地貌过程对更新世——全新世中国季风区人类行为的影响（英文）

There is a wide diversity of landforms in China.The topography of three major terraces,decreasing in height stepwise from west to east,was formed by the early Miocene.With the commencement of the Great Northern Hemisphere Glaciations(GHGs)and the glacial-interglacial cycles in the Pleistocene,thick loess deposits accumulated in north China,and fluvial terraces were formed and lakes expanded and contracted in eastern and central China.The earliest evidence of hominins in China is dated to ~1.7 Ma;they occupied the monsoon-dominated region for a long interval,until the late Pleistocene,~50 ka.In this study,we investigated a large area rich in the relics and artifacts of early man.The results indicate that the early humans occupied riverine areas,especially medium-sized fluvial basins,and lake shores.Even in the relatively recent geological past,the occupation and abandonment of settlements were directly forced by the shifting of sand dune fields in the desert-loess transitional zone,which in turn was closely associated with variations in the monsoon climate and vegetation patterns.Our observations indicate that landforms were one of the main determinants of early human behavior,in that loess tableland,large alluvial plains,desert-Gobi areas,and the Tibetan Plateau,were not suitable environments for early human settlement.We infer that the early humans in China adapted their behavior to specific landforms and landform processes.The monsoon climate,which shapes the large-scale step-like pattern of fluvial landforms,promotes vegetation coverage and dominates soil formation,provides a crucial context for early human adaptation.The adaptation of early humans to earth surface processes in East Asia is investigated for the first time in this study.Future investigations will provide further information that will increase our understanding of the linkage between early human behavior and landform processes in East Asia.     

泥河湾保护区地貌特征与地质灾害

根据泥河湾保护区实地调查,黄土台地、黄土沟梁和河谷地貌是发育在“泥河湾层”及其覆地层上的主要地貌类型,其形态特征和形态测量反映了该区流水地貌的现代演化特征。伴随流水地质作用与地貌演化发生的水土流失、泥石流、崩塌和地面塌陷等地质灾害危及保护区的地层剖面。笔者认为该区域地质灾害是多种致灾因素造成的,其中的主导因素是气候、植被和人为因素,通过控制植被因素可以改变目前的地质环境状况。     

新疆黄土地貌的遥感判读问题

新疆的黄土地貌及其遥感判读具有不同于我国黄土高原地区的一些特点。根据参与“中国1∶1 000 000数字地貌制图（新疆片）”项目工作的实践和体会,从黄土地貌区的位置、色调与色彩、大小、形状、阴影、水系和纹理、植被和土壤、相关体、相关资料和野外经验等方面总结了7项关于新疆黄土地貌的遥感判读依据,并归纳了新疆黄土地貌与风沙、干燥、流水、冰缘、雅丹等地貌类型之间以及与部分特殊情况之间的一些鉴别特征。结果可为新疆未来的地貌制图及相关的科研与教学工作提供参考。     

The role of neotectonics and glaciation on terrace formation along the Nysa K odzka River in the Sudeten Mountains (southwestern Poland)

The Nysa K odzka river drainage basin in the Sudeten Mts., SW Poland, preserves a complex late Cainozoic succession that includes eight fluvial series or terraces and deposits from two glacial episodes as well as local volcanic rocks, slope deposits and loess. Fluvial sedimentation took place during the Late Pliocene and from the early Middle Pleistocene (Cromerian), with a long erosion phase (gap) during the Early Pleistocene. Fluvial series are dated to the Late Pliocene, Cromerian, Holsteinian, late Saalian/Eemian, Weichselian, and the Holocene. Glacial deposits represent the early Elsterian and early Saalian stages. Almost all these stratigraphic units have been observed in all geomorphic zones of the river: the mountainous K odzko Basin, the Bardo Mts. (Bardo gorge) and in the mountain foreland. The main phase of tectonic uplift and strong erosion was during the Early Pleistocene. Minor uplift is documented also during the post-early Saalian and probably the post-Elsterian. The post-early Saalian and post-Elstrian uplift phases are probably due to glacio-isostatic rebound. The Quaternary terrace sequence was formed due to base-level changes, epigenetic erosion after glaciations and neotectonic movements. The Cromerian fluvial deposits/terraces do not indicate tectonic influence at all. All other Quaternary terraces indicate clear divergence, and the post-early Saalian terraces also show fault scarps. The fluvial pattern remained stable, once formed during the Pliocene, with only minor changes along the uplifted block along the Bardo gorge, inferring an antecedent origin for the Bardo gorge. Only during the post-glacial times, have epigenetic incisions slightly modified the valley.     

