Improvement of a Doppler-Radiometer Using a Sparse Array

A 2-D Doppler-radiometer has been proposed to improve the poor angular resolution of microwave radiometers, using aperture synthesis on a moving platform. In this letter, we investigate drawbacks of the Doppler-radiometer, which have not been discussed previously in detail. The imaging method is revised to be suitable for imaging of distributed sources, which is the more common situation than a point source, and then the specklelike sidelobes in the point source response are discussed. In distributed source imaging, the specklelike sidelobes in the point source response of the Doppler-radiometer severely degrade the imaging performance, so it is necessary to reduce them. The cause of specklelike sidelobes is discussed, and a sparse array is proposed to improve the imaging performance of the Doppler-radiometer. The improvement is demonstrated by simulation of the point source response, showing reduced speckle.     

On a chain suspended in a non-uniform gravitational field

It is possible to simply describe the curve followed by a chain suspended in a non-uniform gravitational field. Parallel discussions are given using the two theories of gravitation, Newtonian and general relativistic.     

Building a European geothermal information network using a distributed e-Infrastructure

Geothermal data are published using different IT services, formats and content representations, and can refer to both regional and global scale information. Geothermal stakeholders search for information with different aims. E-Infrastructures are collaborative platforms that address this diversity of aims and data representations. In this paper, we present a prototype for a European Geothermal Information Platform that uses INSPIRE recommendations and an e-Infrastructure (D4Science) to collect, aggregate and share data sets from different European data contributors, thus enabling stakeholders to retrieve and process a large amount of data. Our system merges segmented and national realities into one common framework. We demonstrate our approach by describing a platform that collects data from Italian, French, Hungarian, Swiss and Icelandic geothermal data providers.     

Specifying a joint space- and time-lag using a bivariate Poisson distribution

Separate space- or time-lags have been considered regularly in data analyses; as space–time models are more recently being studied extensively in data analytic fashion, joint estimation of both lags has to be considered explicitly. This paper addresses this issue, taking into special consideration parametric parsimony together with specification richness; use of the bivariate Poisson frequency distribution is advocated and applied to an empirical case. The relation of this approach to random effects specifications is investigated. Data for Belgian regional products constitute the empirical case study.

Topological relations between a directed line and a directed region

Representing the topological relations between directed spatial objects has gained increasing attention in recent years. Although topological relations between directed lines and other types of spatial objects, such as regions and bodies, have been widely investigated, few studies have focused on the topological relations between directed lines and directed regions. This research focuses on the representation and application of directed line–directed region (DLDR) topological relations, and may contribute to spatial querying and spatial analyses related to directed spatial objects or time‐varying objects. Compared with other topological relation models, a DLDR model that considers the starting and ending points of the directed line and the front and back faces of directed regions is proposed in this research to describe the topological relations between directed lines and directed regions. DLDR topological relations are presented, the completeness of the 111 DLDR topological relations is proved, and the topological relations based on the 9‐intersection model (9IM), 9⁺‐intersection model (9⁺‐IM), and DLDR model are compared. The formalism of the DLDR model and the corresponding geometric interpretations of the 111 DLDR topological relations are presented, seven propositions are stated to prove the completeness of the 111 DLDR topological relations, and the case study shows that more detailed topological relation information can be obtained based on the DLDR model.     

空中点到直线距离的测定

结合实际需要,研究空中点到直线距离的测量方法。     

基于"有限"搜索范围的距离加权算法研究

本文论述了传统距离加权算法在数字高程模型插值过程中,由于搜索邻域的界定导致建模速度和建模精度的缺陷,提出了基于有限搜索范围的距离加权算法,即在求得影响内插点插值精度的最大模糊距离dmax之后,修正了搜索邻域界定的经验公式;最后以典型地貌数据为例在建模速度、建模精度、建模效果三个方面对传统和改进算法进行比较验证。结果表明改进算法在速度、精度和效果等方面都有较好的表现。     

GPS信号FFT捕获的GPU实现

缩短GPS接收机冷启动时间一直是GPS领域的热点问题,而决定冷启动时间的关键是捕获速度。针对快速付里叶变换（FFT）捕获算法的并行运算特点和图形处理单元（GPU）适合于进行并行的优势,简单介绍了FFT捕获算法原理和对比了GPU与FPGA的特点,重点设计了各通道和各频点均进行并行计算的FFT捕获算法的GPU实现方案。利用实测的GPS中频数据初步验证了本文捕获方案的正确性和运行时间。试验结果表明：与基于CPU的捕获方案相比,本文的捕获方案对卫星PRN和CA码相位的捕获结果完全正确,而捕获时间大幅度缩短了。     

