基于DEM和地貌计量的月球形貌类型自动制图（英文）

Developing approaches to automate the analysis of the massive amounts of data sent back from the Moon will generate significant benefits for the field of lunar geomorphology.In this paper,we outline an automated method for mapping lunar landforms that is based on digital terrain analysis.An iterative self-organizing(ISO)cluster unsupervised classification enables the automatic mapping of landforms via a series of input raster bands that utilize six geomorphometric parameters.These parameters divide landforms into a number of spatially extended,topographically homogeneous segments that exhibit similar terrain attributes and neighborhood properties.To illustrate the applicability of our approach,we apply it to three representative test sites on the Moon,automatically presenting our results as a thematic landform map.We also quantitatively evaluated this approach using a series of confusion matrices,achieving overall accuracies as high as 83.34% and Kappa coefficients(K)as high as 0.77.An immediate version of our algorithm can also be applied for automatically mapping large-scale lunar landforms and for the quantitative comparison of lunar surface morphologies.     

月面形貌仿真设计及在嫦娥三号任务中的应用

月面形貌仿真可以为嫦娥三号着陆前地形建立及视觉导航仿真测试提供逼真的三维月面环境。利用分形随机算法并结合月面撞击坑与石块的数学分布模型,在实现月面数字地形的基础上利用纹理映射和纹理融合的方法为月面地形添加纹理,完成了月面逼真三维环境的构建。结合导航相机的外方位元素和光照条件,实现了对该仿真月面环境的模拟环拍,支撑了嫦娥三号发射前月球车导航相机数据获取、地形建立、通行代价图计算、月球车路径规划等遥操作任务过程仿真测试。测试结果表明,仿真月面三维地形具有良好的视觉效果,满足了巡视器导航相机测试验证对精细月面地形和纹理的需求,为导航相机测试验证提供了有效的月面形貌仿真数据。     

Morphological differentiation characteristics and classification criteria of lunar surface relief amplitude

Lunar landforms are the results of geological and geomorphic processes on the lunar surface. It is very important to identify the types of lunar landforms. Geomorphology is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of morphological landforms on planetary surfaces. Elevation and relief amplitude are the most commonly used geomorphic indices in geomorphological classification studies. Previous studies have determined the elevation classification criteria of the lunar surface. In this paper,...     

月表地貌起伏形态分异特征及分级标准研究

月球地貌是月球表面发生的地质和地貌过程的结果,月球地貌单元的划分和等级分类体系的构建是月球地貌学研究的基础,也是月球地貌图制图的基础和关键科学问题。地貌学是研究形态和成因的科学,高程和起伏度是最基本的地貌指标。本文基于LOLA（Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter） DEM数据以及LOLA和SELENE TC（Terrain Camera）融合的DEM数据（SLDEM2015,文中简称SLDEM）,利用均值变点法确定月表起伏度计算的最佳窗口,并以起伏度100 m、200 m、300 m、700 m、1500 m及2500 m为阈值将月球表面分为微起伏平原（< 100 m）、微起伏台地[100 m, 200 m）、微小起伏丘陵[200 m, 300 m）、小起伏山地[300 m, 700 m）、中起伏山地[700 m, 1500 m）、大起伏山地[1500 m, 2500 m）及极大起伏山地（≥ 2500 m）地貌7个类型。划分结果显示：微起伏平原主要分布在月海平原区域、部分有玄武岩充填的撞击盆地的盆底区域以及撞击坑坑底区域;微起伏台地主要分布在月海和月陆区域的交界区域;微小起伏丘陵主要分布在月溪和皱脊等构造单元区域;小起伏山地主要分布在撞击坑中央峰及坑底断裂区域;中起伏山地主要分布在撞击坑坑底和坑壁过渡区域、撞击坑坑壁和坑缘过渡区域、撞击盆地盆底与盆壁过渡区域以及盆壁与盆缘过渡区域;大起伏和极大起伏山地主要分布在撞击坑坑壁区域及撞击盆地盆壁区域。本文确定的月表起伏度分级标准可以对月表数字地貌分类体系的构建和月球地貌图集的编研提供定量标准和重要参考。     

On the constitution of the Moon's mantle

Summary. An analysis of the inferences to be drawn from the seismic velocities in the lunar mantle is presented and it is concluded first that the material of the lunar mantle is different from that of the upper mantle of the Earth and secondly, that the changes of bulk and shear modulus with depth in the Earth as well as in the Moon indicate changes of composition with depth.     