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF LANDSCAPE OF NORTH SHAANXI

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南京下蜀黄土红外释光地层年代学

下蜀黄土地层年代学对于理解季风环流时空格局演化及其与青藏高原阶段性隆升的关系十分重要。作者基于下蜀黄土红外释光测年和下蜀黄土及黄土高原洛川;剖面磁化率序列的对比分析,认为下蜀黄土第一层黄土层形成于末次冰期,最底部的黄土层与洛川的 L5相当。因而下蜀黄土应相当于黄土高原LS以来的风成堆积,其底界年代约为 500 ka。也就是说,在 500 ka左右黄土堆积的南界已达长江下游地区。这可能是因为其时青藏高原的隆升已到达一特殊高度,对东亚季风演化的影响成为一个转折点,加强了东亚季风的强度。     

华东喀斯特地貌发育过程与古地理背景

本文探讨古地理环境与喀斯特发育的关系。认为本区喀斯特地貌发育过程的特点是:从行星风型到季风型喀斯特,具有不同强度的多期性,造成南北方喀斯特形态归并与兼容,以及南北过渡性与区域分异。     

黄土丘陵地貌形成模式与地貌演变

通过对陕西北部典型黄土丘陵区地貌调查,提出了黄土丘陵地貌形成模式,并对地貌演变进行了探讨。黄土高原原生黄土丘陵分布广泛,主要在下伏古丘陵基础上由黄土加积而成;次生黄土丘陵是黄土塬、黄土台塬等经沟谷侵蚀、改造而成。黄土丘陵区河流阶地和沟谷层状地貌反映了河流、沟谷的形成与演变。黄河一级支流形成于早更新世末;早中更新世末、晚中更新世初黄河一级支流和较大的二级支流形成了较完整的水系;中更新世末如韭园沟等较大的沟谷形成;晚更新世末河网、沟谷格局与现在已基本一致;尚未切入基岩的冲沟多形成于全新世;长度百米至数十米的切沟多是历史时期或近几十年来形成的。     

黄土高原黄土稳定同位素与古季风研究进展

黄土高原黄土-古土壤完好地记录了过去环境信息,进入90年代以来,在利用碳、氧同位素作为气候替代指标研究古植被、降雨量、古环境温度及古季风演化方面取得了长足的进展,文章就这方面的主要研究成果作了综合分析与评述。     

The paleogeographic implications of loess mounds: Laizhou Bay plain

The loess mounds are a newly discovered type of landforms on the Laizhou Bay plain south of the Bohai Sea. Research shows that they were formed in the late period of the late Pleistocene when the Bohai Sea was exposed in the period of late Wümu glacial age and changed into plain. As the exposed area is not protected by vegetation, the sediments at the sea bottom are blown and transported southward by strong north winds, and deposit on the coastal plains. As thick loess is accumulated, the loess mound landforms are formed in the direction of down wind.     

The paleogeographic implications of loess mounds: Laizhou Bay plain

Loess mounds are made of gray-yellow loess materials and the number is over 200 in the area of over 1000 km2 on the alluvial or marine-built plains south of Laizhou Bay (Figure 1). 1 The formal and distributional characteristics of loess mounds 1.1 Formal characteristics The plane forms of loess mounds are irregular oval or round. Their major axes are in north-south trending, most of them are 300 to 500 m long, with smaller ones tens m long, and individual larger ones more than 1,000 m …     

陇东合水县塬梁峁地貌分类及演化

黄土地貌是按独特的演化模式形成当今复杂多样且有序分异的地貌形态组合。基于数学形态法将合水县地区黄土地貌分类并计算得出塬梁峁地貌单元的分类指标,再通过黄土地貌单元的形态特征及分类指标,对黄土塬梁峁地貌演化模式作出定量化和可视化表达,并预测塬即将消失的区域。研究发现：① 似圆度是界定黄土地貌单元演化进程的重要指标,黄土地貌单元在演化过程中,其形状规律程度逐渐增加;可用周长面积比和平均坡度界定塬梁的分界,可用边界临接指数界定梁峁的分界。② 塬向梁演化实质就是残塬向树杈梁演化。残塬是人类赖以生存的地貌单元,是固沟保塬工程的重点实施对象。     

渤海莱州湾南岸平原黄土阜地貌及其古地理意义

在莱州湾南岸滨海平原上发现一种新地貌类型黄土阜。研究表明，它形成于晚更新世晚玉木冰期。在此寒冷时期，渤海曾水退为平原，由于极少植被覆盖，形成陆架荒漠。裸露的海底松散沉积物被强劲的北风向南吹扬搬运，于南岸平原有利地形位置上沉积下来，形成厚层砂质黄土，并顺风向形成了阜状黄土地貌。     

Late Devensian and Holocene landscape change in the uplands of the Isle of Man

The Late Glacial and Holocene geomorphology of the Manx uplands has received scant attention in previous researches. Solifluction deposits and terraces provide the earliest evidence for geomorphic activity after deglaciation. Fluvial incision into drift-choked valleys is correlated with the formation of the large mountain front alluvial fans that flank the Manx uplands. Formation of these alluvial fans is constrained to 15,000–10,500 cal. years BP by ¹⁴C dates on organic deposits beneath and above the alluvial fan gravels. Alluvial fan and river terraces along four valleys postdate this incision. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and ¹⁴C dating provide a tentative chronology for these landforms. The higher terraces are Late Glacial fluvial surfaces that were probably occupied by rivers into the Holocene. Incision during the Late Holocene led to the abandonment of the higher surfaces, producing a suite of younger river terraces and alluvial fan surfaces. Independent dating constrains this fluvial activity to post-Bronze Age (3500–2800 cal. years BP). Increased human activity and climatic change during the Late Holocene are possible causes for this increased geomorphic activity.     