Towards a 3D Feature Overlay through a Tetrahedral Mesh Data Structure

The use of 3D features within GIS has been increasing due to the need to represent, query, manipulate, and analyze man-made objects in relationship to other 3D features related to the surface of the earth. This will yield an increased use of 3D boundary representations of the features. The spatial relationship between two or more features is often evaluated using a geometrical overlay of these features, which reveals whether these features overlap and—if they do—to which extent. We present the design of a 3D overlay algorithm which overlays 3D triangulated boundary representations through a constrained tetrahedral mesh. The intersections between the constrained facets of the 3D features are calculated on the fly and within a restricted neighborhood. We can identify and reconstruct the overlaid parts of the 3D boundary representation within the tetrahedral mesh. The implementation is based on the Computational Geometry Algorithms Library, which proved to have the functionality needed but also has its limitations.     

The need for a new definition of a conventional international origin

The conventional international origin (CIO), established from observations made a century ago, is not directly related to observations by modern space-geodetic techniques. Both the greater precision of these techniques and improved knowledge of the structure of the Earth justify the need for a new CIO. We analyze recent polar motion time-series (VLBI, SLR, and GPS) to test estimators that might be used to establish such a new conventional origin. This new origin would be defined as the barycenter of the motion of the pole for a specific epoch. Consistency among the series examined is of the order of 2 milli-arc-seconds. A drift model can be employed in the analysis of specific series to establish an origin as the barycenter at a specific epoch, rather than the midpoint of the series. As an example, we estimate a “Conventional International Reference Origin” for the year 2000.0, using polar motion series that began in 1984.     

Building an environmental quality index for a big city: a spatial interpolation approach combined with a distance indicator

One of the main tasks of regional and environmental economics is to construct Environmental Quality Indexes for big cities. A standard method is to generate a single measure as a linear combination of several contaminants by applying Principal Component Analysis. Spatial interpolation is then carried out to determine pollution levels across the city. We innovate on this method and propose an alternative approach. First, we combine a set of noise and air pollutants measured at a number of monitoring stations with data available for each census tract. This yields a mixed environmental index that is socioeconomically more complete. We then apply kriging to match the monitoring station records to the census data. Finally, we construct a composite pollution index using the Pena Distance method (DP2), which proves more robust than traditional approaches.     

利用MODIS数据研究天山北麓Kriging雪深插值

在积雪深度研究中,地面资料插值产生的平滑效应以及遥感空间分辨率不足的问题,在很大程度上影响着积雪深度的估计精度。本文采用中高分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate resolution imaging spectro-radiometer,MODIS)和微波扫描辐射计(advanced microwave scanning radiometer-EOS,AMSR-E)融合后的无云积雪面积产品构建虚拟站点,弥补了气象站点少且不均匀的不足,修正雪深克里金插值产生的平滑效应。同时,提出了基于数据同化算法融合以地面观测资料为基础的克里金空间插值雪深、MODIS积雪面积产品和AMSR-E微波反演雪深产品的雪深估计方法。以新疆北疆地区为研究区域进行了算法应用及验证,并选取不同海拔的站点观测资料对融合结果进行验证分析,通过均方根、偏差和相关性系数指标检证了该方法能够有效地提高雪深估计精度。     

Evaluating a thermal image sharpening model over a mixed agricultural landscape in India

