水致黄土深层滑坡灾变机理

在黄土地区,雨后观测和人工降雨试验均表明地表水在黄土中的入渗深度有限,并不影响黄土深部的含水率。因此水分入渗是否直接造成斜坡深层滑移颇受争议。本文通过黄土地区自然降雨条件下的现场观测,发现地表水在黄土中的入渗沿垂直剖面可以划分为3个带:即活动带,稳定带和饱和带。活动带受大气降雨和蒸发的影响,为瞬态流,向下则转化为稳定流;稳定带含水率不变,但仍有稳定的水分运移至地下水位。地下水以下降泉的形式排泄。在入渗和排泄条件长期不变的情况下,地下水位可维持动态平衡。若地表入渗量加大,如灌溉或管道漏水等,稳定带含水率升高,并伴随地下水位抬升,以达到新的平衡,此水文动态转化过程会诱发滑坡。以延炼滑坡为例,分析了长期地表水间歇性滴渗条件下,边坡的水力动态变化过程,及其对边坡稳定性的影响。观测及分析结果表明,黄土深层滑坡主要与地表水入渗导致的地下水位抬升有关,由于其过程缓慢,容易被忽视而致灾。     

降雨及库水位联合作用下秭归八字门滑坡稳定性预测

针对三峡库区库水位调控方案和极端降雨情况,对秭归县八字门滑坡稳定性分析设置了10种计算工况,采用SEEP/W软件模拟该滑坡在降雨入渗及库水位联合作用下的暂态渗流场,并利用SLOPE/W软件,将暂态孔隙水压力分布用于该滑坡的极限平衡分析中,确定不同工况下（不同降雨强度）的滑坡稳定性系数,据此采用降雨量对该滑坡进行失稳预测。研究认为：150 mm/d以上的降雨量对该滑坡影响较大,降雨入渗具有滞后性;在相同的降雨量情况下,1 d的降雨强度比5 d的连续降雨对滑坡体的稳定性影响更明显;在水位从175 m降至145 m的过程中,临界雨量为100 mm/d时,滑坡就可能失稳;水位从145 m升至175 m的过程中和175 mm稳定水位时,当临界雨量为200 mm/d时,滑坡才可能失稳,即水位骤降过程中滑坡失稳概率大。不同工况下的滑坡土体含水率分析结果表明,降雨影响的主要是上部土体,下部土体含水率受控于地下水位,即降雨更容易引起浅层滑坡与局部滑坡     

强降雨条件下框架预应力锚杆柔性支护结构整体稳定性影响参数分析

为完善框架预应力锚杆柔性支护结构稳定性研究,针对该结构的稳定性分析和设计均未考虑降雨入渗影响的现状,基于GeoStudio软件,分析了黄土地区强降雨条件下的框架预应力锚杆柔性支护结构的整体稳定性影响参数,在分析中考虑了土体含水率变化对摩擦型灌浆锚杆极限抗拔承载力的影响。分析结果表明:降雨持时、降雨强度和地下水位对框架预应力锚杆柔性支护结构的整体稳定性有明显的影响; 土体饱和渗透系数的影响十分显著; 渗透各向异性的影响可以忽略; 降雨条件下框架预应力锚杆柔性支护结构的安全系数变化存在滞后效应:随着降雨持时和土体饱和渗透系数增大,滞后效应逐渐减弱; 降雨强度越大、初始地下水位越高,滞后效应越明显。本文的研究成果能为非饱和黄土地区框架预应力锚杆柔性支护结构考虑降雨影响的设计和施工提供指导。     

