副热带高压对登陆台风影响的数值模拟研究

中国登陆台风多发于夏季,尤其对于登陆后继续北上深入内陆的热带气旋,逐渐与其所处的中纬度环境场发生相互作用,强度衰减缓慢甚至再次发展,且伴随有台风动力、热力结构的转变(ET过程).同时,夏季多伴有副热带高压的活跃与西伸趋势,然而该系统与台风之间相互作用的物理机制仍不十分清楚,这已成为提高台风预报能力的主要障碍之一.文中选取1997年第11号台风"温妮"为研究个例,通过中尺度模式MM5模拟再现了该台风登陆后经历初期减弱、变性及变性后再次发展的演变过程.采用Davis等提出的片段位涡反演方法,改变模式积分初始时刻台风东部副热带高压强度,通过数值模拟与诊断分析的方法,深入研究不同强度副热带高压系统对台风陆上维持、变性和发展的影响.研究表明,副热带高压强度的加强加快了台风中心的北移速度,冷空气提前下沉入侵台风中心,加快台风的变性,配合暖气团的强迫抬升激发强烈的对流层中高层锋生,台风变性后冉次加强幅度增大.副热带高压强度的改变直接影响台风中心上空高空形势,而后者与台风强度的变化有较好的相关性.     

2017年9—11月T639、ECMWF及日本模式中期预报性能检验

对2017年9—11月T639、ECMWF及日本(文中简称JP)数值模式的中期预报产品进行了分析和检验,结果表明：三个模式对亚洲中高纬环流形势的调整和演变具有较好的预报性能。在中期时效内ECMWF能够较好地预报副热带高压的南北摆动和东西移动趋势,T639模式对副热带高压位置的预报易偏北。对850 hPa温度场,ECMWF模式的平均预报误差较小,预报性能较好,T639（JP）模式预报较实况偏低（偏高）。三个模式对台风玛娃中心位置的预报较零场偏西偏南,强度预报均偏弱,其中ECMWF模式对台风转向有所体现。对于冷空气过程中的海平面气压场预报,ECMWF模式对冷高压的强度预报与零场更为一致,而T639和JP模式的预报偏差较大。     

ECMWF模式副热带高压指数释用产品的应用

应用2006年6—8月欧洲中心数值预报资料,从计算出的副热带高压面积指数、强度指数和西伸脊点、脊线位置及北界位置分析入手,对副热带高压的特征预报进行统计学检验和误差对比分析。结果表明:基于欧洲中心数值预报模式的计算产品对于副热带高压的预报在96 h内误差较小,120—168 h误差较大,副热带高压的预报总体上呈现强度偏强、面积偏大、西脊点偏西和脊线及北界偏北的误差特点。     

1223号台风“山神”暴雨及秋冬季登陆转向台风浅析

从环流形势场、物理量场和相似个例对比分析等方面进行分析,从不同侧面研究影响南宁市的秋冬季登陆转向台风的移动路径,为该类台风可能产生的影响提前做出预报预警.结果表明:影响南宁市的秋冬季登陆转向台风的移动路径主要受副热带高压的形状、强度、中心脊线位置及与台风发展不同时期的相对位置的共同影响.     

超强台风 “桑美” (2006) 近海急剧增强过程数值模拟试验

应用PSU/NCAR非静力平衡中尺度模式MM5 (V3.5) 设计试验方案, 对超强台风 “桑美” (2006) 在我国近海的急剧增强和减弱过程进行数值模拟研究, 模式较好地再现了台风的路径和强度变化; 通过地形敏感性试验, 着重研究了地形对近海台风强度变化的影响。结果表明: (1) “桑美” 强度变化与南亚高压、 副热带高压的强度变化呈反相变化关系, 当南亚高压和副热带高压减弱时, 台风急剧增强; 台风中心附近对流层高层辐散的增强导致 “桑美” 急剧增强, 对流层中低层辐散的增强以及中层辐合的增大与 “桑美” 的减弱密切相关; 来自海洋的暖湿气流是 “桑美” 发展的关键条件; 低层气旋性涡旋并入台风环流是 “桑美” 近海急剧增强的重要原因。 (2) 凝结加热过程对 “桑美” 的近海维持和发展增强非常重要, 尤其是对流层中上层凝结潜热的突然增强有利于台风在近海的急剧增强。 (3) 小范围地形对 “桑美” 在近海的强度和路径有一定影响, 但作用相对较小, 而且主要表现在台风登陆前后; 大范围地形导致水平风场的非对称分布和台风中心附近垂直运动的异常, 最终影响到台风的强度变化。     

近31年登陆北上台风特征及其成因分析

为探讨对我国产生严重影响的登陆北上台风的成因，利用1975—2005年台风资料及NCEP／NCAR逐日再分析等资料，分析了登陆北上台风的气候特征及其大尺度环流和物理量分布特征。结果发现，不仅西北太平洋副热带高压位置和强度变化对台风登陆北上起决定性作用，而且西风带系统和南亚高压活动有利于台风登陆后北折和持续北上也有不可忽视的影响。总结归纳台风登陆北上的预报着眼点，希望有助于提高此类台风的预报预警能力。     