基于DEM的月球雨海地区粗糙度研究

月球表面粗糙度是揭示月表地貌形态空间分异特征的重要指标,并在一定程度上映射月表地貌的形成与演化机理。运用基于中国“嫦娥一号”卫星获取的DEM数据,提取月球雨海地区的月表粗糙度,并在月球正面地质图数据辅助下,分析月表粗糙度分布特征及其与地质单元岩性以及地质年龄的关系。结果显示:月球雨海地区的粗糙度与地质单元岩性存在较强相关关系,且随着地质年龄的增长,玄武岩单元的粗糙度呈现增大的趋势。此外,在小于7 km的尺度范围内,雨海地区受持续撞击作用的影响,Hurst指数分布在0.7~0.9之间,地形较为粗糙;在更大尺度上,由于受到火山熔岩流充填机制的控制,Hurst指数不断减小,地形不断趋于平缓。     

基于DEM的黄土塬形态特征分析及发育阶段划分

基于DEM的地形分析方法已被广泛应用于地貌学研究中,但当前研究以定性或半定量居多,利用各类参数对大面积区域的量化分析研究较少。本文以黄土高原为研究区,利用GIS 及DEM地形分析方法,将坡度小于15°的正地貌提取出来,然后利用坡度与起伏度结合分析得到黄土塬顶面,两者相减得到黄土塬坡面,最终提取黄土塬1106 个;选取黄土塬核心区的106 个样本,分别计算坡面平均坡度、顶面长短轴比、沟壑密度、顶面与底面比、地面裂度5 个指标,然后对其分别进行等级划分,计算5 个指标的几何平均值,作为评价研究区黄土塬相对年龄的指标;对组合指标（I）进行分析后,将其划分为3 级,分别为早期（I<1.74）、中期（1.74≤I<2.12）和晚期（I≥2.12）。研究结果显示,在黄土塬的不同发育阶段,各个形态指标整体上存在差异,各子类型内部也存在发育先后不一致的情况。在对黄土塬各子类型计算发育阶段指数之后发现,从黄土塬、黄土残塬到黄土梁塬,I值逐渐增大。形态指标的有序变化与前人研究所得的黄土地貌发育过程十分一致。     

月球陨石: 月球的物质组成及其演化历史的见证

月球陨石是遭受小行星物质撞击溅飞出来的月球岩石样品,是研究月球物质成分和演化历史的重要对象。自1979年发现和确认了第一块月球陨石（ALHA 81005）之后,至今已收集到136块月球陨石样品。虽然Apollo计划和Luna计划回收了382kg月球样品,但由于飞船登陆采样位置有限,月球陨石对了解月球的物质组成和成因演化提供了重要补充。除了少量具有结晶结构的岩石类型以外,大部分月球陨石为碎屑岩,这些碎屑岩主要有三类：高地斜长角砾岩、月海玄武质角砾岩、和高地斜长质-月海玄武质混合角砾岩。根据岩性分析,尤其是岩屑,月球陨石中存在斜长岩、玄武岩、辉长岩、橄长岩、苏长岩、KREEP岩。在月球陨石中逐渐发现了不少克里普岩组分,其中SaU169中VHK的富KREEP成分可能代表了月球中的原始富KREEP岩浆源,这为探索月球中KREEP成因提供重要信息。据研究,现已发现了6对溅射成对月球陨石,同时,发现了9个可能的月球陨石来源区域。后成合晶现象的发现对月球表面冲击变质作用研究具有重要的意义。此外,月球陨石同位素年龄和稀有气体成分研究不但获得了月球岩石结晶和月壳形成过程,同时获得了月球表面的冲击变质历史。     

Automated landslide mapping using spectral analysis and high-resolution topographic data: Puget Sound lowlands, Washington, and Portland Hills, Oregon

