北半球大气环流的纬向对称模态

运用自然正交分解方法（EOF）提取了北半球冬季热带外地区标准化纬向平均纬向风场的前两个模态。第1模态（方差贡献为34%）表现为中高纬带的西风（东风）异常和中纬带的东风（西风）异常,与之相联系的海平面气压场的异常表现为极区与中高纬度地区海平面气压场的反位相变化,即北极涛动（AO）;第2模态（方差贡献为21%）表现为中纬带的西风（东风）异常和中低纬带的东风（西风）异常,与之相联系的海平面气压场的异常表现为副极地地区与副热带地区海平面气压场的反位相变化,即副热带涛动STO（sub-tropical oscillation）。副热带涛动的水平结构表现出较强的纬向对称性,垂直方向上表现出相当正压性;与副热带涛动正位相相联系的纬向平均温度场表现为中高纬度地区负异常和副热带地区正异常,而且费雷尔环流加强南移。副热带涛动不仅在冬季有所表现,而且在整个冬半年（11月—翌年4月）都有所表现,但在夏半年则不存在。     

热带环流异常与我国夏季降水分布的关系

本文利用经验正交函数（EOF）分解方法，给出我国夏季雨带分型的定量指标，它们分别代表三种典型雨型。文章分析了夏季不同雨型年的热带环流特征，讨论了热带风场与前三个特征向量所对应的时间系数之间的相关场分布。结果表明:夏季南方类雨型与赤道中、东太平洋地区850 hPa（200 hPa）纬向风成正（负）相关；北方类雨型与澳大利亚附近高低空纬向风密切相关；中间类雨型则对印度洋地区的环流异常响应最为敏感。     

华南汛期降水趋势的特征及预报方法的初步研究

本文采用EOF分析方法对华南(广东、广西、海南)1957～1994年前汛期(4～6月)和后汛期(7～9月)的降水量进行分析,结果发现,华南前汛期和后汛期雨量的最主要特征(第一特征向量)都是华南降水趋势一致的形势,前汛期降水偏多(少)中心呈东西向,位于阳江-玉林-龙州一带,后汛期降水偏多(少)中心位于桂东北和粤西北.`` 通过主要特征向量对应的时间系数与北半球500hPa高度场、北半球海平面气压场、西北太平洋海温场和100hPa高度场的相关分析发现,前汛期各主要特征向量与前期8、9月500hPa高度场,9、10月海平面气压场的相关较好,第四特征向量与7、11月海温场的相关较好.后汛期第一、二特征向量与前1年11、12月的500hPa高度场、11月海平面气压场相关较好.海温场明显地影响华南的后汛期降水,各主要特征向量与海温场的相关都较好,其中以与前1年7、10和11月相关最显著.华南前、后汛期的各主要特征向量与前期100hPa高度场的相关不显著.     

21个气候模式对东亚夏季环流模拟的评估Ｉ：气候态.

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心的40 a再分析资料(ERA40),评估了参与政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告(IPCC AR4)的21个全球海气耦合模式对东亚地区夏季大气环流气候态的模拟能力.结果表明:(1)尽管各模式模拟性能差异较大,但模式对东亚地区海平面气压场(SLP)、850 hPa风场及500 hPa位势高度场的气候态均有较好模拟;整体来说,500 hPa位势高度场模拟效果最好,SLP场模拟相对较差;(2)SLP在高原上模拟存在明显不足;多数模式能较好模拟850 hPa纬向、经向风场的基本特征;500 hPa位势高度场各模式模拟偏差一致性的区域性差异不明显;(3)模式对东亚地区夏季两大环流系统模拟整体偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压模拟明显偏弱.     