基于原位监测的浅层黄土斜坡水分运移规律分析

降雨诱发的浅层黄土滑坡是黄土高原重要的地质灾害类型之一.斜坡水分空间分布和变化趋势是导致斜坡失稳的重要因素,但基于此的剖面监测数据较少.依托延安黄土地质灾害野外观测基地,选择典型黄土斜坡,在坡面布设两条5 m深的水分探测纵剖面,观测在降雨过程中斜坡水分的空间特征.监测结果显示：1）降雨引起的土壤含水率变化深度有限,与降雨量成正相关关系;2）土壤含水率随时间变化表现出周期性特征,随深度增加,周期逐渐变长;3）斜坡水分在空间分布上存在明显的各向异性——垂向上表现为含水率的不均匀性与阶段性,而在斜坡的不同部位,受降雨影响坡顶-坡腰-坡脚含水率大致呈递减趋势,其中坡顶、坡脚的水分波动程度最大,坡脚的入渗深度最大.     

基于改进Green-Ampt模型的花岗岩残积土边坡降雨入渗规律研究

花岗岩残积土广泛分布于我国南方地区,具有许多不良物理力学性质。该类型土边坡在降雨作用下极易发生变形破坏,因此,对花岗岩残积土边坡的降雨入渗规律进行深入研究具有重要意义。在Green-Ampt模型的基础上综合考虑了坡体的初始含水率、地下水位、非饱和特性,建立了一种适用于不同降雨工况的入渗模型,并采用数值模拟及前人经典模型计算结果对该模型进行了验证。运用该模型对赣南3种典型降雨工况下的花岗岩残积土边坡进行了分析,结果表明:在距离地下水位线较远时初始含水率对湿润锋的迁移速率影响不大,但在接近地下水位线附近时湿润锋的迁移速率逐渐增大,呈现出指数形式的变化趋势;相同降雨时间内、不考虑坡面冲刷的情况下,降雨强度略大于土体饱和渗透系数的工况下湿润锋迁移深度最大、边坡稳定性系数降低最多,在实际情况中尤其需要加强防范。     

赣南地区人工切坡降雨致灾机制现场模型试验

赣南地区滑坡等地质灾害频发,降雨和人工切坡是该地区地质灾害的最主要诱发因素,物理模型试验尤其是现场模型试验是揭示滑坡发生机制的最有效手段。以赣南地区某风化变质岩人工切坡为研究对象,自主设计降雨模拟系统,布设有4个含水率、孔压监测孔及两处位移监测点,开展现场人工模拟降雨试验。研究边坡土体含水率、孔隙水压力以及位移与降雨过程的响应关系,探索持续强降雨作用下风化变质岩边坡的入渗规律,并揭示变质岩风化土坡的变形失稳模式。结果表明:降雨后土体含水率的变化存在滞后,雨水开始入渗后含水率持续增加,含水率增大幅度随其深度增大而减小;各测孔浅层土体孔压值降雨入渗过程响应明显,表层1 m以下土体一直处于非饱和状态;监测点位移与含水率变化速率呈明显的正相关,边坡变形主要集中于含水率变化明显的边坡一侧;边坡位移与孔压值变化响应明显,边坡内部土体发生剪胀变形现象使得孔压值降低,边坡变形速率随即减小;强降雨条件下陡峭人工切坡的变形破坏过程可归纳为3阶段:陡峭坡面分散坍滑,平台形成拉裂缝,边坡大范围垮塌。     

非饱和黄土边坡水热变化过程室内模型试验研究

针对黄土边坡在降雨条件下易发生浅层滑塌失稳破坏问题,探讨降雨入渗及日照蒸发条件下非饱和黄土边坡内水热变化过程。利用填筑室内黄土边坡模型,通过控制降雨–日照循环条件,对黄土边坡模型中温度、水分及坡面位移进行监测,结果表明,非饱和黄土边坡模型在外界降雨–日照条件下其内部温度及含水率的影响范围在30~40 cm之间,其影响深度是有限的,说明通常在降雨入渗作用下黄土边坡失稳破坏的深度有限,多为浅层滑塌破坏;边坡模型的表面位移随着降雨日照条件变化而发生轻微膨胀或收缩。     