Landslide inventory maps are necessary for assessing landslide hazards and addressing the role slope stability plays in landscape evolution over geologic timescales. However, landslide inventory maps produced with traditional methods — aerial photograph interpretation, topographic map analysis, and field inspection — are often subjective and incomplete. The increasing availability of high-resolution topographic data acquired via airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) over broad swaths of terrain invites new, automated landslide mapping procedures. We present two methods of spectral analysis that utilize LiDAR-derived digital elevation models of the Puget Sound lowlands, Washington, and the Tualatin Mountains, Oregon, to quantify and automatically map the topographic signatures of deep-seated landslides. Power spectra produced using the two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform and the two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform identify the characteristic spatial frequencies of deep-seated landslide morphologic features such as hummocky topography, scarps, and displaced blocks of material. Spatial patterns in the amount of spectral power concentrated in these characteristic frequency bands highlight past slope instabilities and allow the delineation of landslide terrain. When calibrated by comparison with detailed, independently compiled landslide inventory maps, our algorithms correctly classify an average of 82% of the terrain in our five study areas. Spectral analysis also allows the creation of dominant wavelength maps, which prove useful in analyzing meter-scale topographic expressions of landslide mechanics, past landslide activity, and landslide-modifying geomorphic processes. These results suggest that our automated landslide mapping methods can create accurate landslide maps and serve as effective, objective, and efficient tools for digital terrain analysis.     

Remote sensing and GIS-based regional geomorphological mapping—a tool for land use planning in developing countries

Land use planning and necessary supporting data are crucial to developing countries that are usually under severe environmental and demographic strains. Approaches and methods to map the variability of natural resources are important tools to properly guide spatial planning. In this paper, we describe a method to quickly map terrain at reconnaissance (1:250,000) and semi-detailed (1:50,000) levels. This method can be utilized as a basis for further land evaluation and land use planning in large territories. The approach was tested in the state of Michoacan, central-western Mexico, currently undergoing rapid deforestation and subsequent land degradation.Results at the reconnaissance level describe the geographic distribution of major landforms and dominant land cover, and provide a synoptic inventory of natural resources. Results at the semi-detailed level indicate how to nest individual landforms to major units and how they can be used to run procedures for land evaluation. If combined with appropriate socioeconomic data, governmental guidelines for land use planning can be formulated on the basis of reconnaissance and semi-detailed terrain analysis.     

嫦娥一号月球地形模型的一些应用研究

利用嫦娥一号绕月卫星激光高度计数据获取得到的新的360 阶次的地形模型CLTMs03,开展了初步应用研究,包括对嫦娥一号CCD立体相机数据进行了校对,发现并了解立体相机分析中的约900 m的垂向系统误差;利用撞击坑计数法,基于标校后的照相数据对嫦娥一号地形中新发现的玉兔火山区域的年龄特征进行了分析;结合新的CLTM-s03 地形模型和CEGM-02 重力场模型,新证实了西拉德撞击坑是一个布格质量瘤异常区域。     

Glacier mapping based on Chinese high-resolution remote sensing GF-1 satellite and topographic data

The precise glacier boundary is a fundamental requirement for glacier inventory,the assessment of climate change and water management in remote mountain areas.However,some glaciers in mountain areas are covered by debris.The high spatial resolution images bring opportunities in mapping debris-covered glaciers.To discuss the capability of Chinese GaoFen-1 satellite lacking the short wave infrared band and thermal infrared band in mapping glaciers,this study distinguished supraglacial terrain from surrounding debris by combining GaoFen-1(GF-1)wide-field-view(WFV)images,the ratio of the thermal infrared imagery and morphometric parameters(DEM and slope)with 30 m resolution.The overall accuracy of 90.94%indicated that this method was effective for mapping supraglacial terrain in mountain areas.Comparing this result with the combination of GF-1 WFV and low-resolution morphometric parameters shows that a high-quality DEM and the thermal infrared band enhanced the accuracy of glacier mapping especially debris-covered ice in steep terrain.The user's and producer's accuracies of glacier area were also improved from 89.67%and 85.95%to 92.83%and 90.34%,respectively.GF data is recommended for mapping heavily debris-covered glaciers and will be combined with SAR data for future studies.     

