非线性弹性模量对波速影响的实验研究

在循环应力作用下，对砂岩和石英砂两种结构较松散的样品进行了实验研究。对非线性模量与应变的关系作了非线性拟合，用非线性模量代替弹性模量，对弹性介质中的波速公式作了修正。将波速与应力的多值函 数关系转化成波速作为应变（或密度）的单值函数。同时考虑了水饱和对非线性模量和波速的影响，得出了速度与应变的拟合关系曲线。实验数据和理论曲线有较好的一致性。     

华北地区典型岩石在1万巴压力下的密度和弹性波速度的实验研究s

利用高压三轴容器,对华北地区九种典型岩石的密度和弹性波速度随压力的变化关系进行了实验研究。实验的最高压力达到10,500巴。实验中利用电阻应变片测量岩石的体积变化从而得到密度的变化。用高频脉冲法测量了弹性波速度。由得到的密度参数和波速参数计算出高压下岩石的声阻抗。根据体应变和波速随压力变化的曲线估算了岩石的体积模量,裂纹孔隙度,裂纹闭合压力,波速达到稳定变化时的压力以及波速达到稳定变化时的值与常压下的波速值的差。对这些参数在地学及爆破工程上的应用进行了简单的讨论。      

岩石模量与应变振幅关系的实验研究及理论解释

地球介质的非线性弹性造成了岩石动态和静态弹性模量在数值上的差异。本文用超声波速度测量得到岩石的动模量，用含有小循环的加卸载实验得到小循环模量，用大循环的应力、应变曲线斜率得到静模量，用测点的应力、应变之比得到杨氏模量。通过改变小循环的应变振幅来研究模量与应变振幅的关系，进而比较用不同测量方法得到的模量值的差异。结果表明，动模量值最大，小循环模量值次之，大循环静模量值再次之，而杨氏模量最小。岩石非线性模量既是所受应变水平的函数，也是应变振幅的函数，模量随应变振幅的增加以指数形式下降，随应变水平增加以指数形式上升。最后简要介绍了P-M模型的基本概念，用岩石中微裂缝具有不同的分布密度，不同的打开和关闭压力来解释模量与应变振幅的关系。     

砂岩和页岩弹性波性质的实验研究进展

砂岩和页岩的弹性波性质是通过地震资料推断储层物性和流体分布的基础.岩石波速测量常用超声波(10⁵～10⁶ Hz)脉冲法,低频岩石物理实验技术的发展为研究弹性波在岩石中的衰减和频散奠定了基础.本文系统总结了前人在高频和低频下测量砂岩和页岩弹性波性质的方法和实验结果,并结合矿物弹性性质和岩石物理模型,分析了压力、温度、矿物组成、孔隙结构、流体、频率等因素对岩石波速和衰减的影响.由于孔隙和微裂隙随压力增加而逐渐关闭,干燥砂岩和页岩的P波和S波速度在低压下随压力非线性增加,高于临界压力呈线性增加.干燥岩石样品的波速随温度增加而缓慢线性降低,频散效应可以忽略.而含流体砂岩和页岩的衰减和频散受温度、压力、流体饱和度、流体黏度、孔隙结构和频率等多种因素的影响,含流体砂岩和页岩的泊松比和逆品质因子Q^-1显著高于干燥样品.低压下砂岩的波速与孔隙度负相关,而影响页岩波速的因素更为复杂,页岩的波速、衰减和频散的各向异性都高于砂岩.将跨频段岩石物理实验与数字岩石物理技术相结合,可为勘探地球物理的方法创新和资料解释提供可靠依据.     

基于等效介质理论分析川中低孔砂岩的骨架结构分析(英文)

川中广安地区的致密含气砂岩储层具有分布广,丰度低的特点。采自该地区的砂岩样本孔隙度普遍偏低,孔隙连通性差。本文采用Mori-Tanaka模型分析致密砂岩样本的波速观测数据,基于理论与实验分析,给出了该地区砂岩骨架的物理模型。通过经验关系获取基质模量,将实验数据与Mori-Tanaka模型在不同孔隙形态时的预测值进行对比,结果显示实验数据与低纵横比的软孔模型比较接近。综合考虑基质模量和孔隙形态变化的影响,分析表明在矿物成分变化不大的情况下,样本的等效孔隙纵横比随孔隙度增加有上升的趋势。     

有效应力对岩石弹性波速的影响

在围压和孔隙压力作用下,对饱和癸烷砂岩弹性波速随有效应力的变化进行了测试,分析了有效应力对岩石波速影响的基本规律,确定了描述波速随有效应力变化数学模型的基本形式,利用Han和Freund的测试数据,进行了有效应力对波速影响的多元非线性回归分析,得出了干燥和饱和水砂岩的波速模型.对波速随有效应力增大的机理、回归参数的物理意义以及岩石波速应力敏感性的影响因素进行了分析,并讨论了回归模型在孔隙度、孔隙压力、地应力和微裂隙反演中的应用.     