不同雨强下黄土边坡降雨入渗测试与分析

黄土边坡的失稳问题是岩土工程中迫切需要解决的工程难题之一。首先,选取陕北黄土边坡为研究对象,开展4种雨强条件下的野外人工模拟降雨试验,通过测试边坡两侧开挖隔离槽并埋设隔离布从而改进测试边坡两侧的边界条件,实测不同雨强条件下边坡浸水深度以及土体含水率变化;然后分析不同雨强条件下降雨入渗过程和边坡应力变化特征,并比较不同雨强条件下入渗规律之间的差异。试验结果表明,不同雨强条件下的黄土边坡入渗深度均呈现坡脚最深、坡顶次之、坡中最浅的规律,入渗速率则是坡顶最快,其次是坡脚,最后是坡中;且随着深度的增加,雨水入渗能力逐渐减弱。随着雨强的增大,同一埋深处测点的体积含水率及土压力变化幅值变大,且含水率及土压力突变时间相应缩短,边坡的冲刷效果愈加明显。最后基于Geo-studio软件进行渗流分析,验证了现场试验结果的正确性,明晰了雨强对黄土边坡降雨入渗的影响。     

黄土边坡降雨入渗规律及其对稳定性的影响

降雨是诱发土质边坡失稳的主导因素之一,研究降雨入渗对土质边坡稳定性的影响有着重要意义。以陕西富平地区某黄土边坡为例,结合野外现场试验和数值模拟,研究了降雨入渗规律和其对稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,降雨入渗的影响范围在边坡浅层,深度为2~2.5 m。土体的抗剪强度参数受含水率影响较大,在雨水入渗条件下,边坡表层的孔隙水压力变化较大,孔隙水压力的变化区域指示着湿润锋的位置。最大剪应力的应力集中区域为湿润锋区域以及各级边坡坡脚处,降雨后边坡稳定性系数比降雨前降低了12%,显示降雨对边坡的稳定性影响较大。     

降雨诱发黄土高填方支挡边坡失稳机理研究

近些年,由于机场建设、公路铁路等地面交通网以及城镇化的建设在黄土丘陵地区开展越来越频繁,形成大量的黄土填方高陡边坡,虽然这些地区的年降雨量较小,但是降雨已经是诱发黄土滑坡的主要因素,通过对研究区黄土高填方边坡进行原位渗流实验和裂缝存在条件下暂态非饱和渗流以及饱和黄土力学特性进行分析的基础上,对降雨诱发黄土高填方支挡边坡失稳机理研究,研究表明:（1）3d后的原位渗流中实验试坑中心的最大入渗深度为1.30m,湿润锋最大深度位于入渗最大深度以下0.20m,但降雨条件下,裂缝的存在是黄土边坡发生浅层滑动的重要因素;（2）当围压小于300kPa时,饱和土体的轴向应变增长到20%左右时,达到稳定状态,在静力驱动剪应力大于稳态抗剪强度的条件下则会使高填方坡体的局部发生流滑破坏;（3）总体来说黄土高填方支挡边坡变形破坏的形成机制为:推移式蠕滑-支挡结构失效-累进性滑移剪断-牵引式溃滑。     

Conversion relationship of rainfall-soil moisture-groundwater in Quaternary thick cohesive soil in Jianghan Plain,Hubei Province,China