中国地貌区划新论

地貌区划是研究自然环境空间分异的基础,在区域地貌研究中具有十分重要的地位.本文分析总结了国内外地貌区划的相关研究成果,系统探讨了地貌区划的具体步骤与方法、地貌区划的原则、各级地貌区划的依据和标准,提出地貌类型组合和地貌成因类型的基本异同是各级地貌区划的依据.本文以中国1:400 万地貌图等新资料为基础,应用GIS 方法,结合中国三大地貌阶梯及其内部地貌格局的特点,通过分析我国各地基本地貌类型组合的差异及其形成原因,将中国地貌区划分为东部低山平原大区、东南低中山地大区、中北中山高原大区、西北高中山盆地大区、西南亚高山地大区和青藏高原大区6 个地貌大区,并分别简要论述了各大区的地貌特征.各大区内部又据次级基本地貌类型和地貌成因类型及其组合差异进一步分区,全国共划分了38个地貌区.     

不同类型陨石的宇宙射线暴露年龄及其宇宙化学意义

本文主要依据现有的资料综述陨石分类 ,以及来自小行星带、月球和火星等不同类型陨石的宇宙射线暴露 (CRE)年龄及其宇宙化学意义。目前已确定有 1 3个球粒陨石群 ,至少 7个经受了高温和广泛熔融的无球粒陨石母体 ,以及 1 2个不同化学群的铁陨石母体。此外 ,还发现1 0个独特的球粒陨石、许多未分群的球粒陨石小群、铁陨石和铁陨石小群 ,它们也来自各自不同的母体。到目前为止 ,根据宇宙射线产生的核素 ,已测定了 1 60 0多个陨石的宇宙射线暴露年龄。由许多陨石类型的CRE年龄分布 ,我们可以识别出群集的宇宙射线暴露年龄 ,藉此可解释为母体上的碰撞 ,并释放大量的陨石碎块。小行星陨石、行星陨石及阿波罗月球样品的稀有气体同位素丰度和宇宙射线暴露年龄 ,已广泛应用于探索和了解不同类型陨石母体的宇宙射线暴露历史、冲击碰撞事件、暴露年龄与日心距离的关系、吸积形成母体前硅酸盐球粒的辐照历史、南极和沙漠陨石中成对陨石的判别、行星陨石 (火星及月球陨石 )的溅射历史及月坑的相对年龄等     

坡位渐变信息的模糊推理

坡位的空间变化通常是渐变的,定量的坡位空间渐变信息对于精细尺度上的坡面土壤侵蚀、预测性土壤制图等应用具有重要意义。现有基于栅格DEM的坡位模糊识别方法,或是仅在属性域内模糊聚类,忽略了空间信息;或是需要繁琐的规则进行模糊分类,实用性受限。本文建立了一种基于相似度的模糊推理方法,根据各类坡位在空间上的典型位置,计算其他位置与典型位置间的相似度,从而对坡位空间渐变信息进行系统、定量的描述。应用表明本方法能够合理地描述山脊、坡肩、背坡、坡脚、沟谷等重要坡位类型的渐变信息,所获得的坡位渐变信息也能够合理地解释土壤样点的A层土壤含砂量随坡位渐变的变化趋势。     

陕北黄土高原正负地形研究(英文)

The Loess positive and negative terrains (P-N terrains), which are widely distributed on the Loess Plateau, are discussed for the first time by introducing its characteristic, demarcation as well as extraction method from high-resolution Digital Elevation Models. Using 5 m-resolution DEMs as original test data, P-N terrains of 48 geomorphological units in different parts of Shaanxi Loess Plateau are extracted accurately. Then six indicators for depicting the geomorphologic landscape and spatial configuration characteristic of P-N terrains are proposed. The spatial distribution rules of these indicators and the relationship between the P-N terrains and Loess relief are discussed for further understanding of Loess landforms. Finally, with the integration of P-N terrains and traditional terrain indices, a series of un-supervised classification methods are applied to make a proper landform classification in northern Shaanxi. Results show that P-N terrains are an effect clue to reveal energy and substance distribution rules on the Loess Plateau. A continuous change of P-N terrains from south to north in Shaanxi Loess Plateau shows an obvious spatial difference of Loess landforms and the positive terrain area only accounted for 60.5% in this region. The P-N terrains participant landform classification method increases validity of the result, especially in the Loess tableland, Loess tableland-ridge and the Loess low-hill area. This research is significant on the study of Loess landforms with the Digital Terrains Analysis methods.     