东北夏季气温的大尺度环流影响因子分析

利用1961—2010年东北地区3省53站月平均气温资料及分辨率为2.5°×2.5°的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用统计分析方法,分析了东北夏季气温的大尺度环流影响因子。利用200hPa风场要素定义了一个适于描述东北夏季气温的200hPa纬向风切变指数,并给出了该指数的预测方法,以期为东北夏季气温的预测提供一个诊断工具。结果表明:鄂霍次克海和北太平洋中部海平面气压场偶极子,与东北夏季气温关系密切;同期东北地区上空500hPa位势高度场与东北夏季气温呈正相关关系;同期850hPa、200hPa矢量风场和整层水汽通量场在东北及其以西地区上空呈气旋式环流,对应东北夏季气温偏低,反之则偏高,同时来自孟加拉湾的水汽也是造成东北夏季气温异常的因素之一;200hPa纬向风切变指数与东北全区气温呈显著正相关,该指数偏大对应东北夏季气温偏高,反之东北夏季气温偏低。4月和5月热带印度洋和太平洋海温与夏季200hPa纬向风切变指数关系密切。     

SVD方法在场分析和预测中的应用

由预报场与因子场的奇异值分解（SVD），可找到影响预报场的主要物理因子，能提取两个场相互作用的主要耦合信号，借助最优化技术，可实现由因子场对预报场的客观预报，以华中汛期降水场为左场，4月北半球500hPa高度场，海平面气压场，北太平洋海温场组成右场，进行SVD分析和预报试验，其结果令人满意。     

大连地区冬季气温异常与前期印度洋海温的关系

利用近40a全球海温、500hPa高度场、300hPa纬向风场和海平面气压场月平均资料以及大连地区冬季的气温资料,分析了大连地区冬季气温异常的变化特征,探讨了大连地区冬季气温异常与前期印度洋海温异常的相互联系。结果发现:影响大连地区冬季气温的海温异常关键区位于5°S~5°N、60°~75°E,关键影响时段为当年的4~7月;长时间的海气相互作用使前期的海温异常影响了后期的大气环流,在关键海区冷、暖水年,海平面气压距平场、500hPa高度距平场、300hPa纬向风距平场都存在着显著的差异;其中西伯利亚高压、极涡的位置、东亚大槽的强弱、极锋急流都差异显著,从而导致大连地区冬季气温的异常。     

海温强迫下的东亚夏季大气环流潜在可预报性特征

利用大气环流模式NCARCAM3,进行22a（1979—2000年）、每年8个初值的集合试验,并采用方差分析方法,研究了观测海温强迫下东亚夏季大气环流的潜在可预报性。结果表明,夏季东亚地区海平面气压场的潜在可预报性总体偏低,在中国区域呈东南高、西北低的分布特征;850hPa纬向风场、对流层500～200hPa平均温度场和500hPa位势高度场在低纬度地区的潜在可预报性明显高于中高纬度地区。500hPa位势高度场的潜在可预报性较高,东亚大部分地区大于0.5,尤其华南地区大于0.7。夏季东亚500hPa位势高度场的潜在可预报性具有明显的年际变化特征,并与夏季南海海温异常关系密切。与正常年份相比,在夏季南海海温偏暖或者偏冷年,东亚500hPa位势高度场的潜在可预报性较高     

冬季西太平洋遥相关型的环流结构特征及其与我国冬季气温和降水的关系

用近55 a资料研究了冬季西太平洋遥相关型(WP)异常环流特征及其与我国冬季天气气候的关系。结果表明:冬季西太平洋遥相关型与我国冬季天气气候关系密切。高指数年500 hPa高度场亚洲大陆上空中高纬为负高度异常,中纬度西风偏强,环流呈纬向型,对应海平面气压场上西伯利亚高压偏弱,东亚冬季风偏弱;低指数年情况相反。冬季西太平洋遥相关指数与我国冬季气温和降水存在显著的大范围正相关,与气温的高相关区为我国东部、南部沿海及西南地区所形成的U型区域,而与降水的高相关区则主要分布在我国东部地区。     

登陆我国台风与华北夏季降水的相关

利用1957-2002年华北104站月降水量、登陆我国台风频数、海平面气压场、850hPa流场、500hPa高度场资料，分析了华北地区夏季降水与登陆我国台风的关系。结果表明：华北中部和东部夏季降水量与登陆我国台风频数存在着显著的正相关，中心在华北中部的河北饶阳和保定一带。在登陆台风特多年，华北中、东部夏季降水增加（偏涝），南部降水减少（偏旱）；登陆台风特少年则相反。逐月分析发现．8月登陆我国台风频数与华北地区同期降水量相关最好，而且显著的正相关仍然位于华北中部和东部。多（少）登陆台风活动年无论是海平面气压距平场、850hPa流场距平、500hPa高度距平场还是冷空气异常，其特征均与华北中、东部夏季降水偏多（少）年相似。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.