The scientific field test site of rainfall-soil moisture-groundwater conversion in Dabie Mountain Area–Jianghan Plain is located in the northern region of the Jianghan Plain, the transition zone between the Dabie Mountain Area and Jianghan Plain. It’s a great field test site to study the material and energy exchange among rainfall, soil moisture, and groundwater of the Earth ’s critical zone in subtropical monsoon climate plain areas. This paper analyzed the connection between rainfall and volume water content (VWC) of soil at different depths of several soil profiles, and the dynamic feature of groundwater was discussed, which reveals the rainfall infiltration recharge of Quaternary Upper Pleistocene strata. The results show that the Quaternary Upper Pleistocene aquifer groundwater accepts a little direct rainfall recharge, while the lateral recharge is the main supplement source. There were 75 effective rainfall events among 120 rainfall events during the monitoring period, with an accumulated amount of 672.9 mm, and the percentages of effective rainfall amount and duration time were 62.50% and 91.56%, respectively. The max evaporation depth at the upper part in Quaternary cohesive soil was no less than 1.4 m. The soil profile was divided into four zones: (1) The sensitive zone of rainfall infiltration within 1.4 m, where the material and energy exchange frequently near the interface between atmosphere and soil; (2) the buffer zone of rainfall infiltration between 1.4 m and 3.5 m; (3) the migration zone of rainfall infiltration between 3.5 m and 5.0 m; and (4) the rainfall infiltration and groundwater level co-influenced zone below 5.0 m. The results revealed the reaction of soil moisture and groundwater to rainfall in the area covered by cohesive soil under humid climate in Earth ’s critical zone, which is of great theoretical and practical significance for groundwater resources evaluation and development, groundwater environmental protection, ecological environmental improvement, drought disaster prevention, and flood disaster prevention in subtropical monsoon climate plain areas.     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯西北土壤水流动示踪实验及自流井群补给源讨论

降水模拟实验证明,鄂尔多斯北部沙土层单次降水入渗最大深度小于1 m,降水在土壤中受到蒸发后排泄到大气中。实验证实,只有当土壤含水率达到最大田间持水率,吸附在土颗粒表面的薄膜水才能克服电磁引力转化为重力水,在重力的作用下继续下渗。鄂尔多斯北部的年降水量小而蒸发量大,降水入渗土壤不能形成累积效应,无法形成连续下渗的重力水流。同位素示踪分析表明,土壤水主要来源于地下潜水,结合土壤含水率与TDS分析证实,地下水是通过薄膜水与蒸发-凝结方式补给到土壤水中,薄膜水从高温区向低温区流动,对于等温的薄膜水而言,薄膜水从厚层向薄层流动。同位素分析表明,都思兔河流域的河水、泉水、井水、湖泊、土壤水接受相同的外源水补给。鄂尔多斯盆地降水比地表水与地下水明显富集重同位素,不符合补给区降水同位素特征。鄂尔多斯盆地地下水分水岭与基底断裂带重合,据此推断,外源水以深循环方式通过基底断裂带补给鄂尔多斯盆地,在干旱地区形成自流井群。     

Isotopes (δD and δ18O) in precipitation, groundwater and surface water in the Ordos Plateau, China: implications with respect to groundwater recharge and circulation

The characteristics of δD and δ¹⁸O in precipitation, groundwater and surface water have been used to understand the groundwater flow system in the Ordos Plateau, north-central China. The slope of the local meteoric water line (LMWL) is smaller than that of the global meteoric water line (GMWL), which signifies secondary evaporation during rainfall. The distribution of stable isotopes of precipitation is influenced by temperature and the amount of precipitation. The lake water is enriched isotopically due to evaporation and its isotopic composition is closely related to the source of recharge and location in the groundwater flow systems. River water is enriched isotopically, indicating that it suffers evaporation. The deep groundwater (more than 150?m) is depleted in heavy isotopes relative to the shallow groundwater (less than 150?m), suggesting that deep groundwater may have been recharged during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, when the climate was wetter and colder than at present. All groundwater samples plot around the LMWL, implying groundwater is of meteoric origin. Shallow groundwater has undergone evaporation and the average evaporation loss is 53%. There are two recharge mechanisms: preferential flow, and the mixture of evaporated soil moisture and subsequent rain.     