Comparing models of debris-flow susceptibility in the alpine environment

Debris-flows are widespread in Val di Fassa (Trento Province, Eastern Italian Alps) where they constitute one of the most dangerous gravity-induced surface processes. From a large set of environmental characteristics and a detailed inventory of debris flows, we developed five models to predict location of debris-flow source areas. The models differ in approach (statistical vs. physically-based) and type of terrain unit of reference (slope unit vs. grid cell). In the statistical models, a mix of several environmental factors classified areas with different debris-flow susceptibility; however, the factors that exert a strong discriminant power reduce to conditions of high slope-gradient, pasture or no vegetation cover, availability of detrital material, and active erosional processes. Since slope and land use are also used in the physically-based approach, all model results are largely controlled by the same leading variables.Overlaying susceptibility maps produced by the different methods (statistical vs. physically-based) for the same terrain unit of reference (grid cell) reveals a large difference, nearly 25% spatial mismatch. The spatial discrepancy exceeds 30% for susceptibility maps generated by the same method (discriminant analysis) but different terrain units (slope unit vs. grid cell). The size of the terrain unit also led to different susceptibility maps (almost 20% spatial mismatch). Maps based on different statistical tools (discriminant analysis vs. logistic regression) differed least (less than 10%). Hence, method and terrain unit proved to be equally important in mapping susceptibility.Model performance was evaluated from the percentages of terrain units that each model correctly classifies, the number of debris-flow falling within the area classified as unstable by each model, and through the metric of ROC curves. Although all techniques implemented yielded results essentially comparable; the discriminant model based on the partition of the study area into small slope units may constitute the most suitable approach to regional debris-flow assessment in the Alpine environment.     

Multi-scale landform characterization

One fundamental objective in geomorphometry is to extract signatures of geomorphologic processes on different spatial scales from digital terrain models (DTMs) and to describe the complexity of landforms as the synthesis of those individual imprints. We present an approach for characterizing land surfaces on multiple, spatially varying local scales. We approximate terrain surfaces locally to calculate surface derivatives at different window sizes. Local scale behaviour diagrams are used to define dominant scale ranges and multiple curvatures for each surface point. Multi-scale landform analysis leads to improved models of surface derivatives and new landform classifications, applicable in geomorphology, soil science and hydrology.     

Terrain Pattern Recognition and Spatial Decision Making for Regional Slope Stability Studies

A terrain partition scheme is presented that allows the identification of regions with high landslide risk in natural terrain zones on the basis of geomorphometric criteria from moderate resolution DEMs. The key factor being the terrain segmentation to aspect regions (regions formed by points preserving the same aspect direction) instead of using an artificial regular-grid terrain partition scheme. The study area is in western Greece (NW Peloponnesus) whereas a moderate resolution digital elevation model with spacing 75 m is used. Landslide inventory analysis and knowledge conceptualization identified that the landslide susceptibility of a particular aspect region is high, if the mean elevation is low and the mean gradient is high. Each aspect region was parametrically represented on the basis of its mean gradient and elevation. The domain of each parameter was divided to seven slices (classes) on the basis of the observed density. Subsequent knowledge based mapping identified aspect regions with high landslide susceptibility for the following spatial rule: (a) “mean slope in class 6 or 7” and (b) “mean elevation in class 1 to 5”. Alternatively the rule is expressed as mean slope to be equal or greater than 15^∘ whereas mean elevation to be in the range 0 to 750 m. These identified zones correspond to regions where historical landslides occurred (populated coastal areas in the North) as well as to south regions (natural terrain zone) where no landslide record is available, because of the limitations posed by the natural terrain landslide mapping program in Greece. The presented terrain segmentation technique combined to the spatial decision-making process, provided both an object framework for integrating geomorphometric parameters and a method for landslide risk analysis in natural terrain zones.