随机分布的小尺度涡旋场对台风路径影响的研究

文中用正压原始方程模式和理想初始场研究了随机分布的小尺度涡度场对台风路径的作用.在模式初始场上,有一个理想的副热带高压脊、一个台风和一个随机生成的小尺度涡度场.设计实施两组试验,记为试验A和试验B,积分时间为56 h.每个试验的初始场上各有100个随机分布的小尺度涡.除了小尺度涡的空间位置不同以外,两组试验其余的试验条件全部相同.模式积分的结果指出:小尺度涡不同的空间分布可以引起台风外围水平风速的差异,进而改变台风环境引导流的强度.在24、36和48小时,试验A沿东西方向环境引导流分别为7.8、8.2和8.7 m/s,24-48小时平均值为8.2 m/s,沿南北方向环境引导流分别为0.9、1.8和2.5 m/s,24-48小时平均值为2.1 m/s;试验B沿东西方向分别为8.3、9.5和9.7 m/s,24-48小时平均值为9.5 m/s,沿南北方向分别为2.3、2.3和5.9 m/s,24-48小时平均值为3.4 m/s.环境引导气流强度的小同导致未来台风中心位置的不同.两组不同的初始随机涡度场可以引起48 h以后台风中心相距约120 km.副热带高压与台风相互作用的动力学表明:当初始台风位于副热带高压脊与赤道之间时,局域的绝对涡度梯度与台风传播的关系足南若干个不规则的散布点表征的.引进随机涡度场以后,副热带高压脊、台风和小尺度涡旋三者的共同作用使得绝对涡度梯度与台风传播之间的关系复杂化,除了会出现不规则散布点的特征外,还可显示出两者之间的高相关特征.     

BDA方案对台风背景高温天气预报的改进

广州地Ⅸ的高温天气主要是受副热带高压和台风外围下沉气流的影响所致.文中采用BDA(Bogus Data Assimila-tion)方法,探讨BDA方案对广州地区台风背景条件下高温预报的改进能力.选取2005年7月中旬广州地区出现的高温天气进行研究.这是比较典型的受副热带高压和台风(海棠)共同影响造成高温的天气过程.分析有无采用BDA方案的模式初始场.结果表明:采用BDA方案同化Bogus模型可以调整台风中心位置和强度,使所得到的初始场中心位置与观测更为接近,台风强度(气压梯度力、风速)比末用Bogus的情况强,与观测值更为接近.数值模拟的结果表明,采用了BDA方案的敏感试验可以更好地预撤台风路径和台风中心强度变化,从而更好地预报高温天气,对高温区分布、日平均温度大小等的预报都有改进.文中对引起这种预报差异的原因进行了讨论,并探讨高温预报改进的可能机制.大气下沉运动的增强是高温预报改进的主要原因.敏感试验由于广州中低层大气的水汽减少,大气的下沉增强,致使天空的云量减少,对太阳短波辐射的阻挡减小,从而地面吸收热量增多,温度升高,输送给大气的感热增加,大气气温升高.采用BDA方案可以改进模式在台风"海棠"过程对广州高温的预报.     

2007年夏季GRAPES_MESO15及30km模式对比检验

对2007年6-8月两种GRAPES模式产品进行天气学检验.结果表明:GRAPES模式对7月上旬淮河流域降水位置预报较为准确,但两种模式对降水量值预报均偏小.在淮河流域强降水期,两种模式对500hPa中高纬度平均槽脊的位置预报较为准确,15km模式对中低纬度印度半岛地区高度场预报更加准确,且对副热带高压588线平均北界位置的预报好于30km,但两种模式对副热带高压西伸脊点的位置预报偏东.GRAPES模式对850hPa温度趋势有较好的预报能力,都能够准确预报出850hPa温度的转折,15km模式比30km模式预报更为接近实况.此外,两种GRAPES模式对0709号台风的预报效果均不太理想,台风邻近登陆前850hPa气旋性环流仍不清楚,登陆后环流中心清楚,但预报中心位置偏向西南,路经预报存在偏差,同时登陆前的台风中心附近风速明显偏小.     

台风Danas(1324) 对台风Fitow(1323) 影响的诊断分析及数值试验

利用FNL资料和WRF模式进行数值试验,并在此基础上研究了1324号台风Danas对1323号台风Fitow的影响特征。分析结果表明,台风Fitow登陆前、后的强度变化及其东边界与台风Danas相连的水汽输送通道的变化直接相关。台风Fitow登陆前,其水汽输入主要是由副热带高压西南侧环境场的偏东气流带来,而上游台风Danas截取了环境场输送给台风Fitow的水汽,抑制了Fitow的发展。但在台风Fitow登陆后,台风Danas环境场的水汽反过来起到转运作用,增加了Fitow的水汽收入,加剧其北侧的强降水。台风Danas以水汽通道为纽带影响台风Fitow登陆前的强度和在陆上非对称降水的分布。此外,台风Danas的北上影响了副热带高压的强度,使其东退且改变台风Fitow的引导气流,影响了Fitow的登陆位置;并在Fitow登陆后施加了偏南引导气流,令其逆时针打转。      

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.