利用EARTH模型计算河北栾城地下水垂向补给量

准确计算地下水的垂向入渗补给量是合理评价和利用地下水资源的基础.EARTH模型是一种集中参数的水文模型,可刻画水流在包气带中的运移过程,弥补黑箱模型的不足.以中国科学院栾城农业生态试验站的地下水位观测资料以及气象资料为基础,综合运用降水、蒸发、土壤水、地下水动态观测资料,利用EARTH模型计算了河北平原地下水垂向入渗补给量.计算结果表明,2003年1月1日至2005年8月31日期间,栾城农业生态试验站在降水量1404.1 mm、灌溉量1050.0 mm的条件下地下水入渗补给量为487.2 mm,平均年入渗补给量为182.6 mm, 占降水和灌溉总量(2454.1 mm)的19.9%.在模拟结果的基础上,对不同年份的降水量(含灌溉)和入渗补给量分布的对比分析表明,河北栾城地下水补给滞后现象明显,在研究时间段内峰值滞后18～35 d.     

陕西洛川黄土剖面上部土层水分入渗规律与含水条件研究

采用双环入渗法研究了洛川L1—S4各层土壤水分入渗特点,并利用各层孔隙度、磁化率、CaCO3含量资料研究了各层土壤含水空间发育特征及其成因。结果表明:洛川城西剖面黄土层稳定入渗率大于红褐色古土壤层,水分入渗达到稳定状态所需的时间比红褐色古土壤层长。黄土层孔隙度高,含水空间较大,利于形成含水层;红褐色古土壤层孔隙度低,含水空间较小,利于形成隔水层。土层含水空间的大小是由气候条件控制的成壤作用强弱造成的。黄土层含水性较好是冷干气候决定的成壤作用较弱造成的,红褐色古土壤层隔水性较好是温湿气候决定的成壤作用较强造成的。对剖面渗水实验数据用3个入渗公式进行拟合,发现通常采用的3个经验公式均适用于描述L1—S4土壤入渗规律。     

The effects of a dry sand layer on groundwater recharge in extremely arid areas: field study in the western Hexi Corridor of northwestern China

Evaporation capacity is an important factor that cannot be ignored when judging whether extreme precipitation events will produce groundwater recharge. The evaporation layer’s role in groundwater recharge was evaluated using a lysimeter simulation experiment in the desert area of Dunhuang, in the western part of the Hexi Corridor in northwestern China’s Gansu Province. The annual precipitation in the study area is extremely low, averaging 38.87 mm during the 60-year study period, and daily pan evaporation amounts to 2,486 mm. Three simulated precipitation regimes (normal, 10 mm; ordinary annual maximum, 21 mm; and extreme, 31 mm) were used in the lysimeter simulation to allow monitoring of water movement and weighing to detect evaporative losses. The differences in soil-water content to a depth of 50 cm in the soil profile significantly affected rainfall infiltration during the initial stages of rainfall events. It was found that the presence of a dry 50-cm-deep sand layer was the key factor for “potential recharge” after the three rainfall events. Daily precipitation events less than 20 mm did not produce groundwater recharge because of the barrier effect created by the dry sand. Infiltration totaled 0.68 mm and penetrated to a depth below 50 cm with 31 mm of rainfall, representing potential recharge equivalent to 1.7 % of the rainfall. This suggests that only extreme precipitation events offer the possibility of recharge of groundwater in this extremely arid area.     

Soil water-salt dynamics state and associated sensitivity factors in an irrigation district of the loess area: a case study in the Luohui Canal Irrigation District,China