Drainage basin object-based method for regional-scale landform classification: a case study of loess area in China

Landform classification is one of the most important procedures in recognizing and dividing earth surface landforms. However, topographical homogeneity and differences in regional-scale landforms are often ignored by traditional pixel- and object-based landform classification methods based on digital elevation models (DEMs). In this work, a drainage basin object-based method for classifying regional-scale landforms is proposed. Drainage basins with least critical areas are first delineated from DEMs. Then, terrain derivatives of mean elevation, mean slope, drainage density, drainage depth, and terrain texture are employed to characterize the morphology of the drainage basins. Finally, a decision tree based on the topographical characteristics of the drainage basins is constructed and employed to determine the landform classification law. The experiment is validated in the landform classification of regional-scale loess areas in China. Results show that clear boundaries exist in different landforms at the regional scale. Landform type in a specific region shows significant topographical homogeneity under its specific regional geomorphological process. Classification accuracies are 87.3 and 86.3% for the field investigation and model validation, respectively. Spatial patterns of classified landforms and their proximity to sediment sources and other factors can be regarded as indicators of the evolutionary process of loess landform formation.     

青藏高原东缘和邻区晚新生代泥石流活动规律及其成因

本文根据大量野外考察资料和室内测年数据 ,通过对晚新生代以来不同时段泥石流沉积物的分布特征研究 ,总结了青藏高原东部及华北地区第四纪泥石流活动的规律。认为晚新生代大规模的泥石流活动始于晚第三纪 ,晚上新世～早更新世泥石流活动主要中心集中在青藏高原东部边缘地区 ;中更新世是泥石流活动最活跃的时段 ;晚更新世位于大陆内部的秦岭北坡及陇南山地泥石流活动减弱 ,华北北京山区及太行山东麓泥石流活动加强。第四纪泥石流活动的规律性变化与青藏高原的阶段性隆起及亚洲季风的建立有关     

新疆黄土分布规律及粉尘来源

通过新疆不同区域地形、黄土时空分布规律、物质组成等资料的对比,结合区域环流形势和沙尘天气的综合分析提出:不同黄土分布亚区,受不同的大气环流、局地环流和地形的作用,具有不同粉尘来源。南亚区主要来自塔克拉玛干沙漠,北亚区主要来自古尔班通古特沙漠,而形成西亚区黄土的粉尘主要来自中亚荒漠。     

黄土高原侵蚀环境与侵蚀速率的初步研究

黄土高原的侵蚀是一个地质过程.晚更新世以前高原已经过三个大的侵蚀堆积旋迥,主要沟谷系统和黄土地貌的塬梁峁格局已经形成.全新世以来黄土的堆积逐渐减缓,而侵蚀则进入新的发展时期.在自然因素和人类活动的共同作用下,土壤侵蚀加剧.根据侵蚀一堆积相关原理,利用黄河下游不同时期发育的冲积扇沉积模式,估算了全新世以来自然侵蚀速牵为7.9%,由于人类活动而引起的加速侵蚀的速率逐渐递增,至今已达到25%.     

旧石器时代至商周时期贵州遗址空间分布及其自然环境背景

根据对贵州230 处遗址的时空变化分析发现, 贵州旧石器时代遗址集中分布在中部、西北部和黔西南等喀斯特发育的高海拔区域。至新石器时代, 遗址仍集中分布在中部、西北部和黔西南地区, 但南部、东部等沿河地带和中西部的山间坝子开始有遗址分布。到商周时期, 遗址主要分布在沿河地带和山间坝子里。其中, 东部和南部海拔低于1000 m的地区遗址多分布在沿河地带, 而西部和北部海拔高于1000 m的地区遗址则分布在山间坝子。贵州位于亚热带湿润气候区, 气候环境的冷暖干湿波动对从事渔猎、采集及原始农业生产的古人类影响不大, 人类居住空间变化更多的与贵州特殊的自然地理背景有关, 特别是喀斯特地貌发育及适宜农业生产地方的空间差异, 对贵州旧石器至商周时期的遗址分布影响显著。旧石器时代人类以采集和渔猎为生, 临近水源的天然溶洞是人类居住的首选。随农业的出现和发展, 便于农耕的沿河地带和山间坝子成为人类的生活居住地。故新石器时代, 贵州先民居住呈现洞穴和河流阶地或山间坝子并存;至商周时期, 农业成为人类的主要经济生产方式, 人类主要居住在沿河地带和山间坝子里。     

东亚季风强弱变化及其对初夏我国东部地区降水的影响

本文通过对东亚季风系统的分析,发现东亚季风存在3-4年左右的长期振荡.这类振荡与赤道东太平洋海面温度变化有相互作用,形成一个相互反馈的耦合振荡过程.据此提出海温通过季风系统的变化影响初夏我国东部地区降水分布的可能长期天气过程.