water level. Research seismic mechanical process and its precursory abnormality of a region based on the variation of Love number. In this paper, a feasible way and method to synthetically calculate the second-step Love number on the earth surface is discussed and determined by tidal theory. Love number h ₂ in the boundary region of Sichuan and Yunnan province is practically calculated using tidal observations, and the precursory anomalous variation of the Lijiang earthquake (M _s=7.0, February 9, 1996) is analyzed. The result shows that large-scale Love number anomaly in the Sichuan-Yunnan region began from 1994. The anomaly moves from south to southeast, north and northwest in the region, and the epicenter is an anomalous empty. Finally, the anomalous area was concentrated to Lijiang and Yongsheng located northwestern Sichuan-Yunnan region on December 1995, and the epicenter area in future is drawn out clearly. This study is supported by the project of State Science and Technology Commission of China during the “Ninth Five-Year Plan”. Project No. 96-913-01-01-05.     

地电阻率临震异常特征及短临预报问题

文中对大震、强震和中强地震的地电阻率临震异常特征采用统计方法，分别讨论了临震异常在趋势异常各时段中发震的概率。大震能观测到短临异常的震例只有３３．３％，强震和中强地震分别为５０．０％。出现短临异常后１－２０天内发震的概率最高达９４．４％。对地电前兆异常的时间、空间和短临监测预报工作等问题进行了探讨，其结果对地震监测预报工作有实用意义。