Soil salinisation determines the distribution pattern of crop processes in irrigation districts. The research presented here was conducted in the Luohui Canal Irrigation District, which is located in the loess area of Shaanxi Province, China. A back-propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) for the soil water-salt state was established to predict soil salinity and alkalinity. The degree of influence of numerous factors on the dynamics was quantitatively determined using the default factor testing method and verified with grey relational analysis. The results show that the BPANN prediction accuracy is very high, and it can efficiently depict the comprehensive relationships between the influential factors and dynamic states. The influence of soil moisture, evaporation, groundwater salt and groundwater depth on the dynamics is significant in the region. The current irrigation method, used for many years, cannot meet the water necessities for the vegetation, causing the groundwater levels to decline and a lowering of the soil moisture zone, leading to the occurrence of serious soil salinisation. Under the action of evaporation, more salt accumulates in the upper part of the soil, resulting in extensive soil salinisation. The higher the groundwater salt content, the more salt is carried by rising capillary water, and the more the soil is salinised. If groundwater depth was to exceed the critical water table, then groundwater and salt would move to the soil surface by moisture evaporation, and salt would build up on the soil surface in this irrigation district. The interactions between each factor forms a complex coupling relationship state.     

典型岩溶山坡土壤剖面水分对降雨响应过程研究

为揭示岩溶石山山坡降雨入渗补给机制,选取典型岩溶石山山坡土壤剖面为研究对象,于2015年7-10月期间对不同深度土壤水分进行高分辨率连续监测,研究典型场雨条件下土壤剖面水分对降雨的响应过程,分析土壤剖面水分的动态变化规律及其可能影响因素。研究结果表明:土壤剖面水分对降雨的响应受前期土壤含水量、降雨量、降雨强度的影响,还与土壤所处的地形地貌有关;表层土壤水分对首次次降雨响应的滞后时间与前期土壤含水量有关,响应时间在0.5~4.75 h之间,旱季响应时间比雨季长;降雨阈值是引起土壤水分降雨响应的重要条件,旱季6 mm降雨量是土壤水分响应的降雨阈值。当降雨量补充土壤水分亏缺后,土壤剖面水分对降雨响应迅速,响应时间最小为0.25 h,不同深度土壤水分对降雨的响应时间一致,说明下层土壤水分可能受到优先流或侧向径流补给影响。土壤含水量的变化幅度随土层深度的增加而减小,不同深度土壤水分变化主要受土壤-大气界面、土壤-植被、土壤-基岩界面控制下的气候条件、植被蒸散发和介质渗透性差异影响。      

中国黄土中的风化壳研究

据野外调查和室内鉴定,在布容期 0.78～ 0MaBP形成的黄土剖面中确定了三个时期的风化壳,它们主要发育在黄土高原东南部。黄土中的风化壳是红褐色古土壤在特定的气候条件下转变而成的,厚度在 3～ 6m之间,风化壳剖面常由 3个层次构成,发育时间为 5～ 10万年不等。风化壳上部是发育好的红色古土壤,中部是褐黄色强风化破碎黄土,下部是棕黄色弱风化黄土。粘土矿物分析表明,黄土中的风化壳为伊利石-蒙脱石型。黄土中风化壳发育时的年均降水量在 90 0～ 10 0 0mm之间,是黄土高原降水丰富的气候事件的显示。黄土高原东南部和中部风化壳的发育证明黄土中有些古土壤确属淋溶型森林土壤,当时亚热带气候至少迁移到了黄土高原中部.     

阿拉善沙漠湿沙层水分来源同位素示踪

为弄清阿拉善沙漠湿沙层的水分来源,在该地区进行了人工模拟降水入渗的示踪试验。模拟单次降水量为59 mm,观察剖面最大入渗深度仅为46 cm,这一结果表明该地区的降水几乎不能通过沙层入渗到地下水中。对4个沙丘湿沙层剖面中不同深度的含水率、Cl-、δD与δ18O进行了分析,数据显示在蒸发能力极强的阿拉善地区,地下水是以薄膜水的形式,通过蒸发、凝结向地表运动,最终蒸发排泄。泉水、井水、湖水与土壤水中的同位素特征表明具有相同的补给源,均来自于地下水。推断横穿阿拉善地块的杂多-雅布赖断裂带与狼山-日喀则断裂带中可能存在地下水深循环通道,青藏高原河流、湖泊的渗漏水可能是阿拉善地下水的主要补给源。