Fine spatial resolution (e.g., <300 m) thermal data are needed regularly to characterise the temporal pattern of surface moisture status, water stress, and to forecast agriculture drought and famine. However, current optical sensors do not provide frequent thermal data at a fine spatial resolution. The TsHARP model provides a possibility to generate fine spatial resolution thermal data from coarse spatial resolution (≥1 km) data on the basis of an anticipated inverse linear relationship between the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) at fine spatial resolution and land surface temperature at coarse spatial resolution. The current study utilised the TsHARP model over a mixed agricultural landscape in the northern part of India. Five variants of the model were analysed, including the original model, for their efficiency. Those five variants were the global model (original); the resolution-adjusted global model; the piecewise regression model; the stratified model; and the local model. The models were first evaluated using Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) thermal data (90 m) aggregated to the following spatial resolutions: 180 m, 270 m, 450 m, 630 m, 810 m and 990 m. Although sharpening was undertaken for spatial resolutions from 990 m to 90 m, root mean square error (RMSE) of <2 K could, on average, be achieved only for 990–270 m in the ASTER data. The RMSE of the sharpened images at 270 m, using ASTER data, from the global, resolution-adjusted global, piecewise regression, stratification and local models were 1.91, 1.89, 1.96, 1.91, 1.70 K, respectively. The global model, resolution-adjusted global model and local model yielded higher accuracy, and were applied to sharpen MODIS thermal data (1 km) to the target spatial resolutions. Aggregated ASTER thermal data were considered as a reference at the respective target spatial resolutions to assess the prediction results from MODIS data. The RMSE of the predicted sharpened image from MODIS using the global, resolution-adjusted global and local models at 250 m were 3.08, 2.92 and 1.98 K, respectively. The local model consistently led to more accurate sharpened predictions by comparison to other variants.     

Designing a geodetic-geodynamic network: a comparative study of data processing tools

The geodetic-geodynamic network (G1) was established with the intention of monitoring recent crustal deformation and serving as the major control network in Israel. In 1996 the network was measured for the first time using GPS. This paper presents the second GPS measurement campaign of the G1 network, held in 2002. It presents the network configuration design and the data processing procedures by commercial and scientific post-processing GPS software, as well as a comparison of the results. Long session duration and medium vector length with strict analysis by the commercial GPS processing software TTC (Trimble Total Control) were found to achieve results that are equivalent to those obtained when using the BERNESE scientific software.     

On a relativistic geodesy

Theoretical formulas for relativistic estimation of geopotential differences are given. The relativistic geoid is defined. A technique for measuring potential differences with high precision clocks (masers or equivalent) is described. The method can operate over arbitrary terrestrial distances. Two clocks are used. The drift between the clocks is estimated by using closed loops. The clocks are used in an operational mode during the whole measuring interval. No satellite links are necessary but VLBI, GPS and ANIK-links can be used in combination with the method.     

航天发射场地理信息公共服务平台设计

针对航天发射场的特点,提出了面向其应用需求的地理信息公共服务平台的设计方案,研究了平台设计中的关键技术,实现了具备基本应用的原型示范系统,为数字化发射场建设提供了可视化、全局化的空间数据仿真以及智能化的数据分析、风险评估、态势预测平台,提高了信息化指挥和智能化的辅助决策能力。     

Windows CE下手持电脑与全站仪通讯的软、硬件实现

本文讨论了HpJornada688手持电脑的串行端口和Leica全站仪通讯端口的结构以及它们转换为标准9针串口的方法,详细介绍了在WindowsCE环境下如何分别使用ActiveX控件和WindowsAPI函数实现手持电脑与全站仪通讯的两种方法。     

运用ArcGIS Desktop 9.0进行栅格数据的加载和地理参考变换

运用ArcGIS Desktop 9.0软件以海丰农场示意图为例,用DGPS进行控制点的测量,从建立坐标文件数据开始,把扫描的农场示意图(栅格图形数据)进行加载到地图中去并对其进行地理参考转换,使海丰农场示意图变成了一份具有地理坐标系统的数字化地图,从而为当前海丰农场精准农业研究提供了数字化的农场布局资料。     

神经网络在北斗导航卫星轨道预报中的应用

导航卫星的自主定轨是提高卫星导航系统生存能力的一个重要手段,在解决导航星座自主定轨中涉及到高精度的轨道预报,提高轨道预报精度对于自主定轨精度有着重要意义。针对利用动力学模型得到的预报轨道随时间推移精度衰减较快的问题,本文提出了一种改进北斗导航卫星中长期轨道预报精度的新方法。利用神经网络作为建立预报模型的工具,在动力学模型的基础上建立神经网络模型,通过对历史时刻预报误差的学习及训练,掌握其变化规律,再用于补偿和改进当前时刻的预报轨道,以达到提高预报精度的目的。本文制定了导航卫星轨道中长期预报方案,并利用实测数据进行了实验分析,结果表明,采用神经网络模型补偿预报轨道误差时,不同卫星在不同初始时刻下的改进效果是不同的。预报15d导航卫星的轨道精度由318m提高至19m,预报30d轨道精度由1757m 提高至49m。预报15d、 30d轨道改进幅度分别为41％～80％/32％～88％。