循环荷载对饱和黄土动剪模量的影响研究

利用装有压电陶瓷弯曲元的双向振动三轴仪对饱和黄土进行了循环荷载试验,并根据静力固结条件下黄土的动剪模量发展规律建立了基于哈定方程的拟合曲线;将循环荷载作用下的动剪模量与静力固结下的动剪模量进行了对比研究,并根据轴向应变的发展规律,确定了以上2种条件下动剪模量产生差异的原因：试样结构性破坏,土颗粒重排列,土体具有很高的敏感性。对于振动过程中的暂停对试验的影响进行了研究,认为由于暂停时间很短,可以忽略这种影响。在振动结束后,对试样在原压力下重新进行固结,结果表明,固结完成后,试样的动剪模量增大,且增大幅度随着密度的增加而变小。     

荆江大堤下伏饱和粉细砂动力特性试验研究

针对荆江大堤江陵段下伏地层广泛分布的饱和粉细砂,参照原位试验成果重塑粉细砂试样,按估算的固结应力比(Kc约为1.6)对试样动剪模量、阻尼比及总应力动强度进行测试,结果表明:(1)试样应力-应变骨干曲线与Hardin-Drnevich双曲线模型假设高度吻合,Hardin公式可很好地拟合动模量/阻尼比与动应变的关系。在研究试样密实度范围内,最大动模量随围压和密实度的增加而增加,但围压对动模量的敏感性更高,且相同围压下动剪模量比与动应变关系曲线近乎重合。围压增大或密实度升高均会引起阻尼比的降低,1%应变对应的阻尼比分布在0.15~0.21之间;(2)偏压状态下以累积轴向应变5%作为液化判别标准进行抗液化强度试验,随特征振次及测试围压的增大,液化动剪应力比相应减小,试样振动孔压比最高仅能达到0.8~0.9;(3)由总应力法求取的动内摩擦角与黏聚力均随设定特征振次的增加而下降,且内聚力并非约等于0,表明动力作用下该试样具有一定的黏滞性。     

储层条件下波速的变化规律及其影响因素的实验研究

为了在模拟储层的温度压力条件下,更精确地测定大庆砂岩样品在干燥、饱水和饱油等不同情况下的纵、横波速及其变化规律,首先对由于岩石的非完全弹性而引起的隐伏效应、滞后效应等因素对波速测量的影响进行了分析,提出了相应的改进方法以提高测试的精度．实验结果表明,波速随压力的增大以对数形式增加,随温度的升高呈线性减小．通过实测数据的分析和计算,提出了压力影响系数和温度影响系数,且认为它们与岩性参数有关．     

单轴加载下砂岩声发射特征的试验分析

声发射是岩石材料发生变形破坏时所伴随的一种普遍现象.在刚性试验机上,单轴受压务件下对砂岩破坏全过程进行了声发射试验,得到了砂岩破坏过程中的应力特征与时间、应变,声发射特征与时间、应变之间的关系曲线.通过对关系曲线的研究,着重探讨了声发射特征与应变之间的关系,并用拟合的方法得到了砂岩试样的近似破坏临界点,为0.9 x0,对砂岩破坏的监测预报具有一定的理论指导作用.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Dissolved Carbohydrate Concentration,Composition, and Bioavailability to Microbial Heterotrophs in Stream Water

Dissolved total carbohydrates (DTCH), dissolved free monosaccharides (DFMS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable DOC (BDOC), and humic substances (HS) were measured in White Clay Creek (WCC), a stream in southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont, USA. Samples were collected over different seasons and under baseflow and stormflow conditions. DOC concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 12.8 mg/L C with the highest concentrations associated with stormflows. Carbohydrates ranged from 0.42 to 12.4 μM and accounted for 2.9 to 12.7% of the DOC. Humic substances represented the major DOC fraction, accounting for 55 to 72% of the DOC pool under all flow conditions. The humic fraction had a lower carbohydrate content (4.4%) than the non-humic fraction of DOC (7.2%). Stormflow DOC was enriched in carbohydrates relative to baseflow DOC, but the percentage of humic-C changed little. Carbohydrates were primarily present as dissolved polysaccharides (55%), but a significant fraction was bound to humic substances (40%), while a small proportion was present as monosaccharides (5%). The major monosaccharides in stream water, listed in order of decreasing concentration, included glucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, and fucose. On average (30.6 ± 7.4)% (n = 44) of the stream water DOC was biodegradable, and carbohydrates accounted for 9.9 to 17.7% of